Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) are a widely studied species in marine habitats, however, information on estuarine populations in Australia is very limited. To fully understand the importance of estuaries as habitats for dolphins there needs to be clear quantitative data on dolphin populations and their habitat use in estuaries. This study provides the first published data on Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) abundance estimates, site fidelity, individual ranging patterns, habitat use, flood impacts and sexual segregation patterns over a 3- year period in the Clarence River (CR) and Richmond River (RR) estuaries in northern New South Wales, Australia.The results indicate that, at present, the CR estuary is sustaining a larger dolphin community with a predominantly resident population compared to the RR estuary, which supports a smaller community with lower site fidelity. The CR estuary dolphin abundance estimate of 71 (62-81 95% CI, CV = 0.07) is more than twice the size of the RR estuary abundance estimate of 34 (19- 49 95% CI, CV = 0.23). Differences in site fidelity were observed between the estuaries with 60% and 37% of identified dolphins determined as residents, 26% and 21% as occasional visitors, and 14% and 42% as transients for the CR and RR, respectively. Resource partitioning was apparent in both estuaries with the mean distance resident dolphins were found upstream from the River mouth being greater than for the occasional visitors and transients.Tursiops aduncus was seen all year round in the CR and RR estuaries, with peak sightings occurring in spring at both sites. In the CR the dolphin population showed consistent seasonal fluctuations, whereas this did not occur in the RR population. In the CR the largest spatial distribution of dolphins in the estuary was observed in spring and winter, while in summer they were primarily restricted to the main estuary channel. Different behaviours that were observed; feeding, socialising, travelling, and milling and resting, were found to be influenced by season, tidal phase and tidal range. In both estuaries the core habitat areas used by the population for feeding consisted of areas with considerable slope near the edge of tidal sand banks, adjacent to deeper channels at the entrances of canals, creeks or artificial breakwalls. In addition, the core habitat areas used by the population for milling and resting behaviour in both estuaries occurred in shallow, sheltered areas, often associated with seagrass beds. Socialising occurred more frequently in the CR throughout most of the deeper waters of the estuary, whereas in the RR it was primarily restricted to a small area of medium depth in the estuary.The major determinant of T. aduncus occupancy in the two estuaries was the flood events that occurred, which resulted in the dolphins abandoning the estuary. The mean predicted probabilities for sighting dolphins during non-flood periods were 0.87 and 0.71, during a flood 0.21 and 0.04, and during a post-flood recovery period 0.83 and 0.80 in the CR and RR, respectively. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) showed that when the dolphins were absent from the estuaries, three components were extracted from the water quality parameters in the CR, and two components in the RR. High loadings from the PCA were associated with the changing salinity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature associated with the flood events. The return of the dolphins to the estuary following a flood depended on the length and severity of the flood event, but generally the dolphins seemed to prefer waters with salinity levels above 29 ‰. This could be associated with higher salinities being important for their physiological health, or because their prey returned to the estuaries during these higher salinity conditions, more likely a combination of both of these factors.Sexual segregation patterns were observed in T. aduncus populations with mixed gender and female groups mainly recorded in the CR, whereas in the RR female groups dominated the estuary. In the CR, significant differences occurred in sightings between the mixed and female groups in relation to water depth and behaviour. Mixed gender groups were sighted predominantly in deeper water and were involved in social behaviour including sexual behaviour and male herding of females. In contrast, the female groups were observed across all water depths, predominately feeding and also participating in more milling and resting behaviours.The high occurrence of aggressive herding behaviour by males in the CR was significantly different at varying depths, tides and seasons, occurring more often in deeper water, at higher tides and in non-breeding seasons. Female groups were found to utilise the small, shallow tributaries and travel for longer distances up these smaller tributaries than the mixed groups, which were concentrated in the deeper main channel of the estuary.The deeper water of the channels may facilitate the males in herding the females, while the female groups’ habitat selection of shallow estuary areas may provide a sanctuary from aggressive males, access to suitable prey items or prey density for mothers and their calves, or a combination of these factors.This study has provided the first detailed research on T. aduncus dolphin population dynamics, habitat use, occupancy and sexual segregation patterns in two Australian subtropical estuaries. To ensure the long-term survival of both of these dolphin populations, management of future increased anthropogenic disturbances from boat traffic, pollution, dolphin watching, industrial or urban development, over-fishing and habitat degradation of the catchment is needed. Good quality water conditions, the protection of the core feeding areas and small shallow tributaries for females and their calves, and sheltered areas for resting behaviour all need to be maintained for the continued conservation of these important dolphin populations.

This thesis is a narrative inquiry into the experiences of two childrens lives in school. I lived alongside the two children in their grade five classroom for eight months of their school year inquiring into the ways that their school experiences and their relationships with the teacher, classmates, and subject matter influenced the way they composed their stories to live by. In this thesis I share a personal reflection on the way my story to live by has been shaped by my experiences, specifically as a student, a teacher, and a researcher. I use field notes and taped conversations with each of the two boys to retell the stories they shared with me and apply them to literature and theory. I use Deweys Criteria of Experience within a narrative framework to help understand and retell the stories of the two boys as well as Clandinin, Pushor, and Murray Orrs commonplaces of narrative inquiry: place, temporality, and sociality. I explore Aokis planned and lived curriculum and Noddings ethic of care and fidelity in teaching as they applied to the inquiry.

In this thesis, different aspects of lattice-based precoding and decoding for the transmission of digital and analog data over MIMO fading channels are investigated: 1) Lattice-based precoding in MIMO broadcast systems: A new viewpoint for adopting the lattice reduction in communication over MIMO broadcast channels is introduced. Lattice basis reduction helps us to reduce the average transmitted energy by modifying the region which includes the constellation points. The new viewpoint helps us to generalize the idea of lattice-reduction-aided precoding for the case of unequal-rate transmission, and obtain analytic results for the asymptotic behavior of the symbol-error-rate for the lattice-reduction-aided precoding and the perturbation technique. Also, the outage probability for both cases of fixed-rate users and fixed sum-rate is analyzed. It is shown that the lattice-reduction-aided method, using LLL algorithm, achieves the optimum asymptotic slope of symbol-error-rate (called the precoding diversity). 2) Lattice-based decoding in MIMO multiaccess systems and MIMO point-to-point systems: Diversity order and diversity-multiplexing tradeoff are two important measures for the performance of communication systems over MIMO fading channels. For the case of MIMO multiaccess systems (with single-antenna transmitters) or MIMO point-to-point systems with V-BLAST transmission scheme, it is proved that lattice-reduction-aided decoding achieves the maximum receive diversity (which is equal to the number of receive antennas). Also, it is proved that the naive lattice decoding (which discards the out-of-region decoded points) achieves the maximum diversity in V-BLAST systems. On the other hand, the inherent drawbacks of the naive lattice decoding for general MIMO fading systems is investigated. It is shown that using the naive lattice decoding for MIMO systems has considerable deficiencies in terms of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. Unlike the case of maximum-likelihood decoding, in this case, even the perfect lattice space-time codes which have the non-vanishing determinant property can not achieve the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. 3) Lattice-based analog transmission over MIMO fading channels: The problem of finding a delay-limited schemes for sending an analog source over MIMO fading channels is investigated in this part. First, the problem of robust joint source-channel coding over an additive white Gaussian noise channel is investigated. A new scheme is proposed which achieves the optimal slope for the signal-to-distortion-ratio (SDR) curve (unlike the previous known coding schemes). Then, this idea is extended to MIMO channels to construct lattice-based codes for joint source-channel coding over MIMO channels. Also, similar to the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff, the asymptotic performance of MIMO joint source-channel coding schemes is characterized, and a concept called diversity-fidelity tradeoff is introduced in this thesis.

Environmental simulation models have been playing a key role in civil and environmental engineering decision making processes for decades. The utility of an environmental model depends on how well the model is structured and calibrated. Model calibration is typically in an automated form where the simulation model is linked to a search mechanism (e.g., an optimization algorithm) such that the search mechanism iteratively generates many parameter sets (e.g., thousands of parameter sets) and evaluates them through running the model in an attempt to minimize differences between observed data and corresponding model outputs. The challenge rises when the environmental model is computationally intensive to run (with run-times of minutes to hours, for example) as then any automatic calibration attempt would impose a large computational burden. Such a challenge may make the model users accept sub-optimal solutions and not achieve the best model performance. The objective of this thesis is to develop innovative strategies to circumvent the computational burden associated with automatic calibration of computationally intensive environmental models. The first main contribution of this thesis is developing a strategy called “deterministic model preemption” which opportunistically evades unnecessary model evaluations in the course of a calibration experiment and can save a significant portion of the computational budget (even as much as 90% in some cases). Model preemption monitors the intermediate simulation results while the model is running and terminates (i.e., pre-empts) the simulation early if it recognizes that further running the model would not guide the search mechanism. This strategy is applicable to a range of automatic calibration algorithms (i.e., search mechanisms) and is deterministic in that it leads to exactly the same calibration results as when preemption is not applied. One other main contribution of this thesis is developing and utilizing the concept of “surrogate data” which is basically a reasonably small but representative proportion of a full set of calibration data. This concept is inspired by the existing surrogate modelling strategies where a surrogate model (also called a metamodel) is developed and utilized as a fast-to-run substitute of an original computationally intensive model. A framework is developed to efficiently calibrate hydrologic models to the full set of calibration data while running the original model only on surrogate data for the majority of candidate parameter sets, a strategy which leads to considerable computational saving. To this end, mapping relationships are developed to approximate the model performance on the full data based on the model performance on surrogate data. This framework can be applicable to the calibration of any environmental model where appropriate surrogate data and mapping relationships can be identified. As another main contribution, this thesis critically reviews and evaluates the large body of literature on surrogate modelling strategies from various disciplines as they are the most commonly used methods to relieve the computational burden associated with computationally intensive simulation models. To reliably evaluate these strategies, a comparative assessment and benchmarking framework is developed which presents a clear computational budget dependent definition for the success/failure of surrogate modelling strategies. Two large families of surrogate modelling strategies are critically scrutinized and evaluated: “response surface surrogate” modelling which involves statistical or data–driven function approximation techniques (e.g., kriging, radial basis functions, and neural networks) and “lower-fidelity physically-based surrogate” modelling strategies which develop and utilize simplified models of the original system (e.g., a groundwater model with a coarse mesh). This thesis raises fundamental concerns about response surface surrogate modelling and demonstrates that, although they might be less efficient, lower-fidelity physically-based surrogates are generally more reliable as they to-some-extent preserve the physics involved in the original model. Five different surface water and groundwater models are used across this thesis to test the performance of the developed strategies and elaborate the discussions. However, the strategies developed are typically simulation-model-independent and can be applied to the calibration of any computationally intensive simulation model that has the required characteristics. This thesis leaves the reader with a suite of strategies for efficient calibration of computationally intensive environmental models while providing some guidance on how to select, implement, and evaluate the appropriate strategy for a given environmental model calibration problem.

In this thesis, different aspects of lattice-based precoding and decoding for the transmission of digital and analog data over MIMO fading channels are investigated: 1) Lattice-based precoding in MIMO broadcast systems: A new viewpoint for adopting the lattice reduction in communication over MIMO broadcast channels is introduced. Lattice basis reduction helps us to reduce the average transmitted energy by modifying the region which includes the constellation points. The new viewpoint helps us to generalize the idea of lattice-reduction-aided precoding for the case of unequal-rate transmission, and obtain analytic results for the asymptotic behavior of the symbol-error-rate for the lattice-reduction-aided precoding and the perturbation technique. Also, the outage probability for both cases of fixed-rate users and fixed sum-rate is analyzed. It is shown that the lattice-reduction-aided method, using LLL algorithm, achieves the optimum asymptotic slope of symbol-error-rate (called the precoding diversity). 2) Lattice-based decoding in MIMO multiaccess systems and MIMO point-to-point systems: Diversity order and diversity-multiplexing tradeoff are two important measures for the performance of communication systems over MIMO fading channels. For the case of MIMO multiaccess systems (with single-antenna transmitters) or MIMO point-to-point systems with V-BLAST transmission scheme, it is proved that lattice-reduction-aided decoding achieves the maximum receive diversity (which is equal to the number of receive antennas). Also, it is proved that the naive lattice decoding (which discards the out-of-region decoded points) achieves the maximum diversity in V-BLAST systems. On the other hand, the inherent drawbacks of the naive lattice decoding for general MIMO fading systems is investigated. It is shown that using the naive lattice decoding for MIMO systems has considerable deficiencies in terms of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. Unlike the case of maximum-likelihood decoding, in this case, even the perfect lattice space-time codes which have the non-vanishing determinant property can not achieve the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. 3) Lattice-based analog transmission over MIMO fading channels: The problem of finding a delay-limited schemes for sending an analog source over MIMO fading channels is investigated in this part. First, the problem of robust joint source-channel coding over an additive white Gaussian noise channel is investigated. A new scheme is proposed which achieves the optimal slope for the signal-to-distortion-ratio (SDR) curve (unlike the previous known coding schemes). Then, this idea is extended to MIMO channels to construct lattice-based codes for joint source-channel coding over MIMO channels. Also, similar to the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff, the asymptotic performance of MIMO joint source-channel coding schemes is characterized, and a concept called diversity-fidelity tradeoff is introduced in this thesis.

This thesis is a narrative inquiry into the experiences of two childrens lives in school. I lived alongside the two children in their grade five classroom for eight months of their school year inquiring into the ways that their school experiences and their relationships with the teacher, classmates, and subject matter influenced the way they composed their stories to live by. In this thesis I share a personal reflection on the way my story to live by has been shaped by my experiences, specifically as a student, a teacher, and a researcher. I use field notes and taped conversations with each of the two boys to retell the stories they shared with me and apply them to literature and theory. I use Deweys Criteria of Experience within a narrative framework to help understand and retell the stories of the two boys as well as Clandinin, Pushor, and Murray Orrs commonplaces of narrative inquiry: place, temporality, and sociality. I explore Aokis planned and lived curriculum and Noddings ethic of care and fidelity in teaching as they applied to the inquiry.

Culture involves the handing down of information, traditions, knowledge and skill, views and ideals from one individual to another and across generations by means of social transmission expressed in manufactured objects and behaviour. The evolution of cumulative culture, a human specific capacity, makes possible an inheritance system that is governed by the same Darwinian principles as biological evolution. Cumulative culture has made possible the build-up or ratcheting effect of knowledge and traditions that when put together allow for advanced technology, medicine, education and other highly advanced cognitive processes that characterise humans from non human animals. This dissertation dedicates the first chapter to review the literature pertaining to this topic; describing various types of social learning processes and methodological approaches that are used to query and broadly describe the process of culture in various animals. The following two chapters (2 and 3) present three experiments that provide methodical and systematic exploration of the social transmission process which occurs in chimpanzees; using 3 artificial foraging devices, the 3 studies systematically demonstrate that chimpanzees have the capacity to transmit culture from one individual to another and serially across neighbouring communities- providing laboratory evidence of behavioural variation analogous to that observed in the wild. Chapter 4 then goes on to describe an experiment that tests a number of hypothesised biases in cultural transmission. Looking specifically at social dynamics at play during the transmission of skill within ape groups - I systematically analyse the effects of directed social learning; focusing on kin and status based strategies that are characteristic of group living apes. Chapter 5 is an original, empirical and methodically comparative analysis of hierarchically organized behaviour in human children and chimpanzees using a hierarchically organized artificial fruit. The final chapter (6) discusses the findings of each of the five experiments and compares the results to findings at other captive and wild research sites. I then broaden the topic to explore how the findings relate to broad issues in literature and provide a framework for future research and for understanding the complex mechanisms of intelligent systems.

This dissertation is intended to serve as a thorough examination of a particular debate between Lho pa Thugs rje dpal and Rong ston Shakya rgyal mtshan (1367-1449). According to the colophon of this medieval Tibetan debate record, which also appears to be the only currently surviving medieval Tibetan debate record in Tibetan literature, this debate took place in Sa skya and was recorded by both debaters' disciples without bias. The date of this debate was sometime between 1388 and 1393 during Rong ston's first visit to the Gtsang area.

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Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετήθηκε ο ρόλος της έλικας h44 του 18S rRNA του Saccharomyces cerevisiae επί διαφόρων παραμέτρων της πρωτεϊνικής σύνθεσης. Η μελέτη διεξήχθη με την βοήθεια των σημειακών μεταλλάξεων A1491G (rdn15) και U1495C (rdnhyg1), οι οποίες εντοπίζονται στην Α-θέση του ριβοσώματος. Η μετάλλαξη rdn15 επιδρά ήπια στον ρυθμό ανάπτυξης των κυττάρων ενώ τα rdn15 ριβοσώματα επιτελούν την πρωτεϊνοσύνθεση με αυξημένη ακρίβεια. Η έλλειψη σοβαρών επιπτώσεων παρουσία της rdn15 φανερώνει ότι το νουκλεοτίδιο 1491 δεν παίζει καθοριστικό ρόλο στην λειτουργία του ριβοσώματος. Τα κύτταρα ζύμης που φέρουν την μετάλλαξη rdnhyg1 αναπτύσσονται βραδύτερα από τα κύτταρα αγρίου τύπου, ενώ τα rdnhyg1 ριβοσώματα πρωτεϊνοσυνθέτουν με ελαφρώς αυξημένη συχνότητα λάθους. Η μετάλλαξη αυξάνει επίσης την συγγένεια της Α-θέσης του ριβοσώματος για το αμινοακυλο-tRNA και επιδρά αρνητικά στο στάδιο της μετατόπισης, χωρίς να επηρεάζει την ενεργότητα πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράσης. Η επίδραση της μετάλλαξης rdnhyg1 επί διαφόρων παραμέτρων της πρωτεϊνοσύνθεσης δικαιολογεί την συντήρηση της U1495 κατά την εξέλιξη. Η μετάλλαξη sup45-R2ts εντοπίζεται στο γονίδιο που κωδικοποιεί τον παράγοντα τερματισμού eRF1 και οδηγεί στην αντικατάσταση της προλίνης 86 από αλανίνη. Η μετάλλαξη δεν επηρεάζει τις περισσότερες από τις λειτουργίες του ριβοσώματος που εξετάστηκαν, αλλά μειώνει την μεταφραστική πιστότητα. Σε κύτταρα που φέρουν ταυτόχρονα την μετάλλαξη sup45-R2ts και την ριβοσωματική μετάλλαξη rdn15, η συχνότητα λάθους αυξάνεται σε βαθμό μεγαλύτερο από την αθροιστική επίδραση των δύο επιμέρους μεταλλάξεων, επιβεβαιώνοντας μια ιδιαίτερη αλληλεπίδραση του μεταλλαγμένου παράγοντα eRF1 με τα rdn15 ριβοσώματα, που, όπως προκύπτει, αντιστρέφει τον υπερακριβή χαρακτήρα των μεταλλαγμένων ριβοσωμάτων. Όταν η μετάλλαξη sup45-R2ts συνυπάρχει με την ριβοσωματική μετάλλαξη rdnhyg1 η συχνότητα λάθους δεν επηρεάζεται σημαντικά. Η rdnhyg1 φαίνεται να ελαχιστοποιεί την επίδραση του μεταλλαγμένου παράγοντα eRF1 ενισχύοντας την δράση GTPάσης του eRF3. Τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα φανερώνουν επιπλέον ότι η sup45 δύναται να μεταβάλει τις ιδιότητας ορισμένων μεταλλάξεων κατά την ριβοσωματική λειτουργία. Το στέλεχος που φέρει την μετάλλαξη rdn15 είναι πολύ ευαίσθητο έναντι της παρομομυκίνης αλλά και έναντι της τομπραμυκίνης, αν και σε μικρότερο βαθμό. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά αποδίδονται στην ικανότητα της μετάλλαξης να αυξάνει την συγγένεια της Α-θέσης του ριβοσώματος για τα εν λόγω αντιβιοτικά. Αντίθετα, η μετάλλαξη rdn15 προσδίδει ανθεκτικότητα στην υγρομυκίνη, φανερώνοντας ότι ο τρόπος πρόσδεσης και δράσης του συγκεκριμένου αμινογλυκοζίτη διαφοροποιείται. Το στέλεχος που φέρει την μετάλλαξη rdnhyg1 είναι ανθεκτικό και στα τρία αντιβιοτικά σε σύγκριση με το αγρίου τύπου, φανερώνοντας ότι η U1495 είναι καθοριστική για την πρόσδεση των αμινογλυκοζιτών στο ριβόσωμα. Τα κύτταρα που φέρουν την εξωριβοσωματική μετάλλαξη sup45-R2ts είναι πιο ευαίσθητα από τα αντίστοιχα αγρίου τύπου έναντι και των τριών αμινογλυκοζιτών. Ωστόσο η μετάλλαξη sup45-R2ts, δεν επηρεάζει την ικανότητα των αντιβιοτικών αυτών να προσδένονται στα αγρίου τύπου και μεταλλαγμένα ριβοσώματα και να επάγουν άμεσα τα μεταφραστικά λάθη. Η μελέτη επίδρασης των αμινγλυκοζιτών επιβεβαίωσε ότι η παρομομυκίνη και η υγρομυκίνη αναστέλλουν την ανάπτυξη των κυττάρων ζύμης, ενώ η τομπραμυκίνη δεν έχει καμία επίδραση. Το γεγονός αυτό συνδυάζεται με την αδυναμία της τομπραμυκίνης να αναστείλει την πρόσδεση του υποστρώματος στην Α-θέση των ριβοσωμάτων. Ωστόσο η τομπραμυκίνη, όπως η παρομομυκίνη και η υγρομυκίνη, είναι ικανή να αυξήσει την συχνότητα λάθους και την σύνθεση πολυφαινυλαλανίνης. / In present study, we investigated the role of helix h44 of 18S rRNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on several parameters of protein synthesis. For this purpose we employed mutations A1491G (rdn15) and U1495C (rdnhyg1) which are located in the A-site of the ribosome. The rdn15 mutation slightly delays cell growth, while rdn15 ribosomes translate proteins with higher fidelity. The lack of severe impairment of ribosomal function by mutation rdn15 indicates that the nature of nucleotide 1491 is not essential for ribosomal function. Yeast cells carrying the rdnhyg1 mutation grow slower than wild-type cells, while their ribosomes possess a slightly increased error rate. This mutation also increases the affinity of the A-site for aminoacyl-tRNA and renders ribosomes less efficient in translocation without affecting peptidyltransferase activity. The effect of mutation rdnhyg1 on several parameters of protein synthesis explains why U1495 is evolutionarily conserved. Mutation sup45-R2ts is located in the gene encoding eukaryotic Release Factor 1 (eRF1) and results in the substitution of proline 86 by alanine. This mutation leaves unaffected most ribosomal functions but it decreases translational fidelity. When ribosomal mutation rdn15 is introduced in cells already carrying sup45-R2ts mutation, the error frequency is increased to a degree which is higher than the additive effect of the two mutations, testifying to a previously reported special interaction of eRF1 with rdn15 ribosomes, which in this case reverses the hyperaccurate character of rdn15 ribosomes. When mutation sup45-R2ts is expressed in cells also carrying ribosomal mutation rdnhyg1, the error frequency is not significantly altered. Mutation rdnhyg1 seems to minimize the effect of the mutant factor eRF1 on ribosomal function by enhancing GTPase activity of eRF3. The results obtained with rdn15 and rdnhyg1 alone or in combination with sup45-R2ts show for the first time that the presence of sup45 may result in significant changes in the properties of the mutations under study. The strain carrying mutation rdn15 exhibits extremely high sensitivity toward paromomycin and also increases sensitivity of yeast ribosomes to tobramycin but to a lesser degree. These results demonstrate the ability of this mutation to increase affinity of the A-site for aminoglycosides. In contrast, mutation rdn15 causes resistance to hygromycin, revealing that binding and possibly action of hygromycin is differentiated from the other two aminoglycosides. The strain carrying mutation rdnhyg1 is resistant to all three antibiotics tested compared to wild type, indicating that U1495 participates in aminoglycoside binding to the ribosome. Cells carrying the extraribosomal mutation sup45-R2ts are more sensitive toward all three antibiotics compared to their wild type cells. Nevertheless, mutation sup45-R2ts does not affect the ability of these antibiotics to bind to the ribosome and directly induce translational errors. The study of amingolycoside action confirmed that paromomycin and hygromycin inhibit cells growth, while no such effect is observed during cell growth in the presence of tobramycin. This fact is combined with the inability of tobramycin to inhibit substrate binding to the ribosomal A-site Nevertheless, it was shown that tobramycin, like paromomycin and hygromycin, is effective both in inducing translational errors and increasing polyphenylalanine synthesis in wild-type and mutant ribosomes.