Resumo: Investigou-se a influência da utilização de inóculos sobre a digestão anaeróbia de resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos em biodigestores modelo batelada com volume útil de 60 L operados à temperatura ambiente, por meio da caracterização do potencial e distribuição da produção de biogás ao longo do tempo, o estudo da redução de sólidos, a análise das características dos efluentes quanto à concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis e por meio da determinação do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes fecais e totais nos afluentes e efluentes. Avaliou-se também a atividade metanogênica nos biodigestores com 10 % de inóculo. Foram testadas três concentrações de inóculo: 0, 10 e 15 %. Os resultados mostraram que os resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos são bons substratos para o processo de digestão anaeróbia, apresentando potenciais médios que variaram de 0,3828 a 0,4403 m3, de 0,3495 a 0, 3915 m3, e de 0,1949 a 0,4466 m3 de biogás por kg de ST adicionados, respectivamente para resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos. Com base em todos os parâmetros estudados, as concentrações de inóculo que promoveram melhores resultados foram 10 % para resíduos de aves de postura e frangos de corte, e 15 % para resíduos de suínos. O tratamento anaeróbio revelou-se eficiente na remoção de coliformes totais e fecais independente da concentração de inóculo, alcançando porcentagens médias de redução de NMP que variaram de 99,71 % de 1,09 x 102 a 100 %. A atividade metanogênica específica foi mais elevada nas amostras provenientes dos biodigestores operados com resíduos de aves de postura (0,0340 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1), seguida pelos resíduos de frangos de corte (0,0188 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1) e suínos (0,0029 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1). Estes resultados parecem estar mais associados aos teores...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study was carried out in 60 L volume batch digesters at ambient temperature and investigated the inoculums concentration effects on anaerobic digestion of laying hens, poultry and piggery wastes through evaluation of potential and distribution of biogas production along the time, solids removal, analyze of volatile fatty acids efluent concentration and by monitoring the most probable number (MNP) of total and faecal coliforms in the inffluents and effluents. Specific methanogenic activity (SMA) into the 10 % inoculum digesters was also measured. Three inoculum concentrations (0, 10 and 15 %) were tested. Results showed that laying hens, poultry litter and piggery wastes are good substrats to anaerobic digestion. The potential biogas production varied from 0.03828 to 0.4403 m3, 0.3495 to 0.3915 m3 and 0.1949 to 0.4466 m3 of biogas kg-1 of total solids added, respectively for laying hens, poultry and piggery wastes. The best results for inoculum concentration were 10 % for laying hens and poultry wastes, and 15 % for piggery wastes. Anaerobic digestion was efficient for reduction of the most probable mean number of total and faecal coliforms. Reduction of MNP mean varied from 99.71 of 1,09 x 102 to 100 %. SMA test showed the best activity was from laying hens wastes (0,03400 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1), followed by poultry wastes (0,01877 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h- 1) and by piggery wastes (0,00293 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1). Results of SMA test appear to be most affected by volatile solids content of the samples than the best ability of the microrganisms to convert substrate. The best organic load rate for activity test were 0,25 g DQO g-1 SV. / Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Coorientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Rosana Filomena Vazoller / Banca: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour / Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Abdominoplasty is a lower abdominal lipectomy combined with muscle fascia repair by plication of the aponeuroses of the rectus abdominis muscle. The procedure is traumatic and associated with stress-related inflammation. Preoperative administration of nutraceuticals is believed to reduce postoperative complications such as inflammation and improve surgical results. Once a day for 7 days prior to surgery, patients were supplemented with two diets: SNO1 (negative control) or SNO2. The former was a dairy drink containing 0% fat, 64% carbohydrate (100% maltodextrin) and 36% protein (100% calcium caseinate), corresponding to 37.4 kcal/100mL. The latter was a dairy drink containing 14% carbohydrate (25% maltodextrin, 75% fructose), 25% protein (60% L-alanyl-glutamine, 40% L-arginine) and 61% lipids in the form of a mixture of oleic acid-rich sunflower oil, canola oil, fish oil and medium-chain triglycerides containing ω-9, ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids, the latter with α-linolenic acid, eicosapetaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, with a ω-9/ω-6 ratio of 3.2:1 (antioxidant action) and a ω-6/ω-3 ratio of 1.4:1 (anti-inflammatory action), corresponding to 200 kcal/100mL. Each patient ingested 200mL SNO1 or SNO2 blended with 50 g diet ice-cream. The sample consisted of 25 adult patients randomly assigned to SNO1 (n=11) or SNO2 (n=14) and submitted to total abdominoplasty. The study variables included HSP-27, HSP-70, IL-1β, IL-6, PCR and TNF-α. Clinical and lab tests were performed on four occasions: T0=on the 1st day of supplementation following a 12-hour fast; T1=on the 8th day, upon induction of anesthesia, after confirming ingestion of study diet for 7 consecutive days; T2=on the 9th day (POD 1), 24 hours after surgery; and T3=on the 11th day (POD 3), 72 hours after surgery. No significant difference was observed between the groups at any of the four moments in time. In conclusion, oral nutraceutical supplementation with L-alanyl-glutamine, arginine and mixtures of oils with high ω-9/ω-6 ratio and low ω-6/ω-3 ratio has no significant preconditioning effect on inflammatory mediators in surgical trauma / A abdominoplastia consiste de lipectomia abdominal baixa, associada à reparaÃÃo ou âplÃsticaâ mÃsculo-fascial, atravÃs da plicatura das aponeuroses dos mÃsculos retos abdominais. Caracteriza-se como um trauma cirÃrgico, promovendo uma inflamaÃÃo inserida no conceito mais amplo de âresposta ao estresseâ. A nutriÃÃo prÃ-operatÃria pode minimizar as complicaÃÃes pÃs-operatÃrias e melhorar os resultados cirÃrgicos. No presente estudo foi ofertada uma vez ao dia Ãs pacientes suplementaÃÃo oral 1 (SNO1) ou suplementaÃÃo oral 2 (SNO2), no perÃodo prÃ-operatÃrio, durantes 7 dias. A SNO1 à considerada como controle negativo, constitui uma bebida lÃctea com 0% de gordura, composta por 64% de carboidrato (100% maltodextrina) e 36% de proteÃna (100% caseinato de cÃlcio) com calorias totais igual a 37,4kcal/100ml. A SNO2 considerada como o grupo teste foi composta por 14% de carboidrato (25% maltodextrina e 75% frutose), 25% de proteÃna (60%L-alanil-glutamina e 40%L-arginina) e 61% de lipÃdios (mistura de Ãleos de girassol de alto teor olÃico, canola, peixe e triglicerÃdeo de cadeia mÃdia (TCM) contendo Ãmega-9 (ω9), Ãmega-6 (ω6) e Ãmega-3 (ω3), deste Ãltimo na forma de Ãcido α-linolÃnico ALA, Ãcido eicosapetaenÃico EPA e Ãcido docosahexaenÃico DHA com relaÃÃes ω-9/ω-6 de 3,2:1 e ω-6/ω-3 de 1,4:1, com calorias totais de 200kcal/100ml. Cada paciente ingeriu 200 ml de SNO1 ou SNO2, misturado a 50 gramas de sorvete diet. Foram selecionadas e acompanhadas um grupo de 25 pacientes adultas submetidas à abdominoplastia total que foram agrupadas, aleatoriamente, nos grupos SNO1 (N=11) e SNO2 (N=14). As variÃveis avaliadas foram: HSP-27, HSP-70, IL-1β, IL-6, PCR e TNF-α. As avaliaÃÃes clÃnicas e laboratoriais foram realizadas em quatro momentos: no prÃ-cirÃrgico 1 dia (T0) de inÃcio da suplementaÃÃo, com as pacientes em jejum por 12 horas; no 8 dia (T1) na induÃÃo anestÃsica da cirurgia, apÃs confirmar que a paciente ingeriu por sete dias seguidos a suplementaÃÃo; no 9 dia ou 1 PO (T2), 24h apÃs o procedimento de abdominoplastia total; e no 11 dia ou 3 PO (T3), 72h apÃs a cirurgia. NÃo foram evidenciadas diferenÃas estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos e os tempos. Portanto, a suplementaÃÃo nutricional oral utilizando l-alanil-glutamina, arginina e misturas de Ãleos com elevada relaÃÃo ω-9/ ω-6 e baixa relaÃÃo ω-6/ω-3 contendo os Ãcidos ω-3 ALA, EPA e DHA, nÃo possui efeito prÃ-condicionante nutracÃutico sobre proteÃnas de choque e nos mediadores inflamatÃrios aqui estudados no trauma cirÃrgico.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A reparaÃÃo tecidual consiste em uma importante caracterÃstica de prevenÃÃo do processo inflamatÃrio; alguns fatores podem reduzir, retardar ou impedir este processo. Existe um interesse constante em relaÃÃo ao uso de correntes de baixa intensidade aliado da suplementaÃÃo com nutracÃuticos (alta relaÃÃo &#969;9:&#969;6 e baixa relaÃÃo &#969;6:&#969;3). O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do prÃ-condicionamento com misturas de Ãleos contendo &#969;3/&#969;6 e &#969;9/&#969;6 e correntes de baixa intensidade MENS( Microcurrent ElÃtric Neuromuscular Stimulation) sobre a reparaÃÃo tecidual apÃs incisÃes em pele de ratos. Foram utilizados 108 ratos Wistar, distribuidos em 3 grupos: G-1 controle (soro fisiolÃgico) n= 36 subdivididos em dois subgrupos: nÃo estimulado e estimulado; G-2 controle neutro (Ãleo de milho e soja) n=36, subdivididos em dois subgrupos: nÃo estimulado e estimulado e G-3 ALA (Ãleo de oliva+linhaÃa+cÃnola), n=36 subdivididos em dois subgrupos: nÃo estimulado e estimulado. As misturas de Ãleos foram administradas por via orogÃstrica, e a aplicaÃÃo da corrente elÃtrica, ocorreram 1 hora antes da incisÃo cirÃrgica. Os animais foram sacrificados no sÃtimo, dÃcimo quarto e vigÃsimo primeiro dia. Amostra de pele de 1cm/1cm foram coletadas entre o segundo e terceiro ponto da sutura. As amostras foram analisadas a partir de lÃminas histopatolÃgicas coradas com hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e forneceram a anÃlise geral dos cortes de tecido com espessura de 5Âm. Os dados obtidos pela tÃcnica de (HE) foram classificados de acordo com a intensidade inflamatÃria e transformados em variÃveis quantitativas mediante atribuiÃÃo de Ãndice para os achado histolÃgicos segundo (VIDINSK, 2006). Os dados estatÃsticos foram analisados utilizando-se o programa graphpad prisma for Windows, versÃo 6,0 para avaliaÃÃo conjunta dos efeitos dos grupos G-1,.G-2 e G-3, e dos subgrupos nÃo estimulado e estimulado, e dos dias (7Â, 14Â e 21Â). As variÃveis da avaliaÃÃo histolÃgica foram analisadas pelo teste nÃo paramÃtrico de Mann-Whitney e pÃs-teste de Dunn. O nÃvel de significÃncia foi de 5% (p<0,05). Os resultados obtidos mostram que a eletroestimulaÃÃo prÃ-condicionante promoveu elevaÃÃo do exsudato e reduÃÃo da reepitelizaÃÃo no 7Â dia. O uso dos prÃ-condicionantes Ãleo 1(milho e soja) e 2 (oliva+canÃla+linhaÃa) reduziram a vascularizaÃÃo no 7Â e 14Â dias respectivamente.Ambos os grupos dos Ãleos 1 e 2 induziram a reduÃÃo da fibrose no 14Â dia. O prÃcondicionamento com Ãleo1 levou a elevaÃÃo da expressÃo do NFkB no 7Â dia. Conclui-se que a eletroestimulaÃÃo promoveu elevaÃÃo de marcadores da fase inflamatÃria com consequente aceleraÃÃo desse processo e o uso dos Ãleos 1 e 2 reduziram a fibrose e a vascularizaÃÃo na fase proliferativa. O prÃcondicionamento com o Ãleo 1(milho e soja) promoveu mais inflamaÃÃo no 7Âdia. / The tissue repair consists in an important feature of the inflammatory process prevention, some factors may reduce, delay or prevent this process. There is a continued interest in the use of currents with low intensity combined by supplementation with nutraceuticals (high ratio w9:w6 and low ratio w6:w3). The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of preconditioning with oil blends containing (w3/w6) and (w9/w6), and currents of low intensity MENS on the tissue repair after incisions in mice skin. One hundred and eight (108) Wistar rats were used , divided into three groups: G-1 control (saline) n = 36 subdivided into two subgroups: unstimulated and stimulated; G-2 neutral control (corn and soybean oil) n= 36, subdivided into two subgroups: unstimulated and stimulated and G-3 ALA (olive oil + flaxseed + canola), n= 36 subdivided into two subgroups unstimulated and stimulated. The oil mixtures were administered by orogastric, and the application of electric current directly into mouse skin occurred 1 hour before surgical incision. The animals were sacrificed on the seventh, fourteenth and twenty-first day. Skin sample of 1cm/1 cm were collected between the second and third suture point. The samples were analyzed from surgical specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and provided a general analysis of tissue sections with a thickness of 5 um. The data obtained by the (HE) technique were classified according to the inflammatory intensity and transformed into quantitative variables by assigning index for the hestological finding according to (VIDINSK, 2006). Statistical data were analysed using the GraphPad Prism for Windows, version 6.0, for joint assessment of the effects of the groups G-1, G-2 e G-3, and the subgroups unstimulated and stimulated, and days (7, 14, 21). The variables of histological evaluation were analysed by nonparametric Mann-Whitney. The significance level was 5 % (p<0,05). The results show that the preconditioning electrical stimulation caused the elevation of exudate and reduced the reepitheliazation on the 7th day. The use of preconditons oil 1 (corn and soybeans) and oil 2 (olive+ canola + flaxseed) reduced the vascularization on the 7th and 14th days respectively. Both groups, 1 and 2 of oils, induced the reduction of fibrosis on the 14th day. The preconditioning with oil 1 led to elevated expression of NFKB on the 7th day. It is concluded that the electrical stimulation caused the elevation of markers of inflammatory phase with consequent acceleration of this process and the use of oils 1 and 2 reduced the fibrosis and vascularization on proliferative phase. The preconditioning with the oil 1 (corn and soybeans) caused more inflammation on the 7th day.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / No presente estudo foram utilizadas misturas de Ãleos em concentraÃÃes nutracÃuticas com razÃo de &#969;6:&#969;3 baixa que favorece uma aÃÃo antiinflamatÃria e a razÃo de &#969;9:&#969;6 alta com aÃÃo antioxidante. O objetivo do estudo foi estudar os efeitos das misturas de Ãleos de &#969;9, &#969;6 e &#969;3 na queimadura tÃrmica e avaliar se as fontes de &#969;3 (ALA, EPA ou DHA) interferem nos efeitos das misturas na queimadura. Foram utilizados 36 ratos Wistar, distribuÃdos em 6 grupos: Ãgua, queimado + Ãgua [Q + Ãgua], queimado + isolipÃdico [Q + Iso], queimado + mistura de Ãleos 1 [ALA], queimado + mistura de Ãleos 2 [ALA+EPA+DHA de peixe] e queimado + mistura de Ãleos &#969;3[ALA+DHA de algas marinhas] com seis animais em cada grupo. Realizada queimadura por conduÃÃo direta causando lesÃo de espessura total do dorso dos animais, em seguida admininstrada por via orogÃstrica as misturas de Ãleos por sete dias. Avaliada a lesÃo cutÃnea por macroscopia (planimetria digital), microscopia, imunohistoquimica (anti-Ki-67, anti-NF&#954;B, anti-HSP 27 e anti-HNEJ) e painel de citocinas (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-alpha, INF-gama e CSF-GM). Na macroscopia os ratos que receberam a mistura 3 apresentaram menor Ãrea de lesÃo, assim como as misturas 1, 2 e isolipÃdica quando comparadas com a Ãgua. Na microscopia apenas os animais que receberam a mistura 3 (ALA+DHA de algas marinhas) apresentaram menor extensÃo da lesÃo em relaÃÃo a Ãgua. Ao avaliar o Ki-67 a mistura 3 induziu aumento da proliferaÃÃo celular em relaÃÃo aos demais grupos. Apenas a mistura 3 foi capaz de inibir NF&#954;B. NÃo houve diferenÃa entre os grupos em relaÃÃo a HSP 27, HNEJ e painel de interleucina. A mistura de Ãleos &#969;3, na qual a fonte à ALA+DHA de algas marinhas, tem efeitos de: inibir o NFkB, aumentar a proliferaÃÃo celular, reduzir Ãrea de lesÃo e extensÃo da queimadura.

Recentemente o câncer de um modo geral, sobretudo o câncer de pulmão tem sido causa de grande preocupação no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antitumoral do óleo (Copaifera reticulata Ducke) in natura e sua fração resina em linhagens celulares não cancerosas (E10) e cancerosas (E9) de pulmão de camundongo. O óleo foi submetido a hidrodestilação para a obtenção da fração resina. As células após o cultivo a 37&deg;C foram tratadas com 8 diferentes concentrações do óleo e da resina, foram mantidas na mesma temperatura por mais 48h na estufa. Depois adicionou-se o reagente Thyazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide para o teste de citotoxicidade e determinação da concentração inibitória de 50% de células viáveis (IC50). Com os resultados, observou-se que ambos os tratamentos agiram como antitumorais e quando comparados entre si percebe-se que o óleo in natura agiu melhor que sua fração resina, sugerindo ser mais citotóxico para as células cancerosas a uma concentração aproximadamente onze vezes menor (E9 [0,0287&micro;L/mL]) do que para as células não cancerosas (E10 [0,3142&micro;L/mL]). A fração resina também inibiu a proliferação celular, na concentração E10 [0,0930&micro;L/mL] e E9 [0,8002&micro;L/mL]. Verificou-se através da técnica de fluorescência com Laranja de Acridina e Brometo de Etídio que os tratamentos induziram a morte das células por apoptose. Conclui-se que o óleo in natura da C. reticulata Ducke agiu melhor como agente antitumoral do que a resina, sugerindo que ocorre um sinergismo entre suas frações e que estudos futuros in vitro e in vivo são necessários para garantir a sua padronização e utilização. / In recent times cancer in general, especially lung cancer has been a cause of great concern in the world. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antitumor activity of the oil (Copaifera reticulata Ducke) in natura and its resin fraction in non-cancerous (E10) and cancerous (E9) lung cells lines of mouse. The oil was subjected to hydrodistillation to obtain the resin fraction. Cells after cultivation at 37&deg;C were treated with 8 different concentrations of oil and resin, and were maintained at the same temperature for another 48h in the oven. The MTT reagent was then added for the cytotoxicity test and determination of the 50% viable cell inhibitory concentration (IC50). The results showed that both treatments acted as antitumor and when the data were compared it was observed that the oil in natura acted better than its resin fraction because it was more cytotoxic to the cancer cells at a concentration almost eleven times smaller (E9 [0,0287&micro;L/mL) than for non-cancer cells (E10 [0,3142&micro;L/mL]). The resin fraction also inhibited cell proliferation, but at a very close concentration for the two cells line (E10 [0,0930&micro;L/mL] and E9 [0,8002 &micro;L/mL]). It was verified by the fluorescence technique with Acridine Orange and Ethidium Bromide that the treatments induced the death of the cells by apoptosis. Its concluded that the in natura oil of C. reticulata Ducke acted better as an antitumor than the resin, suggesting that synergism occurs between its fractions and that future in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to guarantee its standardization and use.

No description available.

abstract: Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is a readily transformable cyanobacteria used to study cyanobacterial genetics, as well as production of biofuels, polyesters, and other industrial chemicals. Free fatty acids are precursors to biofuels which are used by Synechocystis cells as a means of energy storage. By genetically modifying the cyanobacteria to expel these chemicals, costs associated with retrieving the products will be reduced; concurrently, the bacteria will be able to produce the products at a higher concentration. This is achieved by adding genes encoding components of the Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC efflux system, part of the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) transporter family, to Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. AcrAB-TolC is a relatively promiscuous multidrug efflux pump that is noted for expelling a wide range of substrates including dyes, organic solvents, antibiotics, and free fatty acids. Adding components of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump to a previously created high free fatty acid producing strain, SD277, allowed cells to move more free fatty acids to the extracellular environment than did the parent strain. Some of these modifications also improved tolerance to antibiotics and a dye, rhodamine 6G. To confirm the function of this exogenous efflux pump, the genes encoding components of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump were also added to Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and shown to grow on a greater concentration of various antibiotics and rhodamine 6G. Various endogenous efflux systems have been elucidated, but their usefulness in expelling products currently generated in Synechocystis is limited. Most of the elucidated pumps in the cyanobacteria are part of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily. The knowledge of the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family transporters is limited. Two genes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, slr2131 and sll0180 encoding homologs to the genes that encode acrB and acrA, respectively, were removed and the modifications resulted in changes in resistance to various antibiotics and a dye and also had an impact on free fatty acid secretion. Both of these deletions were complemented independently with the homologous E. coli gene and the resulting cyanobacteria strains had some of the inherent resistance restored to chloramphenicol and free fatty acid secretion was modified when compared to the wild-type and a high free fatty acid producing strain. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Microbiology 2018

Introdução: Evidências experimentais, epidemiológicas e clínicas mostram o papel da inflamação na patogênese de desordens metabólicas, sendo a modulação da resposta inflamatória associada a quantidade e a qualidade dos ácidos graxos (AG) da dieta. Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) podem influenciar a relação entre AG e concentração plasmática de biomarcadores inflamatórios. Objetivo: Verificar a associação de SNP relacionados aos genes da adiponectina, Receptor do tipo Toll (TLR)-4, interleucina (IL)-1 e IL-6 e ingestão de lipídios com um padrão inflamatório sistêmico, baseado na concentração plasmática de onze biomarcadores inflamatórios em estudo de base populacional ISA-Capital. Metodologia: O presente estudo compreende adultos (20 a 59 anos) do estudo de base populacional, ISA-capital 2008-2010 (n=302). A coleta dos dados dietéticos foi realizada por meio de recordatório de 24 horas, aplicado em duplicata. A partir do plasma, foram determinadas as concentrações plasmáticas de adiponectina, proteína C reativa (PCR), IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, fator de necrose tumoral-alfa, IL- 12p70, Quimiocina C-C motif ligante (CCL) 2, molécula de adesão intercelular solúvel (sICAM)-1 e molécula de adesão celular vascular solúvel (sVCAM)-1, por meio da técnica multiplex de imunoensaio, e o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) do plasma por cromatografia gasosa. A partir do DNA genômico foi realizada a genotipagem dos SNP relacionados aos genes da adiponectina (rs266729, rs17300539, rs16861209, rs1501299 e rs2241766), TLR4 (rs4986790, rs4686791, rs5030728, rs11536889), IL-1 (rs1143623, rs16944, rs1143627, rs1143634 e rs1143643) e da IL-6 (rs1800795, rs1800796, rs1800797) pelo sistema Taqman Open Array. Uma análise multivariada de Cluster (k-means) foi realizada para separar os indivíduos legíveis entre grupo inflamado (INF), n=93, e grupo não inflamado (NINF),n=169, segundo a concentração plasmática dos onze 8 biomarcadores inflamatórios avaliados. Resultados: Todos os SNP estavam em equilíbrio de Hardy-Wienberg (n=301). O INF apresentou idade, circunferência da cintura, pressão arterial e concentrações de triacilgliceróis sanguíneo estatisticamente maiores que aqueles observados para o NINF. O INF apresentou concentração plasmática de AG palmítico (C16:0), razões AG saturados (AGS)/AG ômega-6 (n-6) e AGS/ AG poli-insaturados (AGPI) e atividade estimada da enzima estearoil CoA desaturase aumentadas e concentrações plasmática de AGPI, n-6 e AG araquidônico (AA) e atividade estimada da enzima delta-5-dessaturase (D5D) reduzidas em comparação com o NINF. Interações SNP-AG plasmáticos estatisticamente significantes para predisposição ao padrão inflamatório sistêmico foram detectadas entre o SNP +6054 G>A (rs1143643) do gene da IL-1 e os AG esteárico, AA e AGPI e atividade estimada da enzima delta-6-desaturase (D6D); entre o SNP +3725 G>C (rs11536889) do gene do TLR-4 e a razão AA/AG eicosapentaenoico (EPA); entre o SNP +45 T>G (rs2241766) do gene da adiponectina e o AG ômega-3 (n-3); entre o SNP -7734 C>A (rs16861209) do gene da adiponectina e AA; e entre o SNP -11391 G>A (rs17300539) do gene da adiponectina e AGS. Conclui-se que algumas frações dos AG do plasma podem modular a inflamação e que SNP localizados nos genes da adiponectina, TLR-4, IL- 1 e IL-6 podem interagir com as frações de AG do plasma influenciando a chance de desenvolver uma inflamação sistêmica. / Introduction: Experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidences point to a pathogenic role of inflammation on metabolic disorders development, and to the relationship between this inflammatory response and the quantity and quality of dietary fatty acids. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) can modulate the relationship between fatty acids and plasma inflammatory biomarkers levels. Objective: To verify the association between SNP in the genes of adiponectin, TLR- 4, IL-1 and IL-6 and dietary fatty acids and their effects to a systemic inflammatory pattern at a population-based study ISA-Capital. Methods: This study sample was composed by adults (20 to 59 years), participants of the population-based study ISAcapital 2008-2010 (n=302). Dietary data was collected using two 24 hours dietary recall. Plasma concentration of adiponectin, C reactive protein, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL- 10, tumor necrosis factor-alfa, IL-12p70, Chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL) 2, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 was determined by multiplex immunoassay. Plasma FA profile was determined by gas chromatography. SNP from adiponectin (rs266729, rs17300539, rs16861209, rs1501299 e rs2241766), TLR4 (rs4986790, rs4686791, rs5030728, rs11536889), IL-1 (rs1143623, rs16944, rs1143627, rs1143634 e rs1143643) and IL-6 (rs1800795, rs1800796, rs1800797) gene were genotyped by Taqman Open Array system. A Cluster multivariate analysis (k-means) was conducted to separate individual into inflammatory group (INF), n=93, and noninflammatory group (NINF), n=169, according to eleven inflammatory biomarkers plasma levels. Results: All the SNP were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (n=301). INF had statistically higher age, waist circumference, blood pressure and plasma tryglicerides concentration than NINF. INF presented statistically higher plasma palmitic acid (C16:0) levels, saturated fatty acid (SFA)/omega-6 fatty acid (n-6) ratio and SFA/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio and estimated stearoil CoA 10 desaturase activity, and statistically lower plasma PUFA, n-6 and arachidonic acid e (AA) and estimate delta-5-desaturase (D5D) activity in comparison to NINF. Statistically significant SNP-plasma fatty acid interactions were found between SNP +6054 G>A (rs1143643) of IL-1 gene and stearic acid, AA and PUFA and estimate delta-6-desaturase (D6D) activity; between SNP +3725 G>C (rs11536889) of TLR-4 gene and AA/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio; between SNP +45 T>G (rs2241766) of adiponectin gene and omega-3 fatty acid (n-3); between SNP -7734 C>A (rs16861209) of adiponectin gene and AA; and between SNP -11391 G>A (rs17300539) of adiponectin gene and SFA. In conclusion, some plasma fatty acid subfractions can modulate inflammation and SNP of adiponectin, TLR-4, IL-1 and IL-6 genes can interact with plasma fatty acids to modulate the chance to develop systemic inflammation.

abstract: Trichloroethene (TCE) is a ubiquitous soil and groundwater contaminant. The most common bioremediation approach for TCE relies on the process of reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides mccartyi. D. mccartyi use TCE, dichloroethene, and vinyl chloride as electron acceptors and hydrogen as an electron donor. At contaminated sites, reductive dechlorination is typically promoted by adding a fermentable substrate, which is broken down to short chain fatty acids, simple alcohols, and hydrogen. This study explored microbial chain elongation (MCE), instead of fermentation, to promote TCE reductive dechlorination. In MCE, microbes use simple substrates (e.g., acetate, ethanol) to build medium chain fatty acids and also produce hydrogen during this process. Soil microcosm using TCE and acetate and ethanol as MCE substrates were established under anaerobic conditions. In soil microcosms with synthetic groundwater and natural groundwater, ethene was the main product from TCE reductive dechlorination and butyrate and hydrogen were the main products from MCE. Transfer microcosms using TCE and either acetate and ethanol, ethanol, or acetate were also established. The transfers with TCE and ethanol showed the faster rates of reductive dechlorination and produced more elongated products (i.e., hexanoate). The microbial groups enriched in the soil microcosms likely responsible for chain elongation were most similar to Clostridium genus. These investigations showed the potential for synergistic microbial chain elongation and reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2019

In recent years, dietary fat has been shown to be capable of activing taste receptor cells in the tongue. Fatty acids (FAs), which act as the chemical cue and are found in dietary fat, activate a cellular signaling pathway that results in a unique signal being sent to the brain that is then interpreted as the taste of fat. One important element in this pathway is the ion channel TrpM5. It is responsible for depolarizing the taste cells that are activated by fatty acids; depolarization is an essential step in cellular response, making TrpM5 essential in the functioning of the FA signaling pathway. To study the potential roles of the FA signaling pathway, a mouse model, in which mice lacked the TrpM5 gene (TrpM5-/-), was used. From this model, I show that TrpM5 is essential for detection of fatty acids in the oral cavity; without TrpM5, mice were not able to detect FAs in the mouth. I also show here that TrpM5-/- mice eat significantly less and gain significantly less weight on a high fat diet than wildtype mice, who have the TrpM5 gene, linking TrpM5 to both fat intake and weight gain. Interestingly, these responses are only seen in male mice. Females lacking TrpM5 show no deficit in calorie intake compared to the wildtype females. Despite taking in the same amount of calories as the wildtype females, TrpM5-/- females still gain significantly less weight than the wildtypes. This posits a sex-specific response in terms of calorie intake on a high fat diet. Additionally, I show that the TrpM5 pathway is specific for a subtype of fatty acids, primarily the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and does not contribute to saturated fatty acid taste transduction. Lastly, in this study I show that both male and female mice who do not have TrpM5 excrete significantly less lipids in their feces than the wildtype mice; surprisingly not implicating TrpM5 in fat malabsorption. We are currently looking for other roles of TrpM5 in fat metabolism.