Semiclassical theories have proven to be a versatile tool in ultrafast strong field science. In this thesis, the power of classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) and quantum trajectory Monte Carlo (QTMC) simulations is celebrated by applying them in various strong field ionization settings. One question to be addressed concerns the way nonadiabaticity in the ionization process manifests itself. It will be shown how the assumption of a vanishing initial longitudinal momentum is the reason for the strong broadening of the initial time spread claimed in a popular nonadiabatic theory. Moreover, it will become clear how the broader time spread of this theory and the non-zero initial longitudinal momenta of another widely applied nonadiabatic theory approximately compensate each other during propagation for typically studied nonadiabatic parameters. However, parameters in the nonadiabatic but still experimentally relevant regime will be found where this approximation breaks down and the two different theories lead to distinguishably different momentum distributions at the detector after all, thus allowing to test which theory describes the situation at the tunnel exit more accurately. After having tunneled through the barrier formed by the laser and Coulomb poten-tial, the electron does not necessarily leave the atom for good but can be captured in a Rydberg state. A study of the intensity-dependence of the Rydberg yield will reveal, among other things, nonadiabatic effects that can be used as an independent test of nonadiabaticity in strong field ionization. Moreover, it will be shown that the duration of the laser pulse can be used to control both the yield and principal quantum number distribution of Rydberg atoms. The highly enhanced and spatially inhomogeneous fields close to a nanostructure are another setting in which atoms can be ionized. Here, the emergence of a prominent higher energy structure (HES) in the spectrum of photoelectrons will be reported. The narrow time-window in which the corresponding electrons are released suggests a promising method for creating a localized source of electron pulses of attosecond duration using tabletop laser technology. Having such potential applications in mind, analytical expressions are derived to describe the electrons’ motion in the inhomogeneous field, thus being able to control the spectral position and width of the HES. Moreover, a unifying theory will be developed in which the recently reported experimental finding of a low-energy peak (LEP) can be understood to arise due to the same mechanism as the theoretically predicted HES, despite those two effects having been found in different energy regimes so far. This unifying theory will show how the well-established experimental technique in which the LEP was reported, i.e. ionization directly from the nanotip rather than from atoms in its vicinity, should allow the realization of a prominent and narrow peak at higher energies as it was theoretically described in the framework of the HES. Despite being much weaker, the spatial inhomogeneity of the Coulomb potential can influence the photoelectron spectrum as well. It will be shown how the asymmetric Coulomb potential of a tilted diatomic molecule introduces an asymmetry in the photoelectron momentum distribution at the detector. The degree of asymmetry depends on whether the electron is born at the up- or downfield atom. This information is then used to quantify the ratio of ionization from the up- and downfield site from experimental photoelectron momentum distributions.

Semiclassical theories have proven to be a versatile tool in ultrafast strong field science. In this thesis, the power of classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) and quantum trajectory Monte Carlo (QTMC) simulations is celebrated by applying them in various strong field ionization settings. One question to be addressed concerns the way nonadiabaticity in the ionization process manifests itself. It will be shown how the assumption of a vanishing initial longitudinal momentum is the reason for the strong broadening of the initial time spread claimed in a popular nonadiabatic theory. Moreover, it will become clear how the broader time spread of this theory and the non-zero initial longitudinal momenta of another widely applied nonadiabatic theory approximately compensate each other during propagation for typically studied nonadiabatic parameters. However, parameters in the nonadiabatic but still experimentally relevant regime will be found where this approximation breaks down and the two different theories lead to distinguishably different momentum distributions at the detector after all, thus allowing to test which theory describes the situation at the tunnel exit more accurately. After having tunneled through the barrier formed by the laser and Coulomb poten-tial, the electron does not necessarily leave the atom for good but can be captured in a Rydberg state. A study of the intensity-dependence of the Rydberg yield will reveal, among other things, nonadiabatic effects that can be used as an independent test of nonadiabaticity in strong field ionization. Moreover, it will be shown that the duration of the laser pulse can be used to control both the yield and principal quantum number distribution of Rydberg atoms. The highly enhanced and spatially inhomogeneous fields close to a nanostructure are another setting in which atoms can be ionized. Here, the emergence of a prominent higher energy structure (HES) in the spectrum of photoelectrons will be reported. The narrow time-window in which the corresponding electrons are released suggests a promising method for creating a localized source of electron pulses of attosecond duration using tabletop laser technology. Having such potential applications in mind, analytical expressions are derived to describe the electrons’ motion in the inhomogeneous field, thus being able to control the spectral position and width of the HES. Moreover, a unifying theory will be developed in which the recently reported experimental finding of a low-energy peak (LEP) can be understood to arise due to the same mechanism as the theoretically predicted HES, despite those two effects having been found in different energy regimes so far. This unifying theory will show how the well-established experimental technique in which the LEP was reported, i.e. ionization directly from the nanotip rather than from atoms in its vicinity, should allow the realization of a prominent and narrow peak at higher energies as it was theoretically described in the framework of the HES. Despite being much weaker, the spatial inhomogeneity of the Coulomb potential can influence the photoelectron spectrum as well. It will be shown how the asymmetric Coulomb potential of a tilted diatomic molecule introduces an asymmetry in the photoelectron momentum distribution at the detector. The degree of asymmetry depends on whether the electron is born at the up- or downfield atom. This information is then used to quantify the ratio of ionization from the up- and downfield site from experimental photoelectron momentum distributions.

Le présent mémoire vise à faire avancer la réflexion sur la conception de média alternatif à travers une analyse d’une organisation médiatique dite alternative, soit CISM 89,3 FM, la radio de campus de l’Université de Montréal. À partir de la littérature, l’auteur émet certaines interrogations et explore quelques pistes d’analyse en regard de cet univers médiatique. Suite à un travail sur le terrain, basé sur une série d’entrevues avec des acteurs oeuvrant au sein de CISM, ce travail de recherche permet de mettre en lumière certains éléments peu discutés dans la littérature. L’auteur met notamment en relief l’importance que revêt le statut d’alternatif pour CISM aux yeux de ses artisans, ainsi que la complexité de ce statut et les enjeux qu’il soulève. Le mémoire montre aussi, à travers les propos des personnes interrogées, la difficulté et les tensions avec lesquelles les artisans d’un tel média doivent jongler quotidiennement afin d’être fidèle à ce statut d’alternatif. C’est à travers ses remises en questions, ses points litigieux, ses tensions, ses négociations que CISM se définit à travers ce qu’est ou doit être un média alternatif. Mais, ce sont aussi ces tensions constantes qui lui permettent d’évoluer. / Abstract This essay aims to improve the reflection about the conception of an alternative media trough the analysis of a so-called alternative media, CISM 89,3 FM, the college radio of the Université de Montréal. After a literature review, the author proposes interrogations and explores ways of analyzing alternative medias. From a field research, based on interviews with actors engaged in CISM, this work sheds light on some elements that were not much discussed in the literature. The author shows the importance of this alternative status for the workers of CISM, and the complexity of this status and the stakes of it. This work also shows, trough the words of the interviewed people, the difficulty and the tensions that alternative medias worker have to deal with daily, in order to enact an alternative status. Through these negotiations, tensions, CISM is defining itself in regard to what is or should be an alternative media. It is these constant tensions that make CISM evolve.

A eqüidade é um termo polissêmico e comporta diversas definições. Nesta obra, estudam-se as decisões por eqüidade na arbitragem comercial internacional e não a eqüidade em todos seus aspectos. Trata-se da função substitutiva da eqüidade. A decisão por eqüidade na arbitragem apresenta-se como uma técnica: uma forma de decidir sem que haja remissão necessária ao direito positivo. Sua característica principal é a liberdade de método decisório. Seu principal efeito é a possibilidade de derrogar o direito positivo, dentro dos limites da ordem pública. Ela qualifica-se, do ponto de vista positivo, como uma técnica de decisão; do ponto de vista negativo, como uma abdicação do julgamento conforme regras de direito. Em termos históricos, a decisão por eqüidade na arbitragem existe desde pelo menos a Grécia antiga. Desde então, ela sobrevive na tradição jurídica ocidental. Nos dias atuais, ela é encontrada na imensa maioria dos ordenamentos. Boa parte de sua disciplina atual no mundo decorre do movimento de reforma das legislações nacionais ocorrido nas últimas décadas, que teve na Lei Modelo da CNUDCI uma importante fonte de inspiração. A arbitragem por eqüidade é uma espécie do gênero arbitragem. Embora possua diversas denominação no mundo, tais diferenças não encerram diversidade de conceitos. Em termos de qualificação da cláusula de arbitragem por eqüidade, existem divergências: pode-se relacioná-la à cláusula arbitral, ao procedimento ou ao mérito. Nesta obra, defendemos seu posicionamento nos domínios da cláusula arbitral, embora possua efeitos processuais. Nos dias de hoje, pode-se afirmar a existência de regras materiais transnacionais depreendidas do exame do direito comparado e jurisprudência arbitral, especificamente para a arbitragem por eqüidade. A cláusula de arbitragem por eqüidade produz efeitos tanto no direito material quanto no procedimento. No direito material, possibilita-se a derrogação do direito positivo. No direito processual, tanto pode causar alterações automáticas do procedimento como conferir maior liberdade aos árbitros na condução da arbitragem. Resta dúvidas se autoriza modificações no procedimento convencionado pelas partes. Também é controversa a possibilidade de se decidir por eqüidade questões prévias ao mérito, como a validade da cláusula arbitral. A decisão por eqüidade é limitada pela ordem pública e pelo princípio do devido processo. Com relação ao contrato, existem divergências sobre seu alcance. Todavia, pode-se verificar a sedimentação de um entendimento pelo qual os árbitros podem moderar certas disposições contratuais que produzam resultados injustos; todavia, não podem alterar substancialmente a economia do contrato. Do exame de direito comparado, existem três sistemas de arbitragem por eqüidade. Na imensa maioria dos casos, permitir-se-á desde que as partes assim convencionem. Presume-se, portanto, a arbitragem de direito. Um segundo sistema, utilizado por alguns países Latino-Americanos, presume que a arbitragem seja por eqüidade, salvo convenção das partes. Um terceiro sistema, adotado por poucos países, não permite a arbitragem por eqüidade. Os tratados internacionais em geral não tratam da arbitragem por eqüidade. Aqueles que o fazem, em geral apresentam uma regra material: permitem-na, desde que as partes convencionem. Nesta obra, realizou-se um exame da jurisprudência arbitral e uma pesquisa empírica com 92 profissionais que atuam na arbitragem comercial internacional em diversos países. De seu exame, podem-se identificar alguns elementos recorrentes na prática da arbitragem por eqüidade no mundo. Esses elementos ajudam a desvendar as formas e limites da arbitragem do instituo, bem como o que tem sido compreendido como equitativo no domínio da arbitragem comercial. Em outras palavras, o \"justo no comércio internacional\". / Equity is a polissemic term and comprises several definitions. This work focus on ex aequo et bono (sometimes referred to as in \"equity\") decisions rendered in international commercial arbitration, and not on the term \"equity\" as a whole. It is about the equity substitutive function. The equity decision rendered in arbitration procedures presents itself as a technique: A way to decide without reference to positive law. Its main characteristic is the freedom of the decision method. Its main effect is the possibility to repeal the positive law, within the public order/ordre public limits. It is qualified, from a positive point of view, as a decision technique; from a negative point of view, as an abdication of judgment according to the rules of law. In historical terms, ex aequo et bono decision in arbitration exists at least since Ancient Greece. Since then, it survives in the occidental legal tradition. Nowadays, it is found in most part of the legal systems. Good part of its current discipline in the World results from the national legislation reformulation movement occurring in the last decades, which was greatly inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law. Arbitration ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) is a type of arbitration. Although it has several different legal frameworks in the world, such differences do not imply a diversity of concept or nature. In terms of qualification of the amiable composition c1ause, there are divergences: It may be related to the arbitration c1ause, to proceeding or to merits. This work submits its positioning in the arbitration c1ause, in spite of its procedural effects. Nowadays, it may be affirmed the existence of transnational material rules applicable to arbitration ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) arising out of comparative law and case law analysis. The ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) c1ause produces both substantive and procedural effects. In the substantive law, it is possible to repeal the positive law. In procedural law, it may cause automatic alterations in the proceeding, such as granting a greater freedom to the arbitrators in the conduction ofthe arbitration. It is still unc1ear if it authorizes modifications in the proceeding agreed by the parties. It is also controversial the possibility to render ex aequo et bono decisions in relation to those matters prior to the merit, such as the arbitration c1ause validity. The decision ex aequo et bono is limited by the public order/ordre public and due process. There are divergences regarding its effects in relation to the contracts (and parties\' will more generally). However, there seems to be an understanding according to which the arbitrators may mitigate certain contractual provisions producing unfair results; nevertheless, they may not substantially modify the contractual economy. According to a comparative law analysis, there are three \"systems\" for ex aequo et bono c1auses. In most of the cases, such kind of arbitration is permitted, provided that the parties so agree. It is therefore presumed the arbitration at law. A second system, used by some Latin-American countries, provides for ex aequo et bono decision as the default rule for arbitration, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. A third system, adopted by a few countries, does not allow this kind of arbitration. International treaties, in general, do not deal with arbitrations ex aequo et bono. Those which so deal with it, in general, present a material rule: decisions ex aequo et bono are permitted, if the parties so agree. This work analyzes the case law related to ex aequo e bono arbitration and performs a field research with 92 professionals acting in the international commercial arbitration field in several countries. From such analysis, it can be identified some common features in the worldwide arbitration practice. Such elements help c1arify the ways and limits of this kind of arbitration, as well as what has been understood as equitable within the commercial arbitration context. In other words, what is \"fair\" in international trade.

<div>In 2019, cyber security is considered one of the most significant threats to the global economy and national security. Top U.S. agencies have acknowledged this fact, and provided direction regarding strategic priorities and future initiatives within the domain. However, there is still a lack of basic understanding of factors that impact complexity, scope, and effectiveness of cyber defense efforts. Computer security incident response is the short-term process of detecting, identifying, mitigating, and resolving a potential security threat to a network. These activities are typically conducted in computer security incident response teams (CSIRTs) comprised of human analysts that are organized into hierarchical tiers and work closely with many different computational tools and programs. Despite the fact that CSIRTs often provide the first line of defense to a network, there is currently a substantial global skills shortage of analysts to fill open positions. Research and development efforts from educational and technological perspectives have been independently ineffective at addressing this shortage due to time lags in meeting demand and associated costs. This dissertation explored how to combine the two approaches by considering how human-centered research can inform development of computational solutions toward augmenting human analyst capabilities. The larger goal of combining these approaches is to effectively complement human expertise with technological capability to alleviate pressures from the skills shortage.</div><div><br></div><div>Insights and design recommendations for hybrid systems to advance the current state of security automation were developed through three studies. The first study was an ethnographic field study which focused on collecting and analyzing contextual data from three diverse CSIRTs from different sectors; the scope extended beyond individual incident response tasks to include aspects of organization and information sharing within teams. Analysis revealed larger design implications regarding collaboration and coordination in different team environments, as well as considerations about usefulness and adoption of automation. The second study was a cognitive task analysis with CSIR experts with diverse backgrounds; the interviews focused on expertise requirements for information sharing tasks in CSIRTs. Outputs utilized a dimensional expertise construct to identify and prioritize potential expertise areas for augmentation with automated tools and features. Study 3 included a market analysis of current automation platforms based on the expertise areas identified in Study 2, and used Systems Engineering methodologies to develop concepts and functional architectures for future system (and feature) development.</div><div><br></div><div>Findings of all three studies support future directions for hybrid automation development in CSIR by identifying social and organizational factors beyond traditional tool design in security that supports human-systems integration. Additionally, this dissertation delivered functional considerations for automated technology that can augment human capabilities in incident response; these functions support better information sharing between humans and between humans and technological systems. By pursuing human-systems integration in CSIR, research can help alleviate the skills shortage by identifying where automation can dynamically assist with information sharing and expertise development. Future research can expand upon the expertise framework developed for CSIR and extend the application of proposed augmenting functions in other domains.</div>

This doctoral thesis introduces the Wakhi ethno-linguistic group living in the region of the Pamiri-Hindu Kush mountain knot on territories of Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Pakistan. As a result of the strategic economic and political rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia during the 19th century (the so- called Great Game), part of the so far homogeneous ethnic group was forced to leave their native Wakhan Corridor in the late 19th century. The Wakhi people then found themselves on the territory of future states with diametrically opposite development to their own. The goal of this work is a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of the material and spiritual culture of the Wakhi ethnic group or groups living on the territories of Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Pakistan with emphasis on their current status. Very important part of my work deals with the visual context that by means of images and photographs presents significant features associated with the Wakhi everyday life. My primary aim is to uncover the material and spiritual phenomena that are closely related to everyday life, historical and political contexts, socio-economic situation, Shia Ismaili, religion and affiliated features which the members of Wakhi ethno-linguistic...

En 1989, François Delalande présentait pour la première fois, après dix ans d’élaboration, la notion de « conduites d’écoute » servant à distinguer différentes manières d’écouter une même œuvre. La méthodologie employée limitait les conclusions qui pouvaient en être tirées, mais la perspective proposée ouvrait un nouveau champ de recherches, dans lequel différentes conduites d’écoute pouvaient servir de base à diverses manières, parfois exclusives ou contradictoires, d’analyser une même œuvre. De plus, les expériences préliminaires de Delalande autour d’un extrait de Pierre Henry sont encore aujourd’hui l’une des rares occurrences de recherche sur l’écoute des musiques acousmatiques faisant appel à des auditeurs réels. Avec la reproduction et l’extension des résultats de Delalande, en parallèle de l’intérêt grandissant pour l’écoute au sein de la communauté musicologique ces vingt dernières années, il semblait nécessaire de faire le point sur l’état des recherches concernant les conduites d’écoute afin d’en évaluer la validité opérationnelle et de proposer un cadre théorique solide pour leur étude et leur description. C’est l’objet de ce travail, qui part d’une revue des discours sur l’écoute en musicologie, en psychologie de la musique et en pédagogie de la musique, avant de procéder à un examen critique des méthodologies existantes autour du modèle des conduites d’écoute, pour en arriver à une réévaluation de ce modèle avec des méthodologies plus robustes. Trois analyses esthésiques d’une même œuvre sont alors proposées pour faire émerger les besoins d’approfondissement et les perspectives d’application de ce modèle. / In 1989, after ten years of research, François Delalande presented for the first time the idea of “listening behaviours,” distinguishing several ways to listen to the same piece of music. The methodology did not allow for many conclusions, but the approach began a new field of research, where diverse listening behaviours could serve as a basis for diverse, exclusive (or even contradictory) analyses of the same work. Furthermore, Delalande’s preliminary research based on an extract from Pierre Henry’s music is still one of the few instances of research about acousmatic music listening that addresses actual listeners. The last twenty years have seen the reproduction and extension of Delalande’s results, as well as a growing interest for listening in musicological circles. For this reason, it seems necessary to review research about listening behaviours to evaluate their operational validity and to propose a robust theoretical framework for their study and description. This is the thesis of this dissertation, beginning with a review of the musicological, psychological and pedagogical discourses about listening, following with a critical study of existing methodologies about listening behaviours frameworks in order to re-evaluate them with more robust methodologies. Three esthesic analyses of the same work are then used to propose a need for further investigation and possible applications of the framework.

A eqüidade é um termo polissêmico e comporta diversas definições. Nesta obra, estudam-se as decisões por eqüidade na arbitragem comercial internacional e não a eqüidade em todos seus aspectos. Trata-se da função substitutiva da eqüidade. A decisão por eqüidade na arbitragem apresenta-se como uma técnica: uma forma de decidir sem que haja remissão necessária ao direito positivo. Sua característica principal é a liberdade de método decisório. Seu principal efeito é a possibilidade de derrogar o direito positivo, dentro dos limites da ordem pública. Ela qualifica-se, do ponto de vista positivo, como uma técnica de decisão; do ponto de vista negativo, como uma abdicação do julgamento conforme regras de direito. Em termos históricos, a decisão por eqüidade na arbitragem existe desde pelo menos a Grécia antiga. Desde então, ela sobrevive na tradição jurídica ocidental. Nos dias atuais, ela é encontrada na imensa maioria dos ordenamentos. Boa parte de sua disciplina atual no mundo decorre do movimento de reforma das legislações nacionais ocorrido nas últimas décadas, que teve na Lei Modelo da CNUDCI uma importante fonte de inspiração. A arbitragem por eqüidade é uma espécie do gênero arbitragem. Embora possua diversas denominação no mundo, tais diferenças não encerram diversidade de conceitos. Em termos de qualificação da cláusula de arbitragem por eqüidade, existem divergências: pode-se relacioná-la à cláusula arbitral, ao procedimento ou ao mérito. Nesta obra, defendemos seu posicionamento nos domínios da cláusula arbitral, embora possua efeitos processuais. Nos dias de hoje, pode-se afirmar a existência de regras materiais transnacionais depreendidas do exame do direito comparado e jurisprudência arbitral, especificamente para a arbitragem por eqüidade. A cláusula de arbitragem por eqüidade produz efeitos tanto no direito material quanto no procedimento. No direito material, possibilita-se a derrogação do direito positivo. No direito processual, tanto pode causar alterações automáticas do procedimento como conferir maior liberdade aos árbitros na condução da arbitragem. Resta dúvidas se autoriza modificações no procedimento convencionado pelas partes. Também é controversa a possibilidade de se decidir por eqüidade questões prévias ao mérito, como a validade da cláusula arbitral. A decisão por eqüidade é limitada pela ordem pública e pelo princípio do devido processo. Com relação ao contrato, existem divergências sobre seu alcance. Todavia, pode-se verificar a sedimentação de um entendimento pelo qual os árbitros podem moderar certas disposições contratuais que produzam resultados injustos; todavia, não podem alterar substancialmente a economia do contrato. Do exame de direito comparado, existem três sistemas de arbitragem por eqüidade. Na imensa maioria dos casos, permitir-se-á desde que as partes assim convencionem. Presume-se, portanto, a arbitragem de direito. Um segundo sistema, utilizado por alguns países Latino-Americanos, presume que a arbitragem seja por eqüidade, salvo convenção das partes. Um terceiro sistema, adotado por poucos países, não permite a arbitragem por eqüidade. Os tratados internacionais em geral não tratam da arbitragem por eqüidade. Aqueles que o fazem, em geral apresentam uma regra material: permitem-na, desde que as partes convencionem. Nesta obra, realizou-se um exame da jurisprudência arbitral e uma pesquisa empírica com 92 profissionais que atuam na arbitragem comercial internacional em diversos países. De seu exame, podem-se identificar alguns elementos recorrentes na prática da arbitragem por eqüidade no mundo. Esses elementos ajudam a desvendar as formas e limites da arbitragem do instituo, bem como o que tem sido compreendido como equitativo no domínio da arbitragem comercial. Em outras palavras, o \"justo no comércio internacional\". / Equity is a polissemic term and comprises several definitions. This work focus on ex aequo et bono (sometimes referred to as in \"equity\") decisions rendered in international commercial arbitration, and not on the term \"equity\" as a whole. It is about the equity substitutive function. The equity decision rendered in arbitration procedures presents itself as a technique: A way to decide without reference to positive law. Its main characteristic is the freedom of the decision method. Its main effect is the possibility to repeal the positive law, within the public order/ordre public limits. It is qualified, from a positive point of view, as a decision technique; from a negative point of view, as an abdication of judgment according to the rules of law. In historical terms, ex aequo et bono decision in arbitration exists at least since Ancient Greece. Since then, it survives in the occidental legal tradition. Nowadays, it is found in most part of the legal systems. Good part of its current discipline in the World results from the national legislation reformulation movement occurring in the last decades, which was greatly inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law. Arbitration ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) is a type of arbitration. Although it has several different legal frameworks in the world, such differences do not imply a diversity of concept or nature. In terms of qualification of the amiable composition c1ause, there are divergences: It may be related to the arbitration c1ause, to proceeding or to merits. This work submits its positioning in the arbitration c1ause, in spite of its procedural effects. Nowadays, it may be affirmed the existence of transnational material rules applicable to arbitration ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) arising out of comparative law and case law analysis. The ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) c1ause produces both substantive and procedural effects. In the substantive law, it is possible to repeal the positive law. In procedural law, it may cause automatic alterations in the proceeding, such as granting a greater freedom to the arbitrators in the conduction ofthe arbitration. It is still unc1ear if it authorizes modifications in the proceeding agreed by the parties. It is also controversial the possibility to render ex aequo et bono decisions in relation to those matters prior to the merit, such as the arbitration c1ause validity. The decision ex aequo et bono is limited by the public order/ordre public and due process. There are divergences regarding its effects in relation to the contracts (and parties\' will more generally). However, there seems to be an understanding according to which the arbitrators may mitigate certain contractual provisions producing unfair results; nevertheless, they may not substantially modify the contractual economy. According to a comparative law analysis, there are three \"systems\" for ex aequo et bono c1auses. In most of the cases, such kind of arbitration is permitted, provided that the parties so agree. It is therefore presumed the arbitration at law. A second system, used by some Latin-American countries, provides for ex aequo et bono decision as the default rule for arbitration, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. A third system, adopted by a few countries, does not allow this kind of arbitration. International treaties, in general, do not deal with arbitrations ex aequo et bono. Those which so deal with it, in general, present a material rule: decisions ex aequo et bono are permitted, if the parties so agree. This work analyzes the case law related to ex aequo e bono arbitration and performs a field research with 92 professionals acting in the international commercial arbitration field in several countries. From such analysis, it can be identified some common features in the worldwide arbitration practice. Such elements help c1arify the ways and limits of this kind of arbitration, as well as what has been understood as equitable within the commercial arbitration context. In other words, what is \"fair\" in international trade.

Based on field research among Czechs living abroad, the diploma thesis introduces the offsprings of the Czech 18th -century exile, members of the Evangelical Reformed Church in Poland, is. While the community decreased due to massive re-emigration after the Second World War, at first it remained endogamous. Eventually though, interfaith marriages with Polish Catholics increased and language usage shifted. However, offsprings of Czechs from Zelów who stayed true to the reformed faith still maintain and pass on their faith which is the main part of their identity even nowadays. Furthermore, some of them still adhere to their Czech origins. They established the Association of Czechs in Poland in 2010 and then the Czech Club in Zelów. This study refers to how members of the Evangelical Reformed congregation in Zelów see their own identity and the existence of mixed marriages within the community of the congregation.

Representation, process, experience: (post)industrial landscape in anthropological-geographical perspective Abstract The main topic of the dissertation is the (post)industrial landscape of what is today the Czech Republic. In particular, the dissertation presents three case studies of three (post)industrial landscapes: that of Ostrava, Kladno and Most. The aim of the dissertation is twofold - thematic as well as theoretical. As far as the thematic focus of the dissertation goes, the author employs the concept of landscape as a prism through which it is possible to explore large societal shifts and changes as they are mirrored in landscape. The question is what has happened to industrial landscape after the fall of socialism and how industrial landscape has turned into what it is now. On the theoretical level, the (post)industrial landscape of contemporary Czechia is used as a means of exploring the complexity of the concept of landscape and developing a conceptualization of landscape that comes to terms with its complexity, ambiguity and elusiveness. In terms of theory, the dissertation engages with three ways of conceptualising landscape prevalent in contemporary anthropology and (new cultural) geography: landscape as representation, process and experience. To explore them in depth and reveal any...