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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloRBGV_TESE.pdf: 4018928 bytes, checksum: 7940c018115fd94c74a5dbbd7d3f7fb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-27 / The industries are getting more and more rigorous, when security is in question, no matter is to avoid financial damages due to accidents and low productivity, or when it s related to the environment protection. It was thinking about great world accidents around the world involving aircrafts and industrial process (nuclear, petrochemical and so on) that we decided to invest in systems that could detect fault and diagnosis (FDD) them. The FDD systems can avoid eventual fault helping man on the maintenance and exchange of defective equipments. Nowadays, the issues that involve detection, isolation, diagnose and the controlling of tolerance fault are gathering strength in the academic and industrial environment. It is based on this fact, in this work, we discuss the importance of techniques that can assist in the development of systems for Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) and propose a hybrid method for FDD in dynamic systems. We present a brief history to contextualize the techniques used in working environments. The detection of fault in the proposed system is based on state observers in conjunction with other statistical techniques. The principal idea is to use the observer himself, in addition to serving as an analytical redundancy, in allowing the creation of a residue. This residue is used in FDD. A signature database assists in the identification of system faults, which based on the signatures derived from trend analysis of the residue signal and its difference, performs the classification of the faults based purely on a decision tree. This FDD system is tested and validated in two plants: a simulated plant with coupled tanks and didactic plant with industrial instrumentation. All collected results of those tests will be discussed / As ind?strias est?o cada vez mais rigorosas quando o assunto ? seguran?a, tanto para evitar preju?zos financeiros com acidentes e baixa produtividade, quanto para preservar o meio ambiente. Diante dos grandes acidentes em todo o mundo envolvendo aeronaves e processos industriais (nucleares, petroqu?micos etc) procurou-se investir em sistemas que pudessem detectar e diagnosticar falhas (FDD-Fault Detection and Diagnosis). Os sistemas FDD podem evitar eventuais falhas auxiliando o homem na manuten??o e troca de equipamentos defeituosos. Nos dias de hoje os assuntos que envolvem detec??o, isolamento, identifica??o e diagn?stico de falhas est?o ganhando for?a no meio acad?mico e industrial. Diante deste impulso, neste trabalho ser? discutido a import?ncia do estudo de t?cnicas que possam auxiliar o desenvolvimento de sistemas de detec??o e diagn?stico de falhas e proposto um m?todo h?brido para a detec??o e diagn?stico de falhas em sistemas din?micos. Um breve hist?rico ? apresentado de forma a contextualizar as t?cnicas utilizadas no trabalho. A detec??o de falhas pelo sistema proposto ? baseada em observadores de estado juntamente com outras t?cnicas estat?sticas. A ideia principal ? utilizar o pr?prio observador, para al?m de servir como redund?ncia anal?tica, permitir a cria??o de um res?duo que ser? utilizado na detec??o da falha e tamb?m no seu diagn?stico. Um banco de assinaturas auxiliar? o sistema de identifica??o de falhas, que, baseado nas assinaturas oriundas das an?lises de tend?ncia do sinal do res?duo e sua derivada, ir? realizar a classifica??o das falhas baseada em uma ?rvore de decis?o. Este sistema FDD ser? submetido a alguns testes e valida??es em duas plantas: uma planta simulada de tanques acoplados e em uma planta did?tica com instrumenta??o industrial. Os resultados colhidos desses ensaios se mostraram satisfat?rios para um grupo de falhas testadas e ser?o discutidos no decorrer do trabalho

Everyone is talking about the software development methods but these methods are categorised into the different parts and the most important are two categories, one is agile software development methods and second is using the traditional software development methods. Agile software methods are relatively considered to be quick and for the small teams. Our main mission is to check which method is better from each other, so for that purpose we go out in the software development market to meet the professional to ask about their satisfaction on these software development methods. Our research is based on to see the suitable method for the professionals; see the challenges on the adoptability of methods and which method is quicker. To perform this study we have gone through a survey questionnaire, and results are analysed by using mixed method approach. Results shows that professionals from both types of methods are satisfied but professionals with traditional methods are more satisfy with their methods with respect to development of quality software, whereas agile professionals are more satisfied with their methods with respect of better communication with their customers. With agility point of view, our study says that both methods have characteristics which support agility but not fully support, so in such case we need to customize features from both types of methodologies.

Cette thèse traite de la théorie descriptive des ensembles et de la géométrie des espaces de Banach. La première partie consiste en l’étude de la complexité descriptive de la famille des espaces de Banach avec la propriété d’approximation bornée, respectivement la propriété π, dans l’ensemble des sous-espaces fermés de C(Δ), où Δ est l’ensemble de Cantor. Ces familles sont boréliennes. En outre, nous montrons que si alpha<omega_{1}, l’ensemble des espaces d’indice de Szlenk au plus \alpha qui ont une FDD contractante est borélien. Nous montrons dans la seconde partie que le nombre de classes d’isomorphisme de sous-espaces complémentés des espaces d’Orlicz de fonctions réflexive L^{\Phi} [0.1] est non dénombrable, où L^{\Phi} [0.1] n’est pas isomorphe à L^2 [0,1]. / This thesis deals with the descriptive set theory and the geometry of Banach spaces.The first chapter consists of the study of the descriptive complexity of the set of Banachspaces with the Bounded Approximation Property, respectively π-property, in the set ofall closed subspaces of C(∆), where ∆ is the Cantor set. We show that these sets areBorel. In addition, we show that if α<ω_1, the set of spaces with Szlenk index at most α which have a shrinking FDD is Borel. We show in the second chapter that the numberof isomorphism classes of complemented subspaces of the reflexive Orlicz function space L^Φ [0,1] is uncountable, where L^Φ [0,1]is not isomorphic to L^2 [0,1].

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Two measures of air temperature trends across southern Yukon and northern British Columbia were modelled based on measurements from 83 monitoring sites across seven areas, operating for up to 14 years. Both mean monthly air temperature (MMAT) and freezing and thawing degree days (FDD and TDD, respectively) were modelled across this area (59 °N to 64.5 °N) at elevations ranging from 330-1480 m asl. Lapse rates in this region show inversions in the winter months (November - March) varying in inversion strength and length in relation to degree of continentality. The spatial and elevation range of these sites allowed for regional lapse rate modelling at the monthly scale for MMAT and at the annual scale for FDD and TDD. Lapse rates below treeline were found to be correlated (p < 0.1) with degree of continentality in the colder months (November - April) and August. In these months, lapse rates were modelled using kriging trend surfaces. In months where degree of continentality was not found to have a significant impact on lapse rates (p > 0.1) (May - October, excluding August), an average lapse rate calculated from the seven study regions was used across the study region. A combination of lapse rate trend surfaces, elevation, and temperatures at sea level were used to model MMAT and F/TDD below treeline. A treeline trend surface was created using a 4th order polynomial, allowing for temperatures at treeline to be determined. MMAT and F/TDD above treeline were calculated using a constant lapse rate of -6 °C/km, elevation, and temperature at treeline. The above and below treeline models were combined to create continuous models of MMAT and F/TDD. Modelled MMAT showed a high degree of homogeneity across the study region in warmer months. Inversions in lapse rates are evident in the colder months, especially December through February, when colder temperatures are easily identified in valley bottoms, increasing to treeline, and decreasing above treeline. Modelled MMAT values were validated using 20 sites across the study region, using both Environment and Climate Change Canada and University of Ottawa sites. The RMSE between modelled and observed MMAT was highest in January (4.4 °C) and lowest in June (0.7 °C). Sites below treeline showed a stronger relationship between modelled and observed values than sites above treeline. Edge effects of the model were evident in the northeast of the study region as well as in the ice fields in the southwest along the Alaska border. The new MMAT maps can be used to help understand species range change, underlying permafrost conditions, and climate patterns over time. FDD values were found to be highly influenced by both degree of continentality as well as latitude, whereas TDD values were mainly dependent on elevation, with degree of continentality and latitude being lesser influences. FDD and TDD were validated using the same 20 sites across the study region, with FDD showing a larger RMSE (368 degree days) between modelled and observed values than TDD (150 degree days). TDD modelling performed better on average, with a lower average absolute difference (254 degree days) between modelled and observed values at the validation sites than FDD modelling (947 degree days). The models of FDD and TDD represent a component of temperature at top of permafrost (TTOP) modelling for future studies. Two mean annual air temperature (MAAT) maps were created, one calculated from the MMAT models, and the other from the F/TDD models. Most of the study region showed negative MAAT, mainly between -6 °C and 0 °C for both methods. The average MAAT calculated from FDD and TDD values was -2.4 ºC, whereas the average MAAT calculated from MMAT values was -2.8 ºC. Models of MAAT were found to be slightly warmer than in previous studies, potentially indicating warming temperature trends.

Les réseaux radio actuelles utilisent le spectre inefficacement, car une bande de fréquence est allouée de façon permanente à une technologie spécifique. Vu que le spectre est une ressource limitée, cette attribution statique ne pourra bientôt plus combler les besoins des systèmes de transmission qui ne cessent de croître. On peut toutefois optimiser l'utilisation du spectre en permettant des transmissions secondaires (SU) dans les espaces libres du primaire (PU). Cette vision constitue l'objectif principal de la radio cognitive. Nous proposons d'évaluer les stratégies de transmission pour la coexistence des systèmes primaires (PU) et SU dans les mêmes réseaux. Plus concrètement, nous nous focalisons sur un scénario spatial interweave en émettant les signaux SU dans les espaces vides du PU à l'aide d'un précodeur linéaire. Néanmoins, ce précodage nécessite une connaissance a priori des canaux interférents. L'échange d'informations entre le PU et le SU étant proscrit, nous exploitons l'hypothèse de la réciprocité du canal. Cette hypothèse compense l'absence de coopération, mais elle n'est pas si évidente à exploiter en pratique à cause des perturbations des circuits radio fréquence. Nous suggérons de compenser ces perturbations par des méthodes de calibration relative. Nous proposons ensuite une implémentation temps-réel des solutions sur une plateforme LTE. Pour finir, nous généralisons l'approche RC à un système de transmission multi-utilisateurs, à travers une combinaison des techniques RC et massive MIMO, cette approche constitue s’établit comme une solution à la progression exponentielle du trafic. / The accelerated evolution of wireless transmission in recent years has dramatically increased the spectrum overcrowding. Indeed, the spectrum is inefficiently used in the conventional networks, since a frequency band is statically allocated to a specific technology called primary (PU). Whereas the radio spectrum is limited, this static frequency allocation will no longer be able to meet the increasing needs of bandwidth. However, the spectrum can be optimally used in enabling secondary (SU) transmissions, provided the latters do not harm the PU. This opportunistic vision of wireless transmissions is the main aim of Cognitive Radio (CR). CR enables smart use of wireless resources and is a key ingredient to perform high spectral efficiency. We focus on a spatial interweave (SIW) CR scenario which exploits the spatial white spaces to enable SU transmissions. The latter forms spatial beams using precoders, so that there is no interference towards the primary. Nevertheless, this precoding requires acquisition of the crosslink channel. However, due to the lack of cooperation between PU and SU, we acquire the channel thanks to channel reciprocity. Furthermore, the practical use of the reciprocity is not as straightforward as in theory, because it is is jeopardized by the nonreciprocal radio frequency front-ends. These perturbations are compensated in our study by relative calibration algorithms. Subsequently, we propose an implementation of our solutions in a real-time LTE platform. Eventually, we extend the CR model to a MU system in suggesting a combination of SIW and massive MIMO techniques. This scheme is an interesting candidate to overcome the exponential traffic growth.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osvaldo de Oliveira Coelho.pdf: 1347392 bytes, checksum: 43bda0294f95028633dec3941aab16ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-29 / In various public actions in defense of individual interests has been common goal setting daily fine in case of noncompliance with court decisions, as well as judicial or extrajudicial agreement they signed last adjustment in terms of conduct. Also in cases where the recovery to the previous state of diffuse damages to property and collective proves unfeasible, there is condemnation in damages in money payments. In these cases, in overall, the calculated values should revert to a fund for the repair of diffuse and collective interests (national and state), according to article 13, caput , of Law n. 7.347/85. Of course, these funds is intended not only to repair the damages caused to the environment, but also to consumers, taxpayers, the disabled, the elderly, public health, housing and town planning, citizenship, assets and rights of artistic, aesthetic, historical, tourist, natural, per violation to the economic and other diffuse and collective interests, according to article 1º., §1º., of Law n. 9.008/95, which regulates the Defense Fund of Diffuse Interests in the São Paulo State. We must also mention that such funds exist at the federal and state areas, were created by the article 13 of Law n. 7.347/85, after being regulated by others laws. It is also to stress that the collected resources by such funds will be primarily for the purpose of repairing diffuse and collective interests, scientific and education events, and editing informational material related to the nature of the breach or damage caused, and may also be used to improve the administrative public departaments. Our goal is the choice of subject to analyse in depth the creation of such funds for repair, looking for a paradigm in American institutions, from where the legislation has inspired. It is, also, our goal to examine how resources are being used and the actual results of its use. This review should be performed in our study, with a focus on practical questions. With this aim, if not exhaust the matter, at least to reflect about the subject and a humble contribution to the improvement of the forms of a repair individual goals interests. / Em diversas ações civis públicas para a defesa de interesses metaindividuais tem sido comum a fixação de multa-diária para o caso de descumprimento de decisões judiciais, bem como de acordo judicial ou extrajudicial, estes últimos firmados em termos de ajustamento de conduta. Também nos casos em que a recomposição ao estado anterior dos danos a bens difusos e coletivos mostra-se inviável, há condenação em indenização em pecúnia. Nestes casos, em regra, os valores apurados deverão reverter a um fundo de reparação de interesses difusos e coletivos (nacional e estadual), conforme artigo 13, caput , da Lei nº. 7.347/85. Evidentemente que tais fundos têm por finalidade não só a reparação dos danos causados ao meio ambiente, mas também ao consumidor, ao contribuinte, às pessoas com deficiência, ao idoso, à saúde pública, à habitação e urbanismo, à cidadania, a bens e direitos de valor artístico, estético, histórico, turístico, paisagístico, por infração à ordem econômica e a outros interesses difusos e coletivos, conforme artigo 1º., §1º., da Lei n°. 9.008/95, que regulamenta o Fundo de Defesa dos Direitos Difusos, e artigo 2º. da Lei Estadual nº. 13.555/09, que regulamenta o Fundo de Defesa dos Interesses Difusos no Estado de São Paulo. Há que se mencionar, ainda, que tais fundos, existentes nas esferas federal e estadual, foram criados pela norma do artigo 13 da Lei n°. 7.347/85, sendo regulamentados por leis posteriores. Também é de se frisar que os recursos arrecadados por tais fundos terão a finalidade precípua de reparação de bens e interesses difusos e coletivos, realização de eventos educativos e científicos, bem como a edição de material informativo relacionado com a natureza da infração ou com o dano causado, podendo ainda ser utilizados para a aquisição de bens para a modernização administrativa de órgãos públicos. Nosso objetivo na escolha do tema é analisar, com profundidade a constituição de tais fundos de reparação, buscando um paradigma nos institutos norte-americanos, posto que serviram de inspiração ao legislador pátrio. Também é nosso objetivo analisar de que forma tais recursos estão sendo empregados e os efetivos resultados de sua utilização. Esta análise crítica deverá ser realizada em nosso estudo, com um enfoque prático sobre as questões colocadas. Com isso, pretendemos, se não esgotar a matéria, pelo menos trazer uma reflexão sobre o tema e uma humilde contribuição para o aprimoramento de uma das formas de reparação de interesses metaindividuais

Beaucoup de services vitaux de la vie quotidienne dépendent de systèmes d'ingénierie hautement complexes et interconnectés; Ces systèmes sont constitués d'un grand nombre de capteurs interconnectés, d'actionneurs et de composants du système. L'étude des systèmes interconnectés joue un rôle important dans l'étude de la fiabilité des systèmes dynamiques; car elle permet d'étudier les propriétés d'un système interconnecté en analysant ses sous-composants moins complexes. Le diagnostic des pannes est essentiel pour assurer des opérations sûres et fiables des systèmes de contrôle interconnectés. Dans toutes les situations, le système global et / ou chaque sous-système peuvent être analysés à différents niveaux pour déterminer la fiabilité du système global. Dans certains cas, il est important de déterminer les informations anormales des variables internes du sous-système local, car ce sont les causes qui contribuent au fonctionnement anormal du processus global. Cette thèse porte sur les défis de l'application de la théorie inverse du système et des techniques FDD basées sur des modèles pour traiter le problème articulaire du diagnostic des fautes et de l'analyse des causes racines (FD et RCA). Nous étudions ensuite le problème de l'inversibilité de la gauche, de l'observabilité et de la diagnosticabilité des fauts du système interconnecté, formant un algorithme FD et RCA multi-niveaux basé sur un modèle. Ce système de diagnostic permet aux composants individuels de surveiller la dynamique interne localement afin d'améliorer l'efficacité du système et de diagnostiquer des ressources de fautes potentielles pour localiser un dysfonctionnement lorsque les performances du système global se dégradent. Par conséquent, un moyen d'une combinaison d'intelligence locale avec une capacité de diagnostic plus avancée pour effectuer des fonctions FDD à différents niveaux du système est fourni. En conséquence, on peut s'attendre à une amélioration de la localisation des fauts et à de meilleurs moyens de maintenance prédictive. La nouvelle structure du système, ainsi que l'algorithme de diagnostic des fautes, met l'accent sur l'importance de la RCA de défaut des dispositifs de terrain, ainsi que sur l'influence de la dynamique interne locale sur la dynamique globale. Les contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes: Tout d'abord, nous proposons une structure de système non linéaire interconnecté inversible qui garantit le fauts dans le sous-système de périphérique de terrain affecte la sortie mesurée du système global de manière unique et distincte. Une condition nécessaire et suffisante est développée pour assurer l'inversibilité du système interconnecté qui nécessite l'inversibilité de sous-systèmes individuels. Deuxièmement, un observateur interconnecté à deux niveaux est développé; Il se compose de deux estimateurs d'état, vise à fournir des estimations précises des états de chaque sous-système, ainsi que l'interconnexion inconnue. En outre, il fournira également une condition initiale pour le reconstructeur de données et le filtre de fauts local une fois que la procédure FD et RCA est déclenchée par tout fauts. D'une part, la mesure utilisée dans l'estimateur de l'ancien sous-système est supposée non accessible; La solution est de la remplacer par l'estimation fournie par l'estimateur de ce dernier sous-système. / Many of the vital services of everyday life depend on highly complex and interconnected engineering systems; these systems consist of large number of interconnected sensors, actuators and system components. The study of interconnected systems plays a significant role in the study of reliability theory of dynamic systems, as it allows one to investigate the properties of an interconnected system by analyzing its less complicated subcomponents. Fault diagnosis is crucial in achieving safe and reliable operations of interconnected control systems. In all situations, the global system and/or each subsystem can be analyzed at different levels in investigating the reliability of the overall system; where different levels mean from system level down to the subcomponent level. In some cases, it is important to determine the abnormal information of the internal variables of local subsystem, in order to isolate the causes that contribute to the anomalous operation of the overall process. For example, if a certain fault appears in an actuator, the origin of that malfunction can have different causes: zero deviation, leakage, clogging etc. These origins can be represented as root cause of an actuator fault. This thesis concerns with the challenges of applying system inverse theory and model based FDD techniques to handle the joint problem of fault diagnosis & root cause analysis (FD & RCA) locally and performance monitoring globally. By considering actuator as individual dynamic subsystem connected with process dynamic subsystem in cascade, we propose an interconnected nonlinear system structure. We then investigate the problem of left invertibility, fault observability and fault diagnosability of the interconnected system, forming a novel model based multilevel FD & RCA algorithm. This diagnostic algorithm enables individual component to monitor internal dynamics locally to improve plant efficiency and diagnose potential fault resources to locate malfunction when operation performance of global system degrades. Hence, a means of acombination of local intelligence with a more advanceddiagnostic capability (combining fault monitoring anddiagnosis at both local and global levels) to performFDDfunctions on different levels of the plantis provided. As a result, improved fault localization and better predictive maintenance aids can be expected. The new system structure, together with the fault diagnosis algorithm, is the first to emphasize the importance of fault RCA of field devices, as well as the influences of local internal dynamics on the global dynamics. The developed model based multi-level FD & RCA algorithm is then a first effort to combine the strength of the system level model based fault diagnosis with the component level model based fault diagnosis. The contributions of this thesis include the following: Firstly, we propose a left invertible interconnected nonlinear system structure which guarantees that fault occurred in field device subsystem will affect the measured output of the global system uniquely and distinguishably. A necessary and sufficient condition is developed to ensure invertibility of the interconnected system which requires invertibility of individual subsystems. Second, a two level interconnected observer is developed which consists of two state estimators, aims at providing accurately estimates of states of each subsystem, as well as the unknown interconnection. In addition, it will also provide initial condition for the input reconstructor and local fault filter once FD & RCA procedure is triggered by any fault. Two underlyingissues are worth to be highlighted: for one hand, the measurement used in the estimator of the former subsystem is assumed not accessible; the solution is to replace it by the estimate provided by the estimator of the latter subsystem. In fact, this unknown output is the unknown interconnection of the interconnected system, and also the input of the latter subsystem.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2015-09-28T20:12:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoSiqueiraMartins_TESE.pdf: 3898946 bytes, checksum: 0606c73d62c01f99eaf21d5af3faf852 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2015-10-01T13:50:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoSiqueiraMartins_TESE.pdf: 3898946 bytes, checksum: 0606c73d62c01f99eaf21d5af3faf852 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-01T13:50:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoSiqueiraMartins_TESE.pdf: 3898946 bytes, checksum: 0606c73d62c01f99eaf21d5af3faf852 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-27 / A detec??o e o diagn?stico de falhas, ou seja, descobrir como, onde e porque as falhas acontecem, ? uma importante ?rea de estudo desde que o homem passou a ser substitu?do pelas m?quinas. No entanto, nenhuma t?cnica estudada at? hoje consegue resolver em definitivo o problema. As diferen?as em sistemas din?micos, sejam eles lineares, n?o lineares, variantes ou invariantes no tempo, com redund?ncia f?sica ou mesmo anal?tica dificultam as pesquisas no sentido de obter uma solu??o ?nica. Neste trabalho, ser? apresentada uma t?cnica de detec??o e diagn?sticos de falhas (FDD) em sistemas din?micos utilizando observadores de estado em conjunto com outras ferramentas de maneira a criar um FDD h?brido. Um observador de estado modificado ser? utilizado para a cria??o de um res?duo que permita a detec??o e tamb?m o diagn?sticos de falhas. Um banco de assinaturas de falhas ser? criado a partir de recortes utilizando ferramentas estat?sticas e por fim uma aproxima??o usando erro m?dio quadr?tico (MSE) servir? de infer?ncia e auxiliar? no estudo do comportamento das falhas e no diagn?stico das mesmas, ainda que na presen?a de ru?dos. Essa metodologia ser? ent?o aplicada a uma planta did?tica de tanques acopladas e outra com instrumenta??o industrial com fim de validar o sistema. / The detection and diagnosis of faults, ie., find out how , where and why failures occur is an important area of study since man came to be replaced by machines. However, no technique studied to date can solve definitively the problem. Differences in dynamic systems, whether linear, nonlinear, variant or invariant in time, with physical or analytical redundancy, hamper research in order to obtain a unique solution . In this paper, a technique for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) will be presented in dynamic systems using state observers in conjunction with other tools in order to create a hybrid FDD. A modified state observer is used to create a residue that allows also the detection and diagnosis of faults. A bank of faults signatures will be created using statistical tools and finally an approach using mean squared error ( MSE ) will assist in the study of the behavior of fault diagnosis even in the presence of noise . This methodology is then applied to an educational plant with coupled tanks and other with industrial instrumentation to validate the system.