Due to a large number of felid species being endangered they are subjects of conservation projects both in situ and ex situ. Keeping felids in zoos are problematic with stereotypic behaviours such as pacing and reproduction difficulties often occurring. The aim of this study was to review research and zoo husbandry knowledge about which resources are most important for the welfare of zoo kept felids, and in addition perform behavioural observations in seven felid species in four Swedish zoos to try to find an order of priority of resources. Observations were performed during opening hours in 36 sessions per species and zoo. The results showed that studies of felid resource usage are missing. Zoo husbandry practice is probably based mainly on traditions and anecdotal knowledge. The observations showed that except for minor differences felids behave similarly regardless of species but the use of resources varies. Small felid species seems to be hiding rather than pacing as a way of coping. Elevated resources and areas as well as numerous hiding places are important to felids but many factors might affect the choice of resting places. Therefore it is important to provide the felids with multiple choices. It is also important to evaluate both species and individuals when designing enclosures and providing resources. More multi-institutional studies with large number of individuals of all zoo kept felid species are needed to gather knowledge about felids needs and preferences of resources.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-06-12T17:27:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Camila Mário Gorricho (caca_gorricho@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-12T18:02:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1249420 bytes, checksum: a08e5269e74646dc42ccc6e450d66936 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-06-13T17:09:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gorricho_cm_me_jabo.pdf: 1249420 bytes, checksum: a08e5269e74646dc42ccc6e450d66936 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T17:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gorricho_cm_me_jabo.pdf: 1249420 bytes, checksum: a08e5269e74646dc42ccc6e450d66936 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / A criopreservação de ovário ou tecido ovariano permite a preservação do material genético de qualquer espécie animal que seja submetido à gonadectomia por indicação preventiva, terapêutica ou, até mesmo, por morte inesperada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se o tamanho do fragmento ovariano influencia ou não a resistência aos crioprotetores. Para tanto, os ovários foram colhidos de 34 gatas domésticas (várias raças, 1-5 anos de idade) por ovariectomia de rotina, transportados ao laboratório e depois seccionados em fragmentos de diferentes tamanhos (3 x 3 x 3mm, 5 x 3 x 3mm e 7 x 3 x 3mm) e destinados aleatoriamente aos grupos de controle (GC3, GC5 e GC7, respectivamente) ou vitrificados (GV3, GV5 e GV7, respectivamente). Os fragmentos vitrificados-aquecidos foram avaliados por histomorfologia e imunohistoquímica (para taxas de apoptose utilizando a caspase-3 clivada). A avaliação histológica demonstrou que 72,97% dos folículos presentes em GV3 e 72,58% nos fragmentos do grupo GV5 eram normais, enquanto que nos fragmentos do GV7 essa taxa foi de apenas 42,86%. A principal alteração morfológica foi o desprendimento das células epiteliais da membrana basal presentes em todos os grupos. Da mesma forma, a avaliação imunohistoquímica, utilizando a caspase 3, revelou uma pequena proporção de células apoptóticas nos fragmentos do grupo GV3 (53%), enquanto que no grupo GV7, 43,58% das células expressaram a caspase 3 clivada. Esses achados indicam que fragmentos seccionados em 3 x 3 x 3mm (27mm³) são mais adequados para a perfusão do crioprotetor, sem causar danos celular após o descongelamento. / Cryopreservation of ovary or ovarian tissue allows preservation of genetic material of any animal species that is submitted to gonadectomy for preventive, therapeutic or even by unexpected death. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether or not the size of the ovarian fragment influence its resistance to cryostorage. For that purpose, ovaries were collected from 34 queens (various breeds, age 1-5 y) by routine ovariectomy, transported to the laboratory and then sectioned in different sizes (3 x 3 x 3 mm, 5 x 3 x 3 mm and 7 x 3 x 3 mm) and randomly assigned to a control (GC3, GC5 and GC7, respectively) or vitrified (GV3, GV5 and GV7, respectively) groups. Vitrified-warmed fragments were evaluated by histomorphology and immunohistochemistry (for apoptotic rates by using cleaved caspase-3). Histological examination reveal that 72.97% of the follicles in GV3 and 72.58% in GV5 were normal while only 42.86% of the follicles in GV7. The main morphological alteration presented in all groups was a detachment of the epithelial cells by basement membrane. Similarly, immunohistochemistry evaluation using caspase 3 revealed a small proportion of apoptotic cells in GV3 (53%) while in GV7 43.58% of the cells expressed cleaved caspase-3. These findings indicate that fragments sectioned in 3 x 3 x 3 mm (27mm3) seems more adequate for perfusion of the cryoprotectant, causing less damage to the cell after vitrification-warming.

Many Neotropical felid species, such as jaguars, are threatened with extinction due to habitat fragmentation and/or human persecution. Human activities around protected areas in Belize, Central America, are increasing and so are levels of human-felid conflict. Potential consequences of this conflict are an increase in stress impacting health, diet shifts, or heightening of animal aggression. The goal of this work was to assess the effects of human-modified habitats on native felids by comparing fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations, endoparasite species richness (ESR), and diet using non-invasive scat sampling in a protected forest vs. surrounding non-protected areas in Belize. Field studies relying on non-invasive fecal hormone monitoring are subject to potential hormone degradation in samples exposed to the environment. Therefore I conducted immunoassay and environmental validations for measuring FGM in jaguars (Panthera onca). In the field, I collected scat using a detector dog, identified samples using DNA, retrieved parasite propagules with a flotation technique, and identified prey remains by morphology. I detected five felids: jaguar, puma, ocelot, jaguarundi and domestic cat. FGM concentrations were higher in pumas and jaguarundis than in the other felids. I found no livestock remains in felid scats. ESR was similar across felid species. Domestic cats were found only in human-modified areas. This results provide a baseline on adrenal activity, prey consumption, and endoparasites in felids of Belize. These findings could be used for comparisons to populations thought to be affected by human activities across Belize and in neighboring countries. / Master of Science

付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第25154号 / 理博第5061号 / 新制||理||1721(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 平田 聡, 教授 松田 一希, 准教授 半谷 吾郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Research in animal personality has been increasing over the last decade, as scientists realise its importance to a variety of health outcomes. In particular, personality has been shown to have an effect on immune function, stress, infant survival, overall well-being, morbidity, and mortality. Because of this, personality can play an important role in captive management, especially as stress is often a problem for captive animals. Research has already shown that personality affects captive breeding efforts, enclosure grouping, and stress regulation in some species. Only a few studies have focused on felids, but these have shown that there are possible applications for personality in that taxon. Because most felids are endangered, and because many of them face special challenges in captivity due to their size and biology, this work aimed to increase knowledge on felids, using personality as a framework, with implications for captive management as a target. Focusing on five species, I assessed the personality of domestic cats, Scottish wildcats, clouded and snow leopards, and African lions, and the well-being of the four latter species. With the exception of the domestic cat, there has been little to no personality work in these species, and none on well-being. I then compared the data within and among these species. I found three main personality factors among the species, including dimensions I labelled Neuroticism, Dominance, and Impulsiveness, with some differences, including an Agreeableness factor in some species, and elements of Openness. As in other species, well-being was negatively related to Neuroticism in most of the study species. Taking into consideration each species’ biology, natural history, and genetics, I discuss the implications and importance of using these species’ personality and well-being assessments in both captive management and conservation efforts. The results indicate that, like in humans, a targeted, individual approach to care is the best use of personality for captive animals.

Retrovírus endógenos (ERVs) são vírus altamente difundidos no genoma de vertebrados. ERVs surgem quando retrovírus exógenos infectam células germinativas e se disseminam no genoma de seus hospedeiros, transmitindo seu material genético através das gerações por meio de herança mendeliana. ERVs são fundamentais na evolução dos genomas, sendo eles responsáveis por uma parte da diversidade genética de seus hospedeiros. O conhecimento sobre ERVs na família Felidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) estava praticamente restrito ao gato doméstico, e não se conhecia diversidade e padrões de evolução desses retroelementos em outras espécies. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar diversidade, distribuição e padrões evolutivos de ERVs em espécies de gatos silvestres. Utilizando ferramentas de biologia molecular e bioinformática, foram identificadas e caracterizadas 85 sequências similares a retrovírus endógenos nos representantes das oito espécies brasileiras: Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, L. colocolo, L. geoffroyi, L. tigrinus, Puma concolor, P. yagouaroundi e Panthera onca. Encontrou-se uma predominância de ERVs similares a Gammaretrovirus, um padrão característico em muitas espécies de mamíferos. As análises filogenéticas evidenciaram três grupos principais de Gammaretrovirus, cada um evoluindo de maneira peculiar. Em uma visão geral, os ERVs provenientes de diferentes hospedeiros apresentaram-se distribuídos de forma heterogênea nas filogenias, dificultando a constatação de um padrão coevolutivo. No entanto, análises mais detalhadas de algumas sequências demonstraram peculiaridades, como no caso de um grupo de sequências similares a de um ERV oriundo do morcego Myotis lucifugus. Através de análises filogenéticas em comparação com dados obtidos na literatura, sugere-se que a infecção desse retrovírus ocorreu em uma espécie ancestral de felídeo, na segunda metade do Mioceno. Os resultados obtidos permitiram demonstrar que os felídeos neotropicais apresentam ERVs que seguem padrões semelhantes aos descritos a respeito de outros mamíferos, sugerindo também alguns casos de infecções de retrovírus muito similares entre diferentes ordens de mamíferos. / Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are widespread viruses in vertebrate genome. ERVs arise when exogenous retrovirus infects germinal cells and spread in the genome of their hosts, transmitting its genetic material throughout the generations by means of Mendelian inheritance. ERVs are fundamental for the evolution of genomes, being responsible for some part of the genetic diversity of their hosts. The knowledge on ERVs in felids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) was basically restricted to domestic cats, and the diversity and patterns of evolution of these retroviral elements in other species were not known. This study aimed to investigate diversity, distribution and evolutionary patterns of ERVs in wildcat species. Hence, by utilizing molecular biology and bioinformatics tools, 85 endogenous retrovirus-like sequences were identified and characterized in eight representative Brazilian species: Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, L. colocolo, L. geoffroyi, L. tigrinus, Puma concolor, P. yagouaroundi and Panthera onca. The analyses of these novel felid ERVs showed the predominance of Gammaretroviruslike sequences, which is a characteristic pattern present in many mammal species. Phylogenetic analyses have evidenced three major groups of Gammaretrovirus, each one evolving in a peculiar manner. ERVs from different hosts were distributed in a mixed way in the phylogenies, differently of a coevolutionary pattern. However, more detailed analyses of some sequences demonstrated peculiarities, as in the case of a group of sequences similar to an ERV from the bat Myotis lucifugus. Notably, through phylogenetic analyses, and in comparison to data obtained in the literature, it may be suggested that some infection by a retrovirus occurred in a felid ancestral species in the second half of the Miocene. Therefore, the results obtained demonstrate that ERVs from Neotropical felids follow patterns which are very similar to the ones described for other mammals, also suggesting some cases of similar retrovirus lineage infecting different mammal orders.

Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a presença de Rickettsia sp. e Ehrlichia sp. em canídeos e felídeos selvagens de vida livre e cães domésticos da região do Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE), Goiás. Os anticorpos detectados através da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta utilizando 6 espécies de riquétsias. Amostras de soros de canídeos (140) e felídeos (38) selvagens de vida livre, incluindo lobos-guarás (76), cachorros-do-mato (57), gatos-palheiros (19), jaguatiricas (10), raposinhas-do-campo (7), onças-pintadas (4), onças-pardas (4), gato-mourisco (1), e cães domésticos (134) das propriedades rurais do entorno do PNE. Para a detecção de Ehrlichia sp. foi realizada a técnica de PCR, utilizando amostras de sangues totais de canídeos selvagens (44), sendo cachorros-do-mato (26), lobos-guarás (16) e raposinhas-o-campo (2) e cães domésticos (17). Amostras de lobos-guarás (29), cachorros-do-mato (12), onças-pardas (2), gatos-palheiros (2), raposinha-do-campo (1) e cachorro doméstico (1) apresentaram títulos para uma ou mais riquétsias testadas. Para Ehrlichia sp., 6 cães domésticos apresentaram resultados positivos, com Ehrlichia canis com semelhança de 100% com a cepa Uberlândia, pelo sequenciamento do gene dsb. Este é o primeiro relato de detecção de anticorpos, sugerindo provável exposição a R. amblyommii, R. rickettsii e R. parkeri em lobos-guarás, cachorros-do-mato e onças-pardas; R. parkeri em raposinhas-do-campo; R. amblyommii e R. parkeri em gatos-palheiros; R. amblyommii, R. rickettsii e R. rhipicephali em jaguatiricas. Não houve evidências que comprovassem ou mesmo sugerissem a transmissão desses patógenos entre animais silvestres e domésticos. / This study aimed to investigate the presence of Rickettsia sp. and Ehrlichia sp. in free-ranging wild canids and felids, and domestic dogs in the region of Emas National Park (ENP), Goiás. The antibodies were detected through Immunofluorescence Assay using 6 rickettsiae species. Serum samples of free-ranging wild canids (140) and felids (38), including maned wolves (76), crab-eating foxes (57), pampas cats (19), ocelots (10), hoary foxes (7), jaguars (4), pumas (4) and jaguarondi (1), and domestic dogs (134) from surrounding farms were tested. For detection of Ehrlichia sp., PCR was performed on whole blood samples of canids (44), among crab-eating foxes (26), maned wolves (16) and hoary foxes (2), and domestic dogs (17). Samples of maned wolves (29), crab-eating foxes (12), pumas (2), pampas cats (2), hoary fox (1) and domestic dog (1) presented one or more antibody titers for rickettsiae testing. For Ehrlichia spp. detection, 6 domestic dogs showed positive results for Ehrlichia canis with 100% similarity to the Uberlândia strain, by sequencing of dsb gene. This is the first report of antibodies detection, suggesting probable exposure to R. amblyommii, R. rickettsii, R. parkeri in maned wolves, crab-eating foxes and pumas; R. parkeri in hoary foxes; R. amblyommii and R. parkeri pampas cats; R. amblyommii, R. rickettsii, R. rhipicephali in ocelots. There was no evidence to conclusively prove or even suggest the transmission of pathogens between wild and domestic animals.

Amostras de sangue total e suabes de orofaringe e conjuntiva foram coletadas de 57 felídeos Neotropicais (1 Leopardus geoffroyi, 17 L. wiedii, 22 L. tigrinus, 14 L. pardalis e 3 Puma yagouaroundi) mantidos em cativeiro no Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu. Dados clínicos, hemograma e histórico dos animais foram disponibilizados. Materiais clínicos obtidos a partir dos suabes de orofaringe e conjuntiva foram submetidos ao cultivo para Mycoplasma spp em meio específico. DNA do sangue e suabes foram extraídos por meio de um kit comercial e pelo método de fervura, respectivamente. DNA extraído de amostras de sangue foram submetidos à PCR para detecção de Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus M. haemominutum (CMhm), DNA proviral do vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) e Bartonella spp. DNA extraído dos suabes foram submetidos à PCR para detecção de Mollicutes e M. felis. Foi realizada uma análise de associação entre alterações clínicas e a infecção por Bartonella spp e um estudo de fator de risco da infecção por esse microrganismo. Apenas 1 (1,75%) animal foi positivo a reação para Mhf e nenhum foi positivo a reação para CMhm. Dois (3,5%) animais foram positivos a reação para FeLV e 6 (10,52%) foram positivos para Bartonella spp. Não houve co-infecção entre os agentes pesquisados nas amostras de sangue. Foram obtidos 5 (8,77%) isolados de Mycoplasma spp da orofaringe e nenhum de conjuntiva. DNA de Mollicutes foi detectado em 53 (93%) e 27 (47,36%) amostras de orofaringe e conjuntiva, respectivamente. Nenhuma amostra apresentou resultado positivo na detecção de DNA alvo de M. felis. Não houve associação entre as alterações hematológicas (anemia, desidratação, leucocitose, leucopenia, histórico de anemia) e a infecção por Bartonella spp. Machos apresentam maior risco de adquirir bartonelose do que fêmeas. Este é o primeiro relato da presença de DNA proviral de FeLV em L. tigrinus e L. pardalis no sul do aís, de DNA de B. henselae em L. tigrinus, L. pardalis, L. geoffroyii e P. yagouaroundi, e de um estudo de fator de risco associado a infecção por Bartonella spp em felídeos neotropicais. / Total blood samples and oropharinx and conjunctival swabs were collected from 57 neotropical felids (1 Leopardus geoffroyi, 17 L. wiedii, 22 L. tigrinus, 14 L. pardalis and 3 Puma yagouaroundi) maintained in captivity at Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu. Clinical data, hemogram and clinical history of these animals were available. Clinical materials obtained from oropharinx and conjunctiva were cultured in specific media for Mycoplasma spp isolation. DNA of blood and swabs were extracted using a commercially available kit and a boiling method, respectively. DNA samples from swabs were submitted to a PCR for the detection of Mollicutes and M. felis. DNA samples from blood were submitted to a PCR for detection of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus M. haemominutum (CMhm), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) proviral DNA , and Bartonella spp. The association between hematological alterations and bartonella infection was evaluated and a risk factor analysis was performed. Only 1 (1.75%) animal was positive for Mhf reaction, whereas all animals were negative for CMhm detection. Two (3.5%) animals were positives for FeLV and 6 (10.52%) animals were positive for Bartonella spp, by PCR. Co-infections among these agents were not observed. Five (8.77%) mycoplasma isolates were obtained from oropharinx samples and none was obtained from conjunctival samples. Mollicutes DNA was detected in 53 (93%) and 27 (47.36%) samples from oropharinx and conjunctiva, respectively. All samples were negative for M. felis detection. Hematological alterations (anemia, dehydration, leukocytosis, leucopenia, history of anemia) were not associated to Bartonella spp infection. Males are more likely to be infected than females. This is the first report of FeLV proviral DNA in L. tigrinus and L. pardalis in Southern Brazil, of B. henselae DNA in L. trigrinus, L. pardalis, L. geoffroyi and P. yagouaroundi, and the first study of risk factors for Bartonella spp infection in neotropical felids.

Empirical measurements of the use of space of an enclosure are important indicators of the enclosure’s appropriateness for the exhibited animal. By studying the animal’s use of space zoological parks are able to provide a more species-adequate environment. In this study the utilization of space by the Siberian tigers held at Kolmården Djurpark was analyzed. Data were collected using the scan sample method for a total of 120 observation hours during 15 days. The tigers showed a marked difference in the utilization of different parts of the enclosure with the number of observations ranging from 1252 for the most popular zone to only 172 for the least popular one. The tigers showed a consistent preference for two of the 15 zones across all days of observation. Further analyses showed that these zones were preferred both during mornings and afternoons as well as during feeding days and non-feeding days. This study demonstrates that the tigers might display a preference for certain environmental features as a result of their behavioral needs that are no different from tigers in the wild.

Retrovírus endógenos (ERVs) são vírus altamente difundidos no genoma de vertebrados. ERVs surgem quando retrovírus exógenos infectam células germinativas e se disseminam no genoma de seus hospedeiros, transmitindo seu material genético através das gerações por meio de herança mendeliana. ERVs são fundamentais na evolução dos genomas, sendo eles responsáveis por uma parte da diversidade genética de seus hospedeiros. O conhecimento sobre ERVs na família Felidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) estava praticamente restrito ao gato doméstico, e não se conhecia diversidade e padrões de evolução desses retroelementos em outras espécies. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar diversidade, distribuição e padrões evolutivos de ERVs em espécies de gatos silvestres. Utilizando ferramentas de biologia molecular e bioinformática, foram identificadas e caracterizadas 85 sequências similares a retrovírus endógenos nos representantes das oito espécies brasileiras: Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, L. colocolo, L. geoffroyi, L. tigrinus, Puma concolor, P. yagouaroundi e Panthera onca. Encontrou-se uma predominância de ERVs similares a Gammaretrovirus, um padrão característico em muitas espécies de mamíferos. As análises filogenéticas evidenciaram três grupos principais de Gammaretrovirus, cada um evoluindo de maneira peculiar. Em uma visão geral, os ERVs provenientes de diferentes hospedeiros apresentaram-se distribuídos de forma heterogênea nas filogenias, dificultando a constatação de um padrão coevolutivo. No entanto, análises mais detalhadas de algumas sequências demonstraram peculiaridades, como no caso de um grupo de sequências similares a de um ERV oriundo do morcego Myotis lucifugus. Através de análises filogenéticas em comparação com dados obtidos na literatura, sugere-se que a infecção desse retrovírus ocorreu em uma espécie ancestral de felídeo, na segunda metade do Mioceno. Os resultados obtidos permitiram demonstrar que os felídeos neotropicais apresentam ERVs que seguem padrões semelhantes aos descritos a respeito de outros mamíferos, sugerindo também alguns casos de infecções de retrovírus muito similares entre diferentes ordens de mamíferos. / Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are widespread viruses in vertebrate genome. ERVs arise when exogenous retrovirus infects germinal cells and spread in the genome of their hosts, transmitting its genetic material throughout the generations by means of Mendelian inheritance. ERVs are fundamental for the evolution of genomes, being responsible for some part of the genetic diversity of their hosts. The knowledge on ERVs in felids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) was basically restricted to domestic cats, and the diversity and patterns of evolution of these retroviral elements in other species were not known. This study aimed to investigate diversity, distribution and evolutionary patterns of ERVs in wildcat species. Hence, by utilizing molecular biology and bioinformatics tools, 85 endogenous retrovirus-like sequences were identified and characterized in eight representative Brazilian species: Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, L. colocolo, L. geoffroyi, L. tigrinus, Puma concolor, P. yagouaroundi and Panthera onca. The analyses of these novel felid ERVs showed the predominance of Gammaretroviruslike sequences, which is a characteristic pattern present in many mammal species. Phylogenetic analyses have evidenced three major groups of Gammaretrovirus, each one evolving in a peculiar manner. ERVs from different hosts were distributed in a mixed way in the phylogenies, differently of a coevolutionary pattern. However, more detailed analyses of some sequences demonstrated peculiarities, as in the case of a group of sequences similar to an ERV from the bat Myotis lucifugus. Notably, through phylogenetic analyses, and in comparison to data obtained in the literature, it may be suggested that some infection by a retrovirus occurred in a felid ancestral species in the second half of the Miocene. Therefore, the results obtained demonstrate that ERVs from Neotropical felids follow patterns which are very similar to the ones described for other mammals, also suggesting some cases of similar retrovirus lineage infecting different mammal orders.