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CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE Faculty of Law Institute of Copyright, Industrial Property Rights and Competition Law DOCTORAL DISSERTATION The Evolution and the Limits of the Copyright Protection in the Global Information Society ABSTRACT Author: Mgr. Alena Andruško Supervisor: Prof. JUDr. Dr. iur. h. c. Jan Kříž, CSc. Field of Study: Civil Law Theoretical Legal Science Year: 2015 ABSTRACT Copyright law is one of the branches of law that has become, with the development of the Internet, the center of interest for different types of stakeholders in the global information society. With the evolution of "Web 2.0", sometimes called the "Participative Web", represented by user-generated content (UGC), and also with the evolution of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing and recently cyberlockers, the effectiveness of copyright protection online has become a problem where solutions can be found only with difficulty. Online copyright infringement is a complex phenomenon with a multiplicity of contributing factors. To see and understand these factors one must not only know and understand the territorial and international legal rules governing copyright, but also know and understand the online ecosystem in which copyright infringement takes place, which is impossible without knowing the history, evolution and technical...

Com a análise histórica da chamada propriedade intelectual, em especial das patentes, copyright e direitos autorais, esta tese trata da crise do capitalismo contemporâneo, e analisa a tendência dissimulada de ascensão de Estados, que com o uso da tecnologia informática e o recrudescimento das legislações, se tornam cada vez mais autoritários e avançam sobre direitos e liberdades civis. Para isso é reconstituída a história dos computadores, da Internet, do Movimento do Software Livre, dos Partidos Piratas, do movimento do Software Livre no Brasil, das legislações de propriedade intelectual no mundo ocidental e da globalização do comércio e das finanças / Through the historical analysis of the \"intellectual property\", in particular patents, copyright and authors rights, this thesis deals with the crisis of contemporary capitalism, and analyzes the covert increasing trend of states, that with the use of computer technology and the intensification of laws, become increasingly authoritarian, eroding civil rights and liberties secured by populations long ago. To reach this objective the history of computers, the Internet, the Free Software Movement, the Pirate Parties, the Free Software movement in Brazil, the intellectual property laws in the Western world and the globalization of trade and finance are reconstituted

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Nicoletti Mizukami.pdf: 4110055 bytes, checksum: fc8c654e19a713787d727a72bbc67a4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-29 / Noticing that debates concerning the constitutional aspects of copyright are either rare or insufficient in Brazilian legal literature especially when it comes to dealing with themes regarding the current crisis of intellectual property rights we sought out to investigate which answers could be found in the Brazilian Constitution for the problem of file sharing. Starting out from the hypothesis that adequate solutions could be found by understanding the meaning and the extent of the social function of property clause established under art. 5º, XXIII of the Constitution, we adopted Lawrence Lessig s model of four modalities of constraint to frame an interdisciplinary approach to the problem. We chose not to ignore legal dogmatics, but to deal with it in a theoretical environment that prioritizes policy considerations, with the goal of developing an optimal regime of copyright exceptions. We conclude that there is room for an interpretation of the Brazilian Constitution under which file sharing would be legal, along with other practices that are currently considered to constitute copyright infringement. On the other hand, we also conclude that any reasonable interpretation of the Brazilian Constitution would disallow maximalist implementations of copyright law, and that the copyright exception regime established by the Brazilian Copyright Statute (Lei n.º 9.610/98) is not wide enough to meet the demands of the social function of intellectual property, as required by the Constitution. If construed restrictively, the Brazilian Copyright Statute is unconstitutional as far as exceptions are concerned. The theoretical framework that guided our interpretation of the Constitution is based on a Kelsenian approach on a metatheoretical level, under which two different approaches were used on a theoretical level, applied separately and not together, and with different methodological consequences: Friedrich Müller s Strukturiende Rechtslehre and Robert Alexy s theory of fundamental rights / Notando que na literatura jurídica brasileira as discussões em torno das dimensões constitucionais dos direitos autorais são raras e insuficientes, ainda mais em se tratando de temas ligados à atual crise da propriedade intelectual, a presente dissertação procurou investigar quais as respostas que Constituição brasileira poderia oferecer ao fenômeno do compartilhamento de arquivos na Internet, partindo da hipótese de que a delimitação do conteúdo da função social da propriedade, inserida no art. 5º, inciso XXIII da CF/88, poderia oferecer soluções adequadas para o problema. Com fundamentação na teoria das quatro modalidades de regulação de Lawrence Lessig, adotou-se uma abordagem de análise interdisciplinar que não ignora problemas de dogmática jurídica, mas os insere em um plano teórico que privilegia a discussão em torno de quais políticas públicas seriam as mais desejáveis em relação a um regime ideal de exceções aos direitos autorais. Concluiu-se que há espaço para uma interpretação da Constituição que autorizaria a prática do compartilhamento de arquivos, bem como outras condutas afins, argumentando-se, por outro lado, que uma política maximalista de propriedade intelectual extrapola qualquer interpretação razoável da dimensão constitucional dos direitos autorais, e que as limitações implementadas infraconstitucionalmente pela Lei n.º 9.610/98 são insuficientes para suprir o que é exigido pela função social da propriedade intelectual e, conseqüentemente, inconstitucionais se interpretadas restritivamente. No tocante aos aspectos teórico-metodológicos específicos de ciência do direito, optou-se por uma perspectiva kelseniana em um nível metateórico, e a aplicação separada de abordagens distintas no plano teórico: a teoria estruturante de Friedrich Müller, e a teoria dos direitos fundamentais de Robert Alexy, cada qual com suas particulares conseqüências metodológicas

Com a análise histórica da chamada propriedade intelectual, em especial das patentes, copyright e direitos autorais, esta tese trata da crise do capitalismo contemporâneo, e analisa a tendência dissimulada de ascensão de Estados, que com o uso da tecnologia informática e o recrudescimento das legislações, se tornam cada vez mais autoritários e avançam sobre direitos e liberdades civis. Para isso é reconstituída a história dos computadores, da Internet, do Movimento do Software Livre, dos Partidos Piratas, do movimento do Software Livre no Brasil, das legislações de propriedade intelectual no mundo ocidental e da globalização do comércio e das finanças / Through the historical analysis of the \"intellectual property\", in particular patents, copyright and authors rights, this thesis deals with the crisis of contemporary capitalism, and analyzes the covert increasing trend of states, that with the use of computer technology and the intensification of laws, become increasingly authoritarian, eroding civil rights and liberties secured by populations long ago. To reach this objective the history of computers, the Internet, the Free Software Movement, the Pirate Parties, the Free Software movement in Brazil, the intellectual property laws in the Western world and the globalization of trade and finance are reconstituted

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux protocoles pair-à-pair (P2P), qui représentent une solution prometteuse pour la diffusion et le partage de données à faible coût sur Internet. Nous avons mené, dans un premier temps, une étude comportementale de différents protocoles P2P pour le partage de fichier (distribution de contenus sans contrainte de temps) puis le live. Dans la première étude centréesur le partage de fichier, nous avons montré l’impact d’Hadopi sur le comportement des utilisateurs et discuté l’efficacité des protocoles en fonction du contenu et l’efficacité protocolaire, en se basant sur les choix des utilisateurs. BitTorrent s’est nettement démarqué au cours de cette étude, notamment pour les grands contenus. En ce qui concerne le live, nous nous sommes intéressés à la qualité de servicedu réseau de distribution live Sopcast, car plus de 60% des événements live diffusés en P2P le sont sur ce réseau. Notre analyse approfondie de ces deux modes de distribution nous a fait nous recentrer sur BitTorrent, qui est à la base de tous les protocoles P2P Live, et est efficace en partage de fichier et complètement open source. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous avons proposé et implémenté dansun environnement contrôlé un nouveau protocole sur la base de BitTorrent avec des mécanismes protocolaires impliquant tous les pairs dans la gestion du réseau. Ces nouveaux mécanismes permettent d’augmenter l’efficacité du protocole via une meilleure diffusion, tant pour le live que le partage de fichier, de métadonnées (la pièce la plus rare) et via une méthode dite de push, par laquelle un client va envoyer du contenu aux pairs les plus dans le besoin / In this study, we focused on peer-to-peer protocols (P2P), which represent a promising solution for data dissemination and content delivery at low-cost in the Internet. We performed, initially, a behavioral study of various P2P protocols for file sharing (content distribution without time constraint) and live streaming. Concerning file sharing, we have shown the impact of Hadopi on users’ behavior and discussed the effectiveness of protocols according to content type, based on users’ choice. BitTorrent appeared as the most efficient approach during our study, especially when it comes to large content. As for streaming, we studied the quality of service of Sopcast, a live distribution network that accounts for more than 60% of P2P broadcast live events. Our in-depth analysis of these two distributionmodes led us to focus on the BitTorrent protocol because of its proven efficiency in file sharing and the fact that it is open source. In the second part of the thesis, we proposed and implemented a new protocol based on BitTorrent, in a controlled environment. The modifications that we proposed allow to increase the efficiency of the protocol through improved dissemination of metadata (the rarest piece), both for live and file sharing. An enhanced version is introduced with a push method, where nodes that lag behind receive an extra service so as to improve the overall performance