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This study derives from a located a gap in the methodological coverage and ways inwhich filter bubbles previously have been problematised. It is structured to through auser perspective to find ways in which users navigation and experience is influencedby personalised consumption. Through interview studies of digital natives, two mainfocuses of navigation and experience have been chosen with the aim to bring nuancedperspectives to the current state of filter bubbles. The first, using the theoreticalframework of uses and gratifications sets out to answer: In what ways do digitalnatives navigation contest the personalisation of their news consumption?I found that most interview participants have developed both thorough and individualways of navigating in their news consumption process. Personalising filters are bysome seen as assets to optimize content and by others as thresholds that enforcerestrictive behaviour. However, most participants seem to be mildly concerned orunaware of personalising features in their news navigation.The second focus of user experience seeks to clarify the motives behind usernavigation by answering: In what ways do digital natives experience of theirnavigation contest the personalisation of theirs and others news consumption?I find that some participants consider the impact of their own interactions withtheir personalised consumption, but do not understand the extents of it. I also find thatshared social norms and traditional media permeate the critical view that allparticipants carry with them through their navigation. I use these findings to introducea suggestion to problematise personalisation through user experience as a way ofbenchmarking filter bubbles that to my knowledge have not been used before.Lastly, by looking at the navigations and experiences of the participantsthrough a theoretical framework of power, I conceptualise their interactions asmotives of counter power towards a personalisation to answer:How can the motives of digital natives navigation be contextualised as acts of counterpower towards their personalised news consumption?I identify both interactions as motives of counter power with some participants’ newsconsumption, and experiences of subjectivity to power in others. But can’t determineto which extents it relates to the personalisation or other factors in the participantsnews consumption.

Sociala medier blir en allt viktigare nyhetskanal för unga vuxna. Denna utveckling har gjort att medieforskare ifrågasätter huruvida sociala medier är kapabla att utbilda och informera på samma sätt som de fysiska formaten gjort med tidigare generationer. Vissa har funnit att möjligheten att filtrera nyhetsflödet innebär en risk att användaren försätter sig i en filterbubbla där endast åsikter och tankar som stämmer överens med deras egna kommer igenom. Andra menar istället att sociala medier ger ett rikare utbud med större variation. Klart står att journalistens roll som grindvakt för vad som publiceras blir mindre viktig och att vem som helst numera kan yttra sina åsikter och potentiellt nå ut till en stor massa med dessa. Denna studie undersöker och ger insikter om hur unga vuxna sållar i sitt Facebookflöde, hur de definierar tillförlitlighet i nyhetsmedia och hur de utifrån detta avgör vad som är tillförlitligt och inte i sitt flöde. Studien består av kvalitativa intervjuer och ett observationsexperiment där respondenterna får scrolla igenom ett fiktivt Facebookflöde. Resultaten visar att bedömningen som görs ofta är medveten och går mycket snabbt, samt att det är få inlägg som anses leva upp till deras definition av tillförlitliga. Även om Facebook visar sig vara en vanlig nyhetskälla är det få av respondenterna som anser den vara bra och tillförlitlig. / Social media is becoming a more and more important news medium for young adults. This development has lead media researchers to question whether social media is as capable of educating and informing these young adults as the legacy media did the generations before them. Some argue that social media, with its ability to filter the news feed, might place users in a filter bubble lacking any challenging views. Others argue that social media encourages a diverse news and information feed. What's clear is that the role of the journalist as gatekeeper has diminished, and that anyone is now able to voice their opinions to a big audience. This study investigates how young adults sift through their Facebook feed, how they define reliability in news media, and how they assess their social news feed based on this. The study consists of qualitative interviews and an observational experiment where the respondents scrolled through a fictive Facebook feed. The results show that the assessment made is often very quick and deliberate, and that few news posts live up their definition of reliable, namely objective and transparent. Although Facebook is a common news source, few consider it to be a good and reliable one.

Filterbubblor är för många fortfarande en relativt okänd process som ändå pågåroavbrutet när vi använder exempelvis sociala medier. Uppsatsen söker att undersökaunga människors vanor på sociala medier, om de känner att de begränsas, deras kunskapi ämnet filterbubblor och dess kopplingar till begränsningar genom personalisering, ochdemokrati. Uppsatsens urvalsgrupp är män och kvinnor mellan 18 och 28 år. Genom 15enskilda intervjuer i kombination med kvalitativ textanalys har vi kommit fram till attanvändarna känner att de begränsas av sociala medier och att det anses vara ett problem.Många användare ansåg också att filterbubblor skulle kunna vara ett hot mot demokrati.Dessutom har vi kommit fram till att kunskapen om filterbubblor bland respondenternaär bristande, om än inte obefintlig. De är däremot överlag mindre intresserade av attändra sina vanor för att motarbeta digital isolering och polarisering, även om deerkänner att förändrade vanor hade gynnat dem. Konsekvenserna av fortsattbegränsning är att vi kommer att glida ifrån varandra än mer. Det kommer att leda tillett mer hätskt politiskt klimat och mer oförståelse för sådant och sådana som ärannorlunda än oss själva. / The making of filter bubbles occurs every time we use social media, although for a lotof people it's still a relatively unknown process. This paper analyzes young people'shabits on social media, if they feel restricted, their knowledge about filter bubbles andtheir connections to restrictions through personalization, and democracy. In this paperwe have sampled men and women between the ages of 18 and 28. After conducting 15individual interviews, we've come to the conclusion that young users feel restricted onsocial media and that they think it could be a problem. Many users considered filterbubbles to be a possible threat to democracy. We've also found that the knowledgeabout filter bubbles among the interviewees is lacking, though not non-existent. Despitethese findings, users are not very interested in changing their habits to combat digitalisolation and polarization, even though many admitted that it would be beneficial tothem. The consequences of continuing restriction is both isolation and polarization. Thiscould lead to a more rancorous political climate and a diminishing tolerance of thingsand people who are different from us.

In December 2009 Google had a press release, in which they stated that they would start individualize their users' search results. This is the year individualization began, according to Eli Pariser, who also coined the expression filter bubble. A filter bubble is said to occur when a user only receives individualized feeds, causing them to only consume information that align with their beliefs and excluding them from contradicting information. The main goal of this thesis is to evaluate the existence of filter bubbles and the effects of them. In order to reach the goal, an experiment on a large social media platform is conducted, as well as a qualitative literature study. The experiment consists of fourteen bots that are assigned different behaviors which are performed on a social media platform, which expresses that they use individualization of users' information feeds. The presented results from the experiment are based on data crawled from the bots' feeds. The main finding of the experiment is that no significant filter bubbles are observed and that users experience less exclusion the more of the feed they consume. The literature study consists of 24 papers that both do and do not support the theory of filter bubbles. The main effects found are that filter bubbles fosters polarization of opinions and confirmation bias. It is also said that this could lead to undermining deliberative democracy. / År 2009 talade Google om att de skulle börja anpassa sina sökresultat beroende på vem som använde deras tjänst. Detta lyftes fram av Eli Pariser år 2011, som då myntade uttrycket filterbubbla. Pariser menar att en person befinner sig i en filterbubbla om personen endast konsumerar innehåll som är anpassat efter tidigare visade intressen och därmed blir utesluten från information som utmanar personens åsikter och övertygelser. Det är omdiskuterat huruvida filter bubblor existerar eller inte och vilka effekter som kommer av att en person befinner sig i en. Detta arbete utförs med syfte att utvärdera filter bubblors existens och effekter på både individen och samhället i stort. För att uppfylla syftet genomförs ett experiment och en kvalitativ litteraturstudie. Experimentet består av fjorton nya medlemskonton på en stor social medieplattform där en automatisk mjukvara gillar specifika inlägg under sex veckors tid. Plattformen har uttryckligen framfört att de anpassar användarens flöde av inlägg efter dess beteende. Detta flöde sparas ner för samtliga fjorton konton, två gånger dagligen under sju veckors tid (en vecka extra efter att gillandet av inlägg slutat) och analyseras sedan i jakt på filterbubblor. Genom experimentet att skapa filterbubblor på en social medieplattform hittas inga bevis på att filterbubblor existerar på precis den plattformen. Den kvalitativa litteraturstudien innebär en ingående granskning av vetenskapliga artiklar och avhandlingar inom området. I de 24 arbeten som utvärderas är det åtta stycken som anser att filterbubblor existerar. Flera effekter av filterbubblor hittas i litteraturen och en av de negativa effekterna filterbubblor kan ha på individen är att förstärka behovet att bekräfta sina fördomar. Samhället kan också drabbas av effekter från filterbubblor, såsom försvagande av deliberativ demokrati. Deliberativ demokrati, även kallat samtalsdemokrati lyfter vikten av kommunikation för att utveckla och förstärka en demokrati.

Detta kandidatarbete fokuserar på ideologisk polarisering som orsak till den stora mängden falsk information som har spridits den senaste tiden. Jag undersöker hur selektiv exponering och filterbubblor har bidragit till att den ideologiska polariseringen har följt med in på webben, och hur nyhetsfeed har agerat som en grogrund för detta. I ett försök till att minska den ideologiska polariseringen i nyhetsfeed skapade jag en webbapplikation i form av ett nyhetsfeed med nyhetsartiklar som med hjälp av algoritmer låter användaren se utanför sin filterbubbla för att balansera nyhetsfeedet mellan flera olika nyhetskällor. / This bachelor thesis focuses on ideological polarization as cause for the vast amount of false information that have been spread lately. I examine how selective exposure and filter bubbles have contributed to the ideological polarization that followed into the web, and how newsfeed have been acting as a breeding ground for this. In an attempt to reduce the ideological polarization in newsfeed I created a web application in the form of a newsfeed with news articles, that with the help of algorithms let the user see beyond its filter bubble to balance the newsfeed between different news sources.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-09-09T20:13:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luiz Espíndola de Carvalho Júnior - 2016.pdf: 15198028 bytes, checksum: 7b5fc8e2773e98885ba6164693a0d522 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-12T14:39:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luiz Espíndola de Carvalho Júnior - 2016.pdf: 15198028 bytes, checksum: 7b5fc8e2773e98885ba6164693a0d522 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T14:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luiz Espíndola de Carvalho Júnior - 2016.pdf: 15198028 bytes, checksum: 7b5fc8e2773e98885ba6164693a0d522 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research intended to identify the musical genres that represent the four most accessible songs on Brazilian Youtube site in the period 2012-2015 , in view of their stylistic peculiarities , creation processes , production, circulation and reception with them involved , searching clarify to what extent are concerned with the mechanisms of the cultural industry and the corporate structure of the youtube site .The analysis and interpretation of musical works and videos that used the representational as a tool (CHARTIER, 2002; MOSCOVICI, 2003), with the hearing and observing "open" the object and use the three levels of analysis proposed by Ferrara (1984) allowed a foundation and methodological approach for the symbolic interaction.By the way, the search for related quantitative data to the results offered by YouTube Rewind Brazil in four years observed , identified that there is a supremacy of the ‘sertanejo universitário’ gender in three of the four songs observed in the ranking, the only song ranked first not was framed in this genre was classified as ‘carioca´s funk’ .In this context the analysis and interpretation could be still observed elements that coincide with practices related to cultural industry, which also pointed to market demands aimed at potential consumers of profiles for implications of this process with the Filter Bubble mentioned by Pariser (2012) that show the interference of technological advances in cyberspace musical movement.Harvey (2005) , Benjamin (2009) and Bauman (2009) has made it possible to realize this process from another angle , the inevitability of their interaction with the historical social setting and cultural postmodern , with the new sensorium mass that identifies their experiences daily with the result of the processes of creation, production, and circulation of the researched musical work . / Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar os gêneros musicais que representam as quatro músicas mais acessadas no site Youtube brasileiro no período de 2012 a 2015, tendo em vista as suas peculiaridades estilísticas, os processos de criação, produção, circulação e recepção com eles envolvidos, visando esclarecer até que ponto estão implicados com os mecanismos da indústria cultural e com a estrutura corporativa do site youtube. A análise e interpretação das obras musicais e dos vídeos, que utilizaram o representacional como instrumento (CHARTIER, 2002; MOSCOVICI, 2003), junto à audição e observação “abertas” do objeto e da utilização dos três níveis de análise propostos por Ferrara (1984), possibilitaram uma fundamentação e abordagem metodológica referentes ao enfoque do simbólico. Por outro lado, a busca de dados quantitativos relacionados aos resultados oferecidos pelo Youtube Rewind Brasil nos quatro anos observados, permitiu identificar que existe uma supremacia do gênero sertanejo universitário em três das quatro músicas observadas do ranking, a única música classificada em primeiro lugar que não se enquadrou nesse gênero foi classificada como funk carioca. Nesse contexto da análise e interpretação puderam ser constatados ainda elementos que coincidem com práticas relacionadas à indústria cultural, o que apontou também para demandas mercadológicas que visam perfis dos consumidores em potencial, para implicações desse processo com o Filtro Invisível mencionado por Pariser (2012), que evidenciam a interferência dos avanços tecnológicos do cyberspace na circulação musical. Harvey (2005), Benjamin (2009) e Bauman (2009) já possibilitaram perceber esse processo sob outro ângulo, na inevitabilidade de sua interação com o cenário sócio histórico e cultural pós-moderno, com o novo sensorium da massa que identifica as suas experiências cotidianas com o resultado dos processos de criação, produção, e circulação da obra musical abordados.

The aim of this thesis is to study how students perceive and handle internet’s continuous flow of information in everyday life, through news report, social media and targeted advertising. By examining the students attitudes and thoughts about the extent to which they find the information they meet relevant this study seeks to understand how they find what is relevant to them and how they limit the intake of information by different combinations of selection processes. For this purpose interviews were carried out with seven university students from different fields and levels. Three categories of theories about selection processes serves as a theoretical framework for the analysis and results. The categories are referred to as external, personalized and personal factors. The external factors include gatekeeping theory, news valuation and agenda theory and the personalized factors include theories about filter bubbles and echo chambers. The personal factors include strategies to avoid information overload such as filtering and withdrawing, it also includes satisficing as a stop rule for information seeking.  The study shows that the three categories of selection processes are affected by emotional factors referred to as simplicity, interest and sensation. These drives the student to get more deeply informed. The students attitudes towards personalized information shows to be divided between if it should be more firmly adapted to each individual, or if that would increase the feeling of being monitored. In the students reflections regarding saved information emerges three feelings of negativity described as reluctance, lack of control and unease. Despite these feelings of negativity the phenomenon is accepted. Seeing that the alternative is disconnecting from modern society and life, acceptance shows to be the most reasonable alternative.

Society is currently finding itself in the middle of an information revolution, and only now begins to realize this fact. The primary currency in the new economy is user data and the enormous value is evident only to companies doing business with them. This thesis is dedicated to the protection of personal data in the context of the currently developing trend of personalization. Author sets out tools that make online tracking possible, compares the legislative regulation of the Czech Republic, the Russian Federation and the United States of America, evaluating the differences, trends, strengths and weaknesses in relation to the practice of creating profiles and behavioural targeting advertising. Subsequently, the author lists the additional risks of this trend for the freedom and privacy, lists general recommendations as well as recommendations for the users themselves to maximize the protection of privacy and personal data.