Terror management theory (TMT) asserts that cultural worldviews and self-esteem help humans manage death-related concerns. To date, most of the evidence for TMT is from Western cultures which are characterized by individualism. However, cultural values and self-esteem among East Asian cultures characterized by collectivism are distinct from ones among Western cultures. It is unclear how individualist vs. collectivist cultures influence terror management mechanisms and whether TMT findings derived from Western cultures could be generalized to East Asians cultures. This research aimed to explore cultural differences and similarities in three terror management mechanisms involving self-esteem, social norm and perception of control. 825 participants were recruited from two individualist cultures (i.e., Germany, Austria) and one collectivist culture (i.e., China) in four studies. The Pilot Study validated the mortality salience paradigm among Chinese participants. Study 1 examined whether individualists and collectivists utilize different types of self-esteem to manage existential terror. Study 1A tested the correlations between death anxiety and types of self-esteem and showed a negative correlation between death anxiety and self-liking among both Chinese and Austrian participants, but a negative correlation between death anxiety and self-competence only among Austrian participants. Studies 1B and 1C tested the correlations of personal vs. relational self-esteem with death anxiety and their moderating influence on mortality salience effects. Results revealed that for the Chinese, relational self-esteem showed a stronger negative correlation with death anxiety than did personal self-esteem. It also moderated the effects of mortality salience on worldview defense. In contrast, for German participants, personal rather than relational self-esteem moderated the effects of mortality salience on worldview defense. Taken together, these findings indicate that culture determines the type of self-esteem that serves as a buffer against death anxiety. According to TMT, existential terror motivates individuals to follow social norms by which they maintain self-esteem and mitigate terror. Study 2 tested this by examining the changes in self-esteem when Chinese participants followed (or violated) the modesty norm. Results revealed that mortality salience led Chinese participants to follow the modesty norm by showing explicit self-effacement, but their implicit self-esteem also decreased. Moreover, when participants were reminded of their mortality, those who violated the norm by showing explicit self-enhancement reported higher implicit self-esteem than those who followed the norm. These findings indicate that when norm and self-esteem motives collide, following the norm engendered by mortality salience does not benefit self-esteem. / published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Mirtis yra vienas iš paslaptingiausių ir labiausiai bauginančių potyrių mūsų gyvenimuose. Nors tai yra toks pat natūralus dalykas kaip ir gimimas, mirtis sukelia visiškai priešingus jausmus. Dažniausiai tai yra baimė, nesaugumas, panika, kaltė ir kiti neigiami jausmai. Per amžius žmogaus santykis su mirtimi kito. Tai vyko iš lėto. Anksčiau mirtis buvo sutinkama su didele pagarba, be didelės baimės, panikos, netgi su trupučiu susižavėjimo ir smalsumo. Šiomis dienomis mirtis yra suvokiama kaip blogiausias dalykas, kuris tik gali ištikti žmogų. Dažnai ji priimama už bausmę, dėl nuodėmių ar neteisingai nugyvento gyvenimo. Kiekvieno žmogaus santykis su mirtimi priklauso nuo skirtingų dalykų. Mirties suvokimui įtakos gali turėti žmogaus amžius, lytis, išsilavinimas, ankstesnė patirtis, susijusi su mirtimi, žmogaus tikėjimas ir jo išpažįstama religija. Darbo tikslas – ištirti paauglių bei studentų religingumo ir mirties baimės sąsajas. Buvo apklausti 224 tiriamieji ( 122 studentai, iš kurių 70 merginų ir 52 vaikinai, bei 102 14 – 16 metų amžiaus moksleiviai, iš kurių 60 merginų ir 42 vaikinai ). Tiriamiesiems buvo sukurta anketa, kurioje buvo atskiros religingumo bei mirties baimės skalės bei bendri klausimai apie amžių, lytį, išsilavinimą ir šeimyninę padėtį. Nustatyta, kad vyresnio amžiaus tiriamieji labiau propaguoja religinį elgesį, o jaunesniems svarbiau pats tikėjimas, religiniai įsitikinimai. Kalbant apie tiriamųjų amžiaus ir mirties baimės sąsajas, mirties baimės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Death is one of the most mysteries and terrifying experiences in our life. Even if it is as natural thing as birth, death gives us completely different feelings. Most often it is fear, insecurity, panic and other negative feelings. During the ages man‘s relations with death changed. It was slow process. In the past death was met with respect, without bigger fear, panic, even with a little bit of admiration and curiosity. In our days death is considered as one of the worst things that could happen to human, taken as a punishment for all sins and the life spent in a bad way. Relationship with death depends on many different factors for each person. Age, gender, education, earlier experience with death, belief and religion could be the main criteria why people understand death one way or another. The object of this work – to investigate the connection between religiousness and understanding death, students and teenagers being as a case in this study. 224 participants were investigated (120 students – 70 girls and 52 boys, and also 102 teenagers aged 14-16, that contained 60 girls and 42 boys). Questionnaire with the separate scales for religion and understanding death and general questions about age, gender, education and marital status was presented to the participants. It was found that older participants propagate religious attitude more, while for the younger participants belief and religion creed is more important. Also it was found that intensity of the fear of death... [to full text]

The Egyptian religion viewed the whole world as divine and inhabited by both gods and men. Concepts such as death was therefore explained through myths. The ancient society feared death but desired an eternal life. The Egyptians saw death as a physical dismemberment of the body as had happened in the myth of Osiris when death was first introduced to the world. Osiris functioned as a prototype for all men as he had overcome death by finding a new existence in the netherworld. He was not viewed as a resurrected deity but as a god who had found a way to live forever after death. Funerary texts were developed to help the Egyptians navigate the netherworld, overcome trials and dangers, and to become Osiris. These were an extensive corpus of texts which was placed in the grave with the deceased. By analyzing the New Kingdom’s Book of the Dead the Egyptians’ fear of death can be clearly interpreted in the spells which the book contains. In the Book of the Dead there are 189 spells which functions to secure an eternal life after death by protecting the dead from a number of horrible fates. The book depicts a number of dangerous animals and beings in the netherworld which the spells would offer protection from. There are also incantations for things taken for granted on earth such as breathing, walking upright, not eating faeces or drinking urine. The need to formulate these spells shows an underlying fear of death, and deliverance came by using the Book of the Dead. To preserve the body of the deceased in the grave was of the outermost importance since eternal life could only be achieved if the remains worked as a link between the living world and the land of the dead. That is why the Egyptians developed such a complex funerary ritual and mummified the remains, preserving it forever. Fear of death is derived from the descriptions of it as an isolation, total destruction, dismemberment, and decomposition. The purpose of the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead was to counteract this fate as it assured the deceased of an eternal life.

Thesis (MA (Hons.)) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998. / Bibliographies : leaves 48-50.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:40:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francielle Gonzalez Correia Gomes.pdf: 811402 bytes, checksum: f67137761dc98bf91b67c2e7a69cd4b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study concerns a clinical case comprehended as female hysteria. Its objectives are the identification of vicissitudes placed during the psychosexual development of a former patient which facilitated her hysterical constitution and the enlightening of the unconscious contents of her behaviors and symptoms that help clarifying such constitution. This dissertation is based, mainly, in freudian psychoanalysis and Piera Aulagnier s theoretical contributions to the subject. The work contemplates feminine psychosexual constitution, hysteria s psychopathological constitution and the analysis of a clinical case whose prevailing symptomatic manifestations point to anxiety hysteria. Depressive and aggressive behaviors of the patient s father are pointed as factors that contributed to her hysterical constitution. Concerning the aspects that indicate hysterical organization, are emphasized: childishness, dependence on objects; self disqualification conducts alternating with arrogance; exacerbation and identification with the beloved object; the narcissistic object choice; apparent overlap between sexual and incestuous relationships; repression of adult sexuality and unawareness of what is desirable in a woman / O presente estudo diz respeito a um caso clínico compreendido enquanto histeria feminina. Seus objetivos são o de apontar as vicissitudes ocorridas durante o desenvolvimento psicossexual de uma antiga paciente que facilitaram sua constituição histérica e o desvelar do conteúdo inconsciente de suas condutas e sintomas que permitem entrever tal constituição. Esta dissertação apóia-se, principalmente, na psicanálise freudiana e nas contribuições teóricas à esta efetuadas por Piera Aulagnier. O trabalho contempla a constituição psicossexual feminina, a constituição psicopatológica da histeria e a análise de um caso clínico cujas manifestações sintomáticas predominantes apontam para uma histeria de angústia. Como fatores que contribuíram para a constituição histérica da paciente aponto as condutas depressivas e agressivas de seu pai e, como aspectos que indicam sua constituição histérica, destaco: a infantilidade, a dependência em relação aos objetos; as condutas de desqualificação em relação a si mesma em alternância a outras arrogantes e prepotentes; a exacerbação e identificação com o objeto amado, a escolha objetal narcísica; a aparente sobreposição entre relação sexual e relação incestuosa; o recalque da sexualidade adulta e o desconhecimento, por parte da paciente, do que é desejável em uma mulher

Tyrimo tikslas: išsiaiškinti, kaip skiriasi įvairių kursų medicinos studentų mirties baimė, laiko suvokimas ir streso įveikos būdai. Tyrime dalyvavo 227 respondentai: 70 ne medikų, 61 - I kurso, 33 - II kurso, 22 - V kurso, 41 - VI kurso LSMU medicinos fakulteto studentai. Tiriamieji pasirinkti atsitiktinės atrankos būdu. Siekiant išsiaiškinti, kaip skiriasi įvairių kursų medicinos studentų mirties baimė, laiko suvokimas ir streso įveikos būdai, pagrindiniu tyrimo metodu pasirinkta anketinė apklausa. Apklausos dalyviams buvo pateikti trys klausimynai: Colett-Lester mirties bei mirimo baimės skalė (angl. The Revised Collet-Lester Fear of Death And Dying Scale – Lester, 1990), skirta išsiaiškinti savo paties ir kitų mirties baimę bei mirties proceso baimę; Šešių faktorių modelis - ZTPI laiko suvokimo skalė (angl. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, 1990) bei profesoriaus G.Valicko ir doktoranto Ž. Grakausko (2006) sudarytas streso įveikos klausimynas: keturių faktorių modelis, skirtas streso įveikos vertinimui atlikti. Klausimynų pildymo laikas vidutiniškai 15 minučių. Darbo uždaviniai: išanalizuoti ir palyginti I -II ir V-VI kursų medicinos studentų mirties baimę, laiko suvokimą bei streso įveikos būdus atskirose merginų ir vaikinų grupėse; bei išanalizuoti ir palyginti medicinos studentų bei apklausoje dalyvavusių atsitiktinės atrankos respondentų (ne medikų) mirties baimę, laiko suvokimą ir streso įveikos būdus. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad I-II kursų medicinos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the research was to assess the differences in fear of death, time perception and stress coping techniques of the various courses medical students. Analyze needs for medical students to successful learning outcomes. There were questioned 227 people, from whom 70 aren’t medical students, 61 - I course, 33 - II course, 22 - V course and 41 - VI course medical students from faculty of medicine in Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. In case that we want to know how various students can overcome fear of death, time perception and stress coping means, we choose questionnaires form. The subjects were invited to complete questionnaires in 15 minutes. All medical students in the survey took place before and after the lab. All medical students in the survey took place before and after the lab. There was introduce free questionnaires: The Revised Collet-Lester Fear of Death And Dying Scale – (Lester, 1990) which is dedicate to know yourself and other peoples fear of death and dying scale, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (1990) and the stress overcome questionnaire about four factors models which are dedicate to appreciate the fear of death which was done professor’s G. Valickas and the doctors Ž. Grakauskas (2006). The aim of study shows that I-II course students fear of death is not very expressible, they don‘t have any problems with time perception and there is no more effective ways to avoid stress when fourth course students are using. There was doing test how... [to full text]

This study compared three groups of day care directors with regard to their levels of death anxiety and their responses to situations involving death that affect children in the day care center. In addition, the study compared the variables of age, years of experience in day care, parental status, and self-reported degree of religiosity with the directors' levels of death anxiety and their responses to simulated death situations. A possible relationship between the levels of death anxiety of the directors and their responses to simulated death situations was also investigated.

Orientador: Kanavillil Rajagopalan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T21:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_Claudiana_D.pdf: 8055525 bytes, checksum: 0d52e5c03f6bf121feaf9c874a6ae0a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Nesta tese, decidi estudar a estrutura retórica dos discursos teóricos sobre a linguagem para refletir sobre a prática discursiva na produção do conhecimento lingüístico questionando-lhe o discurso cientificista, o qual postula a adoção de determinados conceitos e determinado método de formalização como pressuposto de qualificação desse conhecimento. A partir de uma perspectiva teórica integracionista (Harris, 1981, 1998), cuja concepção de linguagem, de inspiração wittgensteiniana, permite questionar os mitos da lingüística e valorizar as ações integralizadoras na situação comunicacional, escolhi como objeto de investigação a tradicional interpretação da teoria dos atos de fala de J. Austin pelo filósofo J. Searle, através da análise da estrutura retórica da obra Speech Acts- An Essqy in the Philosophy of Language(1969). Partindo da idéia de que a reformulação teórica de Austin por Searle, sua aceitação e repercussões na lingüística e na filosofia são frutos do mito da linguagem, analisei os processos de produção, interpretação e distribuição do texto de Searle e concluí que as concepções tradicionais do discurso cientificista e positivista, bem como a sua retórica da formalização, configuram - se numa ordem do discurso específica aos estudos da linguagem que, neste trabalho, denomino medo da morte.Para efetuar esta análise, discuti o lugar da retórica numa teoria do discurso, promovendo uma revisão teórico-metodológica do método proposto por Margutti Pinto (1998) em sua análise dos procedimentos argumentativos de Wittgenstein. Desse modo, elaborei, através do estudo da retórica de Searle interpretando Austin, uma proposta de análise retórica através de uma abordagem crítico-discursiva (Fairclough, 2001) condizente com o programa integracionista que inclui em seus objetivos uma tomada de consciência do caráter integral de nossas ações como lingüistas e acadêmicos, originadas da natureza política, interativa, e social de nossa experiência lingüística / Abstract: In this thesis I decided to study the rhetorical structure of theoretical studies of language, aiming to reflect upon the discursive practice involved in the production of linguistic knowledge. In doing so, I have questioned the cientificist discourse that postulates the adoption of certain concepts and a certain method of formalization as a precondition for the characterization of knowledge. Based on an integrationist theoretical perspective (Harris, 1981,1998) centred on a concept of language inspired on Wittgenstein which enables us to question the founding myths of linguistics as well as to emphasise the actions of integration in communication, I have chosen as an object of research the traditional interpretation of J. Austin's theory of speech acts carried out by the philosopher J. Searle, through the analysis of the rhetorical structure of the text "Speech Acts -An Essay in the Philosophy of Language"(1969). Starting from the idea that the theoretical reformulation of Austin done by Searle together with its acceptance and resulting repercussions on linguistics and philosophy are the result of language myth, I analysed the processes of production, interpretation and distribution of Searle's text and concluded that the traditional conceptions of the cientificist and positivist discourse as well as its formal rhetoric configure an order of discourse which is specific to the studies of language which, in this work, I call 'fear of death'. In order to carry out this analysis, I discussed the place of rhetoric in a theory of discourse, promoting a theoretical/methodological revision of the method proposed by Margutti Pinto (1998) in his analysis of the argumentative procedures of Wittgenstein. Thus I elaborated, by studying the rhetoric Searle used when interpreting Austin, a proposal of rhetorical analysis by a criticaldiscursive approach (Fairclough, 2001) which is in tine with the integrationist program which includes amongst its objectives a conscious realisation of the integral character of our actions as linguists and academics, originating in the political, interactive and social natures of our linguistic experience / Doutorado / Doutor em Linguística

This study seeks to investigate fear of death in first-year student nurses. It considers how this might be ameliorated through teaching and learning interventions that involve addressing emotional and spiritual intelligence within the affective domain. Fear of death, for this study, is defined as fear of death and of caring for dying people and their families. A pragmatic paradigm and a mixed method approach were used to explore the feelings and experiences of newly recruited student nurses in relation to fear of death and the care of the dying person and their families. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to examine the impact of two different interventions intended to reduce the fear of death. A questionnaire was used to measure aspects of fear of death. The students were then randomly allocated to three groups. The members of two of the groups experienced an intervention, either a psychological self-help programme called 'Do Something Different', (Fletcher and Pine, 2009) or a weekly group meeting that explored relationships and the use of spiritual strategies based on Family Constellation theory (Hellinger, 2006). The third group acted as a control. After a period of time in clinical practice, the questionnaire was administered again and the results analysed and interpreted. The relationship between the students' fear of death and their age, previous experiences, ethnicity and spiritual beliefs was explored. Findings indicate that the interventions had a positive influence on reducing the students' fear of death. The qualitative part of the study involved semi-structured interviews with fifteen of the students who had completed both questionnaires. Their experiences of preparation for caring for dying people and of being in an intervention group were discussed. The interviews were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPE). Influencing factors from home, such as cultural issues, and from within the clinical context, such as mentorship, were identified. The thesis contributes to nursing education and practice by showing that early preparation for caring for dying people can be effective in reducing fear of death. Results demonstrate that there is value in using strategies to help the student to develop emotional and spiritual intelligence in order to prepare for aspects of dying, before they experience the death of a patient. This preparation enhances the quality of the therapeutic relationship between student and patient. Another outcome is that students need a particular quality of support, at home and in clinical practice and that there are particular implications for Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students. Mentors of students need to be trained to be sensitive to the students' needs when caring for people who are dying. Greater attention to preparation for death and care of the dying is likely to enhance the provision of end of life care and may also reduce attrition in first-year student nurses.

One hundred American teenagers and 84 Israeli teenagers were interviewed by open-ended questionnaires in order to study their attitudes toward death, holding variables like religion, socio-economic status, and education constant. All the respondents are Jewish, members of a youth movement, high school students, and are fifteen to sixteen years old. The results show a strong tendency to avoid discussions and thoughts about death, more so by the Israelis. Death is strongly feared and associated with war and car accidents, more so by the Israelis. Americans associate army service with death. Death is generally viewed as physical and spiritual cessation of life. The avoidance approach and fear of death that were found suggest the need to offer special courses on man and death in high schools.