<p dir="ltr"> The need to develop reliable hypersonic capabilities is of critical import today. Among the most prominent tools used in recent efforts to overcome the challenges of developing hypersonic vehicles are NASA's Configuration Based Aerodynamics (CBAERO) and surrogate modeling techniques. This work presents the development of a tool, CBAERO Surrogate (CBAS), which leverages the advantages of both CBAERO and surrogate models to create a simple and streamlined method for building an aerodynamic database for any given vehicle geometry. CBAS is capable of interfacing with CBAERO directly and builds Kriging or Co-Kriging surrogate models for key aerodynamic parameters without significant user or computational effort. Two applicable geometries representing hypersonic vehicles have been used within CBAS and the resulting Kriging and Co-Kriging surrogate models evaluated against experimental data. These results show that the Kriging model predictions are accurate to CBAERO's level of fidelity, while the Co-Kriging model predictions fall within 0.5%-5% of the experimental data. These Co-Kriging models produced by CBAS are 10%-50% more accurate than CBAERO and the Kriging models and offer a higher fidelity solution while maintaining low computational expense. Based on these initial results, there are promising advancements to obtain in future work by incorporating CBAS to additional applications.</p>

Research has found absence of premarital sexual experience positively correlated with marital adjustment (Davis , 1929; Terman, 1938; Reevy, 1959; Shope and Broderick, 1967). Others raised doubt of this conclusion (Locke, 1951; Burgess and Wallin, 1953; Kinsey et. al, 1953; Ard, 1974).Bell and Balter (1973) found 81% of married women under 26 had premarital intercourse. Since a majority engage in this, it is appropriate to consider premarital intercourse relationship variables to identify marital correlates.In Love, Strong Affection, and Little Affection premarital intercourse relationships were examined. Questions were explored concerning premarital independent variables: number of relationships, length of relationships, number of live-in partners, relationship exclusivity, sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, and gender. Dependent variables were: relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and fidelity, in marriage.This questionnaire study consisted of the Marital Satisfaction Scale (Roach et. al, 1981) and other original items.Subjects were 286 volunteers from Long Island MacArthur airport, 209 of which reported premarital intercourse relationships and 77 who did not, all under age 41, in first marriages.Pearson correlation and t-test were used. The hypothesis was confirmed for only In Love premarital relationships with marital satisfaction and marital sexual satisfaction being positively related to premarital sexual satisfaction.Groups with and without premarital intercourse were not significantly different on marital satisfaction or marital sexual satisfaction. For subjects having premarital intercourse relationships higher marital satisfaction was related to higher number of live-in partners and higher relationship and sexual satisfaction for In Love type. Also for only this type, higher marital sexual satisfaction was related to higher premarital sexual satisfaction and relationship satisfaction.Having no or few premarital intercourse partners was associated with higher likelihood of fidelity. Other premarital factors associated with higher fidelity were longer In love relationships and higher number of In Love live-in relationships. Lower relationship satisfaction with premarital Strong Affection type also led to higher fidelity. Women were found to have higher likelihood of fidelity.Summarizing, In Love premarital intercourse relationships seem to relate positively to marriage. More independent variables were related to fidelity than the other dependent variables.

Text in English / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Programs have precise semantics, so we can use mathematical proof to establish their properties. These proofs are often too large to validate with the usual "social process" of mathematics, so instead we create and check them with theorem-proving software. This software must be advanced enough to make the proof process tractable, but this very sophistication casts doubt upon the whole enterprise: who verifies the verifier? We begin with a simple proof checker, Level 1, that only accepts proofs composed of the most primitive steps, like Instantiation and Cut. This program is so straightforward the ordinary, social process can establish its soundness and the consistency of the logical theory it implements (so we know theorems are "always true"). Next, we develop a series of increasingly capable proof checkers, Level 2, Level 3, etc. Each new proof checker accepts new kinds of proof steps which were not accepted in the previous levels. By taking advantage of these new proof steps, higher-level proofs can be written more concisely than lower-level proofs, and can take less time to construct and check. Our highest-level proof checker, Level 11, can be thought of as a simplified version of the ACL2 or NQTHM theorem provers. One contribution of this work is to show how such systems can be verified. To establish that the Level 11 proof checker can be trusted, we first use it, without trusting it, to prove the fidelity of every Level n to Level 1: whenever Level n accepts a proof of some phi, there exists a Level 1 proof of phi. We then mechanically translate the Level 11 proof for each Level n into a Level n - 1 proof---that is, we create a Level 1 proof of Level 2's fidelity, a Level 2 proof of Level 3's fidelity, and so on. This layering shows that each level can be trusted, and allows us to manage the sizes of these proofs. In this way, our system proves its own fidelity, and trusting Level 11 only requires us to trust Level 1. / text

Seabirds are wide-ranging apex-predators and useful bio-indicators of marine systems. Nevertheless, changes are occurring in the marine environment, and seabirds require protection from the deleterious effects of climate change, fisheries, pollution, offshore development, introduced predators and invasive species. The UK supports internationally important populations of seabirds but also has vast wind and wave resources, therefore understanding how seabirds use the marine environment is vital in order to quantify the potential consequences of further exploiting these resources. In this thesis I first describe the range of wave energy converting devices operational or in development in the UK, and review the potential threats and benefits these developments may have for marine birds. I then synthesise data from colony-based surveys with detailed information on population dynamics, foraging ecology and near-colony behaviour, to develop a projection model that identifies important at-sea areas for breeding seabirds. These models show a positive spatial correlation with one of the most intensive at-sea seabird survey datasets, and provide qualitatively similar findings to existing tracking data. This approach has the potential to identify overlap with offshore energy developments, and could be developed to suit a range of species or whole communities and provide a theoretical framework for the study of factors such as colony size regulation. The non-breeding period is a key element of the annual cycle of seabirds and conditions experienced during one season may carry-over to influence the next. Understanding behaviour throughout the annual cycle has implications for both ecological theory and conservation. Bio-logging can provide detailed information on movements away from breeding colonies, and the analysis of stable isotope ratios in body tissues can provide information on foraging during the non-breeding period. I combine these two approaches to describe the migration strategies of northern gannets Morus bassanus breeding at two colonies in the north-west Atlantic, revealing a high degree of both winter site fidelity and dietary consistency between years. These migratory strategies also have carry-over effects with consequences for both body condition and timing of arrival on the breeding grounds. Finally, I investigate the threats posed to seabirds and other marine predators during the non-breeding period by collating information on the distributions of five different species of apex predator wintering in the Northwest African upwelling region. I describe the threat of over-fishing and fisheries bycatch to marine vertebrates in this region, and highlight the need for pelagic marine protected areas to adequately protect migratory animals throughout the annual cycle. In summary, the combination of colony-based studies, bio-logging, stable isotope analysis and modelling techniques can provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between individuals and the marine environment over multiple spatial and temporal scales.

Agentes econômicos com posição dominante são capazes de se conduzir de maneira independente na sua atividade comercial. Da mesma forma, possuem todos os incentivos para manutenção desta posição, em detrimento de seus concorrentes, fornecedores e clientes. O presente trabalho visa, inicialmente, em estudo comparado da doutrina e jurisprudência no Brasil, União Europeia e Estados Unidos, identificar os elementos de cognição da teoria do abuso de posição dominante para cinco modalidades de conduta. A partir daí traçamos seus elementos de correlação com o propósito de sugerir uma teoria aplicada ao ordenamento jurídico pátrio, que passa pelo reconhecimento da concorrência como garantia institucional, de forma a estabelecer-se igualdade material segundo a teoria da função social dos meios de produção. A presença constante da concorrência nos mercados deve ser tratada como presunção de bem-estar social. E finalmente, valendo-se destes elementos de suporte, propomos uma teoria da responsabilidade especial para agentes econômicos em posição dominante, que implicaria o dever de autoaplicação dos limites permitidos para sua conduta comercial, cujo descumprimento ensejaria presunção relativa de efeitos deletérios ao mercado, segundo os parâmetros propostos. / Firms enjoying dominant position are able to conduct themselves independently in their commercial activities. Likewise, they hold all due incentives to maintain such position, in detriment of their competitors, suppliers and clients. The present work aims, initially, through a comparative study of the Brazilian, the European Union and the United States\' legal doctrine and jurisprudence, to identify cognitive elements of the abuse of dominance theory, for five different natures of conducts. Subsequently, we identify their elements of connection with the purpose of suggesting a theory applicable to the local legal system, which includes the recognition of competition as an institutional guarantee, so to establish a material equality according to the theory of social function of productive assets. The constant presence of competition on the markets shall be treated as a presumption of social welfare. And finally, based on such supportive elements, we propose a theory of special responsibility for dominant firms that implies in a duty of self-application of the permitted limits for their commercial conduct, and which infringement would entail a relative presumption of harmful effects to the market, pursuant to the proposed parameters.

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist Teil eines Lehrerfortbildungsprogramms zur Förderung von Selbstwirksamkeit und Selbstbestimmung bei Schülern. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit steht die Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit eines Teilmoduls dieses Projekts, das auf die Förderung sozialer Kompetenzen und des Klassenklimas abzielte. Als zentrale Interventionsstrategien wurden kooperatives Lernen sowie Maßnahmen der Klimaförderung (soziale Regeln, Klimadiagnose) im Rahmen von Workshops an Lehrerkollegien vermittelt. Über einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren setzten die Lehrkräfte diese Maßnahmen in ihrem regulären Unterricht um und dokumentierten ihre Aktivitäten in Logbüchern. Zur Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit der Intervention wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit 364 Schüler aus acht Interventionsschulen und 198 Schüler aus fünf Kontrollschulen über drei Messzeitpunkte im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung sozialer Kompetenzen und Kompetenzüberzeugungen sowie auf das Klimaerleben untersucht. Der Vergleich der Schülergruppen zeigte in der Interventionsgruppe eine weniger starke Verschlechterung in der Lehrer-Schüler-Beziehung als ein Merkmal des Klassenklimas. Unter Berücksichtigung des von den Lehrern dokumentierten Implementationsausmaßes wurden weitere Effekte der Intervention deutlich. Ein verstärkter Einsatz der Maßnahmen ging mit günstigeren Entwicklungen der sozialen Kompetenzüberzeugungen, der Schüler-Schüler-Beziehungen sowie der Lehrer-Schüler-Beziehungen einher. Die Befunde zeigen die Wichtigkeit der Erfassung von Informationen zur Implementation im Rahmen von Interventionsstudien auf, da Analysen ohne die Berücksichtigung von Implementationsinformationen zu ungenauen Schlussfolgerungen über die Wirksamkeit der Intervention führen können. Gleichzeitig machen die Befunde deutlich, wie anspruchsvoll eine zuverlässige Erfassung der Implementation im Hinblick auf die Konzeption und Umsetzung ist. Zukünftige Forschung sollte auf diesen Aspekt der Evaluation besonderes Augenmerk legen. / A teacher training program was developed to improve students’ self efficacy and self determination that consists out of three units. In this work one of the units concerning social competence and the classroom climate is focused. The core intervention strategies of this unit were cooperative learning as well as strategies to improve the classroom climate (e.g. social rules, climate diagnostics). These strategies were taught in workshops attended by the teacher stuff of the participating schools. The teachers implemented the strategies in their regular classrooms and documented the implementation fidelity by a logbook. The intervention as well as the implementation was evaluated over a period of three years. The treatment efficacy was tested in a longitudinal study (3 assessment points) at 364 students from 8 schools with intervention and 198 students from 5 schools without intervention serving as control group. The targeted criteria in this evaluation were the development of social competence, social competence beliefs and class climate. Comparing the two groups the teacher-student-relationship decreased less drastically in the schools with intervention compared to the control group. Taking the teachers’ documentation of the implementation fidelity into account results indicate that more frequent implementations of the strategies led to better development of the students’ social competence, the teacher-student-relationship as well as student-student-relationship. Therefore, the results impressively demonstrate the relevance to assess the implementation fidelity in intervention trials. Data on implementation fidelity (exposure, adherence) enables more valid conclusions on the intervention’s effectiveness. However, the project revealed difficulties to develop and to apply instruments to assess implementation fidelity, Therefore, in future research instruments for the evaluation of the implementation process have to be focused as well.

Esta dissertação visa investigar a agência da câmera na criação fotográfica e a emergência de uma estética da precariedade nos dias atuais, tendo como estudo de caso o trabalho do fotógrafo checo Miroslav Tichý (1926-2011). A partir da descrição e classificação das câmeras de baixa fidelidade, buscou-se compreender como elas teriam contribuído para a subversão dos cânones da fotografia tradicional e para a consolidação de uma estética permeada por falhas denominada como estética da precariedade. As fotografias de Tichý, com seu aspecto ruidoso e deteriorado, decorrente de seu processo fotográfico peculiar, mostraram-se particularmente propícias para evidenciar, de forma concreta, a agência de elementos humanos e não-humanos na configuração dessa estética da precariedade. Além disso, será investigado como a obra de Miroslav Tichý e a estética da precariedade passaram pelo processo de artificação e foram alçados ao estatuto de arte por diversas instâncias de legitimação, como curadores e historiadores da arte. A pesquisa reflete, ainda, sobre a a apropriação, pasteurização e mercantilização da estética da precariedade por parte da indústria da fotografia digital, por meio de aplicativos e softwares voltados para a edição de imagens. Por fim, cabe ressaltar a intenção de abordar esses fenômenos a partir de um viés crítico, buscando identificar suas contradições e seus desdobramentos no campo da cultura contemporânea. / This dissertation aims to investigate the agency of the camera in the photographic creation and the emergence of an aesthetics of precariousness. The Czech photographer Miroslav Tichý (1926-2011) will be used as a case study. Beginning with the description and classification of \"low fidelity\" cameras, we sought to understand how they contributed to the subversion of the canons of traditional photography and to the consolidation of an aesthetic permeated by failures called the \"aesthetics of precariousness\". The photographs by Tichý, with their noisy and deteriorated appearance due to his peculiar photographic process, were particularly propitious to concretely evidence the agency of human and nonhuman elements in the configuration of this aesthetic of precariousness. In addition, it will be investigated how the work of Miroslav Tichý and the aesthetics of precariousness went through the process of artification and were elevated to the status of art by various instances of legitimation, as curators and art historians. This research also reflects about the appropriation, pasteurization and mercantilization of the aesthetics of precariousness by the digital photography industry, through image editing applications and software. Finally, it is worth emphasizing the intention to approach these phenomena from a critical point of view, seeking to identify their contradictions and their development in the field of contemporary culture.

L’optimisation de la performance des voiliers est un problème difficile en raison de la complexité du systèmemécanique (couplage aéro-élastique et hydrodynamique) et du nombre important de paramètres à optimiser (voiles, gréement,etc.). Malgré le fait que l’optimisation des voiliers est empirique dans la plupart des cas aujourd’hui, les approchesnumériques peuvent maintenant devenir envisageables grâce aux dernières améliorations des modèles physiques et despuissances de calcul. Les calculs aéro-hydrodynamiques restent cependant très coûteux car chaque évaluation demandegénéralement la résolution d’un problème non linéaire d’interaction fluide-structure. Ainsi, l’objectif central de cette thèseest de proposer et développer des méthodes originales dans le but de minimiser le coût numérique de l’optimisation dela performance des voiliers. L’optimisation globale par méta-modèles Gaussiens est utilisée pour résoudre différents problèmesd’optimisation. La méthode d’optimisation par méta-modèles est étendue aux cas d’optimisations sous contraintes,incluant de possibles points non évaluables, par une approche de type classification. L’utilisation de méta-modèles à fidélitésmultiples est également adaptée à la méthode d’optimisation globale. Les applications concernent des problèmesd’optimisation originaux où la performance est modélisée expérimentalement et/ou numériquement. Ces différentes applicationspermettent de valider les développements des méthodes d’optimisation sur des cas concrets et complexes, incluantdes phénomènes d’interaction fluide-structure. / Sailing yacht performance optimization is a difficult problem due to the high complexity of the mechanicalsystem (aero-elastic and hydrodynamic coupling) and the large number of parameters to optimize (sails, rigs, etc.).Despite the fact that sailboats optimization is empirical in most cases today, the numerical optimization approach is nowconsidered as possible because of the latest advances in physical models and computing power. However, these numericaloptimizations remain very expensive as each simulation usually requires solving a non-linear fluid-structure interactionproblem. Thus, the central objective of this thesis is to propose and to develop original methods aiming at minimizing thenumerical cost of sailing yacht performance optimization. The Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) is therefore appliedto solve various optimization problems. The original EGO method is extended to cases of optimization under constraints,including possible non computable points, using a classification-based approach. The use of multi-fidelity surrogates isalso adapted to the EGO method. The applications treated in this thesis concern the original optimization problems inwhich the performance is modeled experimentally and/or numerically. These various applications allow for the validationof the developments in optimization methods on real and complex problems, including fluid-structure interactionphenomena.

Este trabalho analisou o processo de moldagem por injeção de micro elementos ópticos difrativos usinados em insertos de cobre eletrolítico com ferramenta de diamante com ponta única. Quatro tipos de microestruturas características foram selecionados neste estudo, a saber: lente anesférica, lente de Fresnel, grade de difração (blaze grating) e sensor de frente de onda. A análise da fidelidade de replicação foi feita considerando aspectos dimensionais micrométricos e nanométricos para a microestrutura e acabamento. Um perfilometro óptico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura foram utilizados para avaliar os insertos usinados e as características dos replicados. Uma ferramenta de diamante com geometria especial, com meio raio, foi usada para usinar as características de difração. As superfícies usinadas apresentaram baixo acabamento superficial, na faixa de 16 nm Rms. As simulações numéricas foram realizadas para avaliar o desempenho do processo de moldagem por injeção com polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), e os resultados foram utilizados para orientar a injeção do polímero. Com base na simulações numéricas as temperaturas do molde e pressões de injeção foram variadas entre 85ºC/130°C e 70 bar/130 bar, respectivamente. A influência destes parâmetros no desempenho do processo de replicação foi analisada. A análise quantitativa da replicação foi feita através de um parâmetro denominado grau de replicação que define a relação entre a altura nominal da microestrutura do inserto e à altura da microestrutura na réplica de polímero. A grade de difração e o sensor de frente de onda apresentaram os melhores níveis de replicação: 98% e 99%, respectivamente. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que o processo de moldagem por injeção é uma técnica viável para replicar com alta qualidade microcaracterísticas de elementos ópticos de difração gerados por torneamento com ferramenta de diamante com ponta única. / This work investigated the injection molding process of micro diffractive optical elements machined on electrolytic copper inserts by single point diamond turning. Four types of microstructure features were selected in this study, namely: aspherical lens, Fresnel lens, blaze grating and the wavefront sensor. The replication fidelity was evaluated in terms of dimensional micrometric features found in the microstructure and the surface finish. An optical profiler and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the machined inserts and the replicated features. A special geometry diamond tool with half radius was used to machine the diffraction features. The machined surfaces presented very low surface finish in the range of 16 nm Rms. Numerical simulations were carried out to evaluate the performance of the injection molding process with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and the results were used to guide the polymer injection. Based on numerical simulations mold temperatures and injection pressures were varied between 85°C/130°C and 70 bar/130 bar, respectively. The influence of these parameters on performance of the replication process was assessed. The quantitative assessement of the replication was made by using a parameter called degree of replication which defines the ratio between the nominal height of the microstructure in the insert and the height of the microstructure in the polymer replica. The blaze grating and the wavefront sensor presented the best degrees of replication: 98% and 99%, respectively. The experimental results showed that injection molding process is a viable technique to replicate high quality micro features of optical diffraction elements generated by single point diamond turning.