Em mais de meio século desde a publicação do primeiro volume de O Senhor dos Anéis, de J. R. R. Tolkien, em 1954, a maioria das discussões sobre a construção ficcional tolkieniana tem se concentrado em sua fundamentação lingüística, ou seja, o fato, reafirmado diversas vezes pelo próprio Tolkien, de que a obra foi escrita para dar um mundo às línguas inventadas por ele. O ponto de partida desta pesquisa é a observação do trabalho lingüístico de Tolkien desde uma outra perspectiva: a da concepção da narrativa como tradução fictícia. Partindo de um estudo da pseudotradução dentro dos Estudos da Tradução, observamos como ela opera especificamente nessa obra, com o objetivo de demonstrar que ela é não só uma técnica, mas o princípio criativo da narrativa. Após analisarmos a ficção tradutória que serve como moldura para a narração dos eventos da estória, complementamos a pesquisa com um estudo da utilização da linguagem na construção da fantasia mitológica de Tolkien. Na somatória dessas duas operações, procuramos mostrar como o processo de encadeamento de uma ficção dentro de outra ficção é fundamental para a criação de uma obra no limiar da fantasia e da realidade. / Throughout more than half a century since the publication of the first volume of J. R. R. Tolkien\'s The Lord of the Rings, in 1954, most discussions on the composition of Tolkien\'s fiction have concentrated on the fact that it is a fundamentally linguistic work; namely, the fact, sustained many times by Tolkien himself, that the narrative was created to give a world to the languages invented by the author. The starting point of this research is the observation of such linguistic composition from another perspective: the conception of the narrative as a fictitious translation. Setting about from a study of pseudotranslation inside Translation Studies, we examine how it operates specifically in this work, aiming at demonstrating that it is not merely a narrative technique, but the very creative principle of the narration. After the analysis of the translational fiction, which functions as a frame for the rendering of the events in the story, we present a further study on the use of language in the construction of Tolkien\'s mythological fantasy. Summing up these two operations, we aim at showing how the interlacing process of one fiction into another is fundamental for the creation of a work that dwells on the threshold of fantasy and reality.

A argumentação desenvolvida nesse trabalho gira em torno da ideia de que a partir da fase imperialista do capital, a especulação encontrou solo fértil para o seu pleno desenvolvimento. A estreita conexão existente entre a esfera monetária e financeira, e a esfera real e produtiva no imperialismo capitalista deu origem ao capital financeiro. Com o domínio das sociedades anônimas sobre a estrutura da economia capitalista deu-se grande impulso ao sistema de crédito (devido à necessidade de financiamento das sociedades por ações por intermédio da Bolsa de Valores), o que propiciou as condições para o desenvolvimento do capital fictício. / The argument developed in this paper revolves around the idea that from the imperialist phase of capital, speculation has found fertile ground for its full development. The close connection between the monetary and financial sphere and the real and productive sphere in capitalist imperialism gave rise to financial capital. With the dominance of corporations on the structure of the capitalist economy, the credit system was given great impetus (due to the need to finance stock companies through the Stock Exchange), which provided the conditions for the development of fictitious capital.

A tese por nós aqui apresentada teve por finalidade principal, pesquisar a transformação da relação centro periferia na forma crítica de reprodução fictícia da metrópole paulistana entro o período de 1980 até o período atual. Procuramos relacionar as transformações destas separações intraurbanas na metrópole, a partir da crítica ao arcabouço teórico desenvolvido na Geografia e nas Ciências Sociais, sobre os espaços denominados periféricos que expressaram estas separações a partir da visão da luta de classes como expressão material no espaço urbano e pensou estes espaços como lócus do sujeito operário. Para realizar esta crítica visitamos os teóricos marxistas que discutiram a reprodução do capitalismo colocando em debate a questão da objetividade da crise a partir da crise imanente do capital e a questão da subjetividade revolucionária como motor de superação do capitalismo. Por meio destas discussões teóricas mais gerais, procuramos criticar a pertinência de uma visão dualista da metrópole e cotejá-las com a discussão deste período crítico da reprodução ficcionalizada, que cria uma identidade crítica na reprodução do que se denomina centro e periferia na metrópole paulista. Essa forma de identidade crítica foi discutida a partir da democratização das formas creditícias, principalmente entre as populações pauperizadas da metrópole, como forma de sobrevivência e como forma de sua inserção ao consumo no sentido de reproduzir o capital excedente deste período. A partir destes argumentos defendemos que os espaços que têm denominado como periferia se inserem hoje no centro da reprodução ficcionalizada e crítica do capital. / The thesis we present here had as its final purpose the research on the transformation in the relation between center and periphery with the critical form of fictitious reproduction of São Paulo metropolis between 1980 and nowadays. We tried to relate the transformation on these internal urban separations on the metropolis from the critique of a theoretical framework developed in Geography and Social Sciences about the so called peripheral spaces. That framework expressed these separations from a class struggle point of view as a material expression of urban space and thought about them as the locus of working class subject. To accomplish such a critique we studied the marxists that discussed capitalistic reproduction from the point of view of the objectivity of crisis related to immanent crises of capital asking about revolutionary subjectivity as the overcoming engine to capitalism. Through these theoretical and general issues we tried to criticize dualistic points of view about the metropolis and also tried to compare them with the debate about such a critical period of fictional reproduction, which creates a critical identity on the reproduction of what is known as center and periphery of São Paulo metropolis. This critical identity was presented from the democratization of credit forms, manly between poor people in the metropolis, as a way of living and as the access to consumption in such a way to reproduce exceeding capital on the period. From that, we argue that what is known as periphery is inserted nowadays on the center of critical and fictitious capital reproduction.

Chan Ka-ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-167). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter One --- Bridget Jones's Diary： A Novelistic Adaptation of Pride and Prejudice --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter Two --- The Image of Elizabeth Bennet in Pride and Prejudice and Its Adaptations --- p.4 7 / Chapter Chapter Three --- The Image of Bridget Jones in Bridget Jones' s Diary and Its Film Adaptation --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Evolution of a Heroine: From Pride and Prejudice to Bridget Jones's Diary --- p.110 / Conclusion --- p.142 / Notes --- p.157 / Works Cited --- p.160

A dissertação aqui apresentada teve por finalidade principal problematizar o processo de formação das categorias sociais capitalistas terra, trabalho e capital e seus consequentes processos de autonomização (MARX, 1985) na particularidade do Vale do Ribeira/SP, com especial atenção às comunidades remanescentes quilombolas localizadas nas cidades de Eldorado/SP e Iporanga/SP. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, a fim de problematizar o processo de formação e transformação dessas categorias ao longo dos séculos XIX e XX, nos apoiamos nos relatos obtidos em trabalhos de campo junto à comunidade de São Pedro (Eldorado/SP) e os presentes nos Relatórios Técnicos Científicos realizados pela Fundação Instituto de Terras do Estado de São Paulo (ITESP), bem como em trabalhos acadêmicos com os quais debatemos nesta dissertação (PETRONE, 1966, R. QUEIROZ, 2006). Após isso, nos detemos no fim do século XX e início do XXI, momento em que são delimitadas as reservas ambientais que restringiam a possibilidade do uso do solo pelos agricultores; seguido, aparentemente, na contramão desse processo, pelo reconhecimento das comunidades como remanescentes quilombolas e sua atual reprodução pelo acesso ao crédito PRONAF (Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar), voltado para a produção. Neste segundo momento, problematizamos o que é hoje entendido diferentemente por cada autor como momento de dominância financeira (PAULANI), financeirização (HARVEY, 2014) ou dessubstancialização do capital (KURZ, 1995 e SCHOLZ, 2004), a partir de uma pesquisa de campo detida na atual reprodução dos agricultores quilombolas, somada a entrevistas junto aos representantes do Estado (funcionários da Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral CATI , ITESP e da Secretaria da Agricultura do Município de Eldorado/SP) e da instituição financeira Banco do Brasil (principalmente das agências localizadas nas cidades de Jacupiranga, Pariquera-Açu e Registro) responsáveis, estes últimos (funcionários e agentes financeiros), pela articulação entre os recursos liberados para o programa e os agricultores. Vale por fim destacar que partiu-se do pressuposto de que nada está dado de forma absoluta: intentamos desnaturalizar o trabalho, a terra e o capital, entendendo-os como formados historicamente. A particularidade, seu conteúdo, no caso em questão, as relações sociais na hoje compreendida como comunidade de São Pedro, foram assim discutidas como não generalizáveis, não dedutíveis de conteúdo referencial, e, simultaneamente, não apartadas da totalidade: tentamos (e sabemos que sempre de maneira insuficiente) manter a tensão entre o particular e a totalidade, um permanente questionamento, o que também devemos tributo à Roswitha Scholz (2005) e sua crítica teórica do valor-dissociação como forma de ser da relação social capitalista. / The main objective of this Master thesis was to problematize the formation process of capitalist\' social categories land, labor and capital and its consequent processes of autonomization (MARX, 1985), in the particularity of Ribeira\'s Valley/ SP, with special attention to the remnant quilombolas\' communities sited in the cities of Eldorado/ SP and Iporanga/ SP. Initially, in order to problematize the process of formation and transformation of these categories throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, we have leaned on the reports obtained through fieldworks in São Pedro\'s community (Eldorado/ SP), as well as on those found in the Technical Scientific Reports carried out by the Institute of Lands of the State of São Paulo Foundation (ITESP), among other academic works which we have debated with (PETRONE, 1966, R. QUEIROZ, 2006). For then we have reflected at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21rst, when the environmental reserves that have restricted the possibility of land use by farmers are delimited; this moment is followed, apparently in the opposite direction of this process, by the recognition of the communities as \"remnants of quilombolas\" and their current reproduction by the access to PRONAF (National Program for Strengthening Family Farming), focused on production. In this second moment, starting from the field surveys that were focused on the current reproduction of quilombola farmers, we have problematized what is now understood, in a different way by each author, as a moment of \"financial dominance\" (PAULANI), \"financialization\" (HARVEY, 2014) or \"desubstantialisation of capital\" (KURZ, 1995 and SCHOLZ, 2004); together with interviews made with the State\'s representatives officials from the Coordination of Integral Technical Assistance (CATI), ITESP and the Secretariat of Agriculture of Eldorado\'s county, SP, as well as with Bank of Brazil (mainly the branches sited in the cities of Jacupiranga, Pariquera-Açu and Registro), these last ones responsible (employees and financial agents) for the articulation between the resources released to the program and the farmers. At last, it is important to emphasise that we are based of the assumption that nothing is given in an absolute way: we intent to criticize the naturalization of work, land and capital, understanding them as historically formed. The particularity, its content, in the present case the social relations in todays São Pedro\'s community, were thus discussed as non generalizable, non deductible of referential content, and simultaneously, not segregated from the totality: we try (aware of its insufficiency) to maintain the tension between the particular and the totality, a permanent questioning, which we should also pay tribute to Roswitha Scholz (2005) and her theoretical critique of value-dissociation, as the form of capitalist social relation on its own.

L’objectif de cette étude est de modéliser et de simuler numériquement des phénomènes d’interaction fluide-structure dans un cadre compressible pour des écoulements non-visqueux. La modélisation proposée repose sur une formulation monolithique du couplage fluide-structure en considérant une unique équation permettant de résoudre simultanément le mouvement du fluide et du solide. Un terme supplémentaire dans l’équation de quantité de mouvement traduit la présence de l’obstacle dans l’écoulement. La contribution de ce terme de pénalisation est étudiée à travers l’analogie avec une formulation variationnelle et un intérêt est porté à la rigueur physique, mathématique et numérique de l’unification des deux milieux, en particulier à l’interface. L’approche numérique correspond à une méthode à pas fractionnaire, en tout point identique aux méthodes de prédiction correction utilisées en incompressible. Quelques résultats numériques clôturent ce travail et permettent de préciser les conditions d’application de ce modèle d’interaction fluide-structure en régime compressible. / This study deals with the modeling and simulation of fluid-structure interactions in a compressible framework for inviscid flows. A monolithic approach has been chosen for treating the coupling between the fluid and the solid through a single equation that solves the motion of both simultaniously. An additionnal term in the momentum equation allows to take into account the obstacle in the flow. A weak formulation is derived from previous similar works that confirms the unification problem is mathematically well-posed, especially on the interface. The numerical procedure relies on a time-splitting method similar to prediction-correction methods for incompressible flows. Some numerical examples illustrate this work and allows to conclude on the feasibility of this fluid-structure interaction model for compressible flows.

Nonlinearity in the Navier-Stokes equations can originate from a variety of sources, such as contributions stemming from the advective term, constitutive closure models or external factors such as chemical reactions and capillarity. Needless to say, a combination of any of the above sources has the potential to exasperate the problem significantly. This dissertation explores cases that predominantly feature advective and/or capillary effects. In particular, we first consider the inertia-dominated problem of single-phase flow past a confined square cylinder, followed by a study focused on the low-Re dynamics of rigid particles straddling non-planar interfaces. The first part of the thesis investigates transient, three-dimensional, incompressible and isothermal flow of a Newtonian fluid past a symmetrically confined obstacle at zero incidence. Results from both Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) experiments and direct simulations upto Re = 250 have been reported. Beyond the onset of instability (Recr ≈ 58), an inflexion point around Re ≈ 115 is detected for the Strouhal number with no evidence of hysteresis in any of the measurements. Furthermore, incommensurate frequencies observed in the range 127 ≤ Re ≤ 175 suggest a quasi-periodic transition to three-dimensionality. This is shown to be followed by an intermediate periodic window starting around Re ≈ 180. Fourier analysis and spanwise velocity correlations are then used to characterize the observed phenomena. Subsequent analysis of consolidated data suggest that only a parametric variation of transverse and spanwise blockage ratios can bring closure to the subject of bluff-body wake transitions. The second part of the thesis implements and validates a physically consistent continuum model for the Moving Contact Line (MCL) through direct simulations. After elaborately discussing the MCL conundrum, a fundamental framework for the simulations is outlined in a theoretical orientation which combines the Level set method with a Fictitious domain approach in a finite-element scheme. The thesis objectives are then realized through simulation of various case studies that show favorable comparisons with theoretical and/or published experimental data. In short, the current work successfully illustrates the potential of novel boundary conditions (such as the GNBC) to accurately describe MCL dynamics. / Chemical Engineering

Originally presented as the author's thesis--Universität München, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis is prompted by a curiosity about the popularity of the image of Peter Pan. Realising that the familiar and ubiquitous image is as much a product of consumer culture as it is the result of multimodal adaptations and reinterpretations of J. M. Barrie?s Peter Pan, this study attempts to shovel aside present-day conceptions of Peter Pan stories, so as to unearth the bedrock, to see Peter Pan as it was when it was new, back in its own time. To do so, this study goes back to the original Peter Pan texts. Picking out elements that signal the presence of certain literary modes, this thesis explores how the Peter Pan narratives engage with these modes, genres and traditions. One of the motives of the thesis is to rescue Peter Pan from ghettoization in the cosy category of “children?s literature”, and through critical attention to take it seriously as an important work in the literature of the early twentieth century. Chapter I situates Peter Pan in the pastoral tradition. Adducing William Empson?s concept of the pastoral as the process of “putting the complex into the simple”, this thesis argues that Peter Pan portrays two competing pastoral spaces and lays claim to the tradition by challenging its parameters of innocence. The chapter also invokes Bakhtin?s idea of carnival, asserting that the Peter Pan texts are “carnivalesque” in both their self-referential play with narrative and generic conventions, and with various more or less satirical and transgressive themes. Chapter II traces elements of Pan myths in the texts, and argues that the texts engage with the late-Victorian and Edwardian interest in myth by re-envisioning an avatar of Pan that would take its place amongst other literary Pans of the era, such as those of E. M. Forster, Kenneth Grahame, Elizabeth Browning, and Arthur Machen. The final chapter sets Peter Pan in the midst of a battle of modes of representation and vision, with R. L. Stevenson championing romance and Henry James politely standing for realism. The chapter argues that while the Peter Pan texts belong more to romance, they play with the boundaries of each by critiquing both modes, all the time showing up and relishing the artificiality of narration. The chapter then picks up on the sense of play, pervading Peter Pan’s engagement with every literary mode that has been discussed, and examines the social meanings and aesthetic instances of play against the backdrop of Edwardian England. Throughout the chapters, by dint of its spirit of play, Peter Pan problematizes the modern family and deconstructs the hierarchy of generations, along with the fundamental anthropological categories of childhood and adulthood, categories which were coming under scrutiny and pressure from the modernizing forces at work at the beginning of the twentieth century. With its sustained exploration of the structure of generations, Peter Pan addresses a problem of modernity in spite of its fantasy setting, and there is a case therefore for considering it under the rubric, elaborated by Nicholas Daly, of “popular modernism”. / published_or_final_version / English / Master / Master of Philosophy

We build a variety of customer booking choice models for a major airline that operates in a very competitive origin-destination market. Some of the models are aimed at incorporating unobserved heterogeneous customer preferences for different departure times. The estimation results show that including these factors into choice models dramatically affects price sensitivity estimates, and therefore matters. We present a stochastic trust region algorithm for estimating ML-type models that involve high-dimensional integrals. The algorithm embeds two sampling processes: (i) a data sampling process and (ii) a Monte Carlo sampling process, and the algorithm dynamically controls sample sizes based on the magnitude of the errors incurred due to the two sampling processes. The first-order convergence is proved based on generalized uniform law of large numbers theories for both the average log-likelihood function and its gradient. The efficiency of the algorithm is tested with real data and compared with existing algorithms. We also study how a specific behavioral phenomenon, called the decoy effect, affects the decisions of sellers in product assortment competition in a duopoly. We propose a discrete choice model to capture decoy effects, and we provide a complete characterization of the Nash equilibria and their dependence on choice model parameters. For the cases in which there are multiple equilibria, we consider dynamical systems models of the sellers responding to their competitors using Cournot adjustment or fictitious play to study the evolution of the assortment competition and the stability of the equilibria. We provide a simple geometric characterization of the dynamics of fictitious play for 2×2 games that is more complete than previous characterizations.