International trust is a perception about how people can trust other nations, it can also be an explanation for people¡¦s perception about the nature of international environment. The study shows that when people have higher levels of international trust, they are more optimistic about the nature of international environment¡Fon the contrary, people are more pessimistic about the nature of international environment. There are many variables that can influence international trust, and political trust is one of the most influential. Therefore, I try to analyze international trust and political trust in Taiwan through telephone interviews and intend to testify my hypotheses. Furthermore, I will make international trust a standard for people¡¦s attitude towards foreign aids in order to respond to revisionists¡¦ point of view. Thus, we can prove that people surely can form their own information shortcut and express their own feelings without the suggestion of political elites.

This thesis makes a comparative analysis of financial assistances provided to Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and Turkey by the European Union (EU) prior and pursuant to candidacy. Furthermore, the thesis argues results obtained through comparison of financial assistances provided to CEECs and Turkey by the EU within the framework of integration theories and examines the place of Turkey within the enlargement perspective of the EU by addressing arguments that are dominant in the literature in relation to European integration theories. The major argument of the thesis is that Turkey has not been treated equally with CEECs as regards financial assistance provided by the EU. As a justification for this, it is assumed that ideational factors have an impact on the enlargement perspective of the EU and they are determinant in the stance of EU towards Turkey.

<p><p>The purpose of this study was to study and analyze in order to increase understanding of how social-secretaries choices and assessments described in the hypothetical situations that relate to families receiving social assistance welfare. The main issues we searched answer to each Mainly, we sought to answer the following questions: What considerations are made regarding the child's best interests in the handling process relating to social assistance and in what way is a childperspective taken into account in decision justification. Problem formulation can be summarized in the variety of decision making on welfare and vulnerability of poor children. In our approach to collecting empiri we used out of vignette-studies and interviews. We interviewed seven social secretaries from a social welfare unit. For our help in the analysis of the collected material, we have made use of Michael Lipskys streetlevel bureaucracy. The conclusion we came to was that the social secretaries agreed that there is disagreement how a child perspective is taken into account but all agree that the child's perspective must be addressed in some form in the management of social welfare.</p></p>

Syftet med denna studie är att belysa ungdomars tankar kring sina framtida levnadsvillkor. Genom en kvalitativ ansats intervjuades ungdomar kring frågor om vidare studier, arbete, ekonomi och huruvida de ville flytta hemifrån. Urvalsgruppen bestod av 8 ungdomar av båda könen. En avgränsning var att ungdomarna skulle gå årskurs 3 på gymnasiet. Studiens resultat visade att ungdomarna kunde tänka sig att ta det arbete som erbjuds om de inte hade möjlighet att välja. Om de hade ett val, kunde ingen av ungdomarna i studien tänka sig att gå arbetslös och ta emot ekonomiskt bistånd i stället för att arbeta. På sikt tyckte de dock att det var viktigt att ha ett meningsfullt arbete som de trivs med och tycker är kul. Ungdomarna tyckte att det var viktigt att få en bra utbildning då detta är avgörande för hur man klarar sig i framtiden. De kunde tänka sig att flytta för att få den utbildning de vill ha. Sammanfattningsvis visade resultatet att ungdomarna föredrog att försörja sig genom arbete, studielån eller att ta emot hjälp från föräldrar. De såg ekonomiskt bistånd som en sista utväg som de dock skulle ta emot om inget annat återstod.

The general purpose of this work is to study how social welfare offices organization affect accessibility for those seeking immediate financial assistance in the municipality of Stockholm. Accessibility in this study is principally defined by Swedish Law. The study is based on an empowerment perspective. Data was collected by qualitative interviews of officials in eight social welfare offices. Search path to reach the officials was registered by participant observations. The results indicate variation in the organization of the social welfare offices and the majority have specialized intake units. Officials are available, but both information about and how to get help for immediate financial assistance is missing. Financial assistance is rarely available for those who can not provide identification. The mode of dispersing financial assistance is deemed to affect the accessibility. A conclusion is that information is important for empowerment for the individuals to access to immediate financial assistance. Words: 16298

Baigiamajame magistro darbe tiriama Klaipėdos miesto smulkiojo verslo būklė, jo patrauklumo konkurencingumui stiprinti galimybės ir konkurencingumo įvertinimas. Pateikiami šio verslo konkurencingumo stiprinimo būdai ir priemonės. Tyrimo tikslas – numatyti Klaipėdos miesto smulkiojo verslo konkurencingumo stiprinimo galimybes, kuriomis būtų galima pritraukti investicijas. Darbe apibūdinti investicijų į smulkųjį verslą principai ir ypatumai; ištirtas Klaipėdos miesto smulkiųjų įmonių investicinis patrauklumas ir konkurencingumo stiprinimo galimybės, numatytos priemonės Klaipėdos miesto smulkiųjų įmonių konkurenciniam pranašumui įgyti ir stiprinti; pateiktas patobulintas modelis skirtas SVV įmonėms, kuris padėtų efektyviau pritraukti investicijas didinant konkurencingumą. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, metodologinė dalis, tiriamasis analitinis skyrius, projektinis taikomasis skyrius, išvados ir siūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 80 p. teksto be priedų, 41 pav., 2 lent., 54 bibliograf. / This final Master‘s thesis investigated Klaipeda small business status, strengthen the competitiveness of its attractiveness and competitiveness of the possibility of evaluation. Shown in this business competitiveness ways and means. The purpose of research - to provide for the city of Klaipeda competitiveness of small business opportunities that could attract investment. The work described in investments in small business principles and characteristics; investigated Klaipeda small business investment attractiveness and competitiveness opportunities, the measures provided for in Klaipeda city of small businesses to gain competitive advantage and enhancement of the improved model for SMB, which contribute more effectively to attract investment for competitiveness. Structure: introduction, methodological part, analytical research department, applied design department, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consist of: 80 p. text without appendixes, 41 pictures, 2 tables, 54 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare som arbetar inom ekonomiskt bistånd upplever sina möjligheter att stödja klientens situation mot en egen försörjning. Detta genomfördes med kvalitativ metod i form av enskilda intervjuer med sex socialsekreterare verksamma inom ekonomiskt bistånd. Empirin analyserades utifrån innehållsanalys och resultatet analyseras sedan med känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) och empowerment. Undersökningen visade på att socialsekreterarna upplever sitt arbete som meningsfullt trots att det är hög arbetsbelastning. De anser att de har en god relation till de flesta av sina klienter, men att de också möter motstånd från klienterna. De upplever att de kan stödja klienterna mot en egen försörjning förutsatt att klienterna själva är motiverade till att göra det största jobbet. En fungerande samverkan med andra instanser framhölls som betydelsefull för att arbetet med och kring klienterna skulle vara som mest gynnsamt. Socialsekreterarna önskar att de hade färre klienter för att få mer tid till att kunna arbeta aktivt med varje enskild klient, se till deras individuella behov och motivera de som saknar motivation. / The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how social workers, working within financial assistance, perceive their opportunities to support the client's situation towards selfsufficiency. This was done with a qualitative method in the form of individual interviews with six social workers working within financial assistance. The empirical data was analysed based on content analysis and the results were then analysed with sense of coherence (SOC) and empowerment. The investigation revealed that social workers find their work meaningful even though they have a high workload. They think they have a good relationship with most of their clients, but they also encounter resistance from the clients. They feel that they can support the clients toward self-sufficiency provided that the clients themselves are motivated to do most of the work themselves. An effective interaction with other authorities was highlighted as important so that the work done with and for the clients would be the most beneficial. The social workers wish they had fewer clients so they could have more time to actively work with each individual client, refer to their individual needs and motivate those who lack motivation.

This study is intended to study how the social worker in financial assistance relates to the social workers exercise of its authority, regarding the Social Services Act and the Administrative Procedures Act. In concerning how the social worker treats and handles the cases of their clients, but also what significancethe organization's policies and goals have on the social worker’s role and the formation of their professional identity. To answer these questions the study chose a qualitative approach. Because the purpose of this study is to investigate the social worker’s personal beliefs about their way of conducting social work. With the support of previous research in this area, the study has produced its information in the form of deep interviews. The study chose to confine the study to the Stockholm region and received a total of eight informants who represent a significant part of the empirical material. The result demonstrates that there is a difficulty for the social worker in applying the Social Services Act, the Administrative Act and the policies of the workplace in full. This is due to various factors which the social workers feel they encounter in their work. These factors that cause difficulties are caused by the position of power the social worker holds in their professional capacity and the power of jurisdiction the social worker has in its official authority when handling clients’ cases.  These factors arise from the position of power the social worker has through their professional role and the power of jurisdiction worker has over his powers. The results also revealed that there are differences in how attitudes brought to bear on clients in financial assistance and that there are different factors that are the basis for this.  The conclusion of this study demonstrates that the social worker feels that their actions and capability is affected by lack of time, stress, financial budget, guidelines and unreasonable demands of the profession. That leads to the social worker as an official person ending up in a complex situation, where contradictions are between the client's needs and the organization's guidelines. / Denna studie syftar till att studera hur socialarbetaren inom ekonomiskt bistånd förhåller sig kring sitt myndighetsutövande, gällande socialtjänstlagen och förvaltningslagen i mötet med klienten. Samt hur detta bemötande har för inverkan på handläggningen av klienters ärenden, men även vilken betydelse socialtjänstens riktlinjer och verksamhetsmål har för inverkan på socialarbetarens yrkesroll och formandet av dennes yrkesidentitet. För att kunna besvara dessa frågor valdes en kvalitativ ansats, eftersom syftet med studien var att studera hur socialarbetarens personliga uppfattningar kring dennes arbete påverkar arbetssättet. Med stöd av tidigare forskning inom ämnet, har studiens information införskaffats genom djupintervjuer. Studien avgränsades till Stockholms län och med sammanlagt åtta informanter.Resultatet påvisar att det råder svårigheter för socialarbetaren att förhålla sig till socialtjänstlagen, förvaltningslagen och till verksamhetens riktlinjer fullt ut. Studien visar att detta beror på olika faktorer som påverkar den enskilda socialarbetarens handlingsutrymme, såsom lagrum, riktlinjer, egna värderingar och privata föreställningar. I synnerhet när dessa privata föreställningar och värderingar motsätter sig socialtjänstens och klientens behov. Då det kan påverka handläggningen av klienters ärenden. Dessa faktorer uppstår på grund av den maktposition socialarbetaren har genom sin yrkesroll och den maktbehörighet socialarbetaren har via sin myndighetsutövning. I resultatet framkom även att det råder skillnader i hur förhållningssättet utövas gentemot klienterna inom ekonomiskt bistånd och att det är olika faktorer som ligger till grund för detta. Studiens slutsats påvisade att socialarbetaren upplever handlingsutrymmet påverkas av följande faktorer som tidsbrist, stress, ekonomiska resurser, riktlinjer och kraven på yrkesprofessionen. Detta leder till att socialarbetaren som myndighetsperson hamnar i en komplicerad situation, där motsättningar ställs mellan klientens behov och organisationens riktlinjer.

Income support is granted to those who are not by themselves or in any other way able toachieve a decent standard of living. Assessment of entitlement to income support is based onan individual evaluation and equal treatment (Kjellbom, 2009). Administrators of economicaid should therefore not judge clients differently depending on, for example, gender. The aimof this study was to commence from a gender perspective in understanding howadministrators of economic aid think of equality and inequality between the sexes whenheterosexual couples apply for income support. Based on this objective we arrived at twomain formulations of questions; how administrators of economic aid deliberate aroundequality and inequality between sexes in connection to applications for financial support, aswell as which variables in organisations sustain or discourage inequalities between genders inaid management. Previous research demonstrates that gender inequalities have been sustainedwithin organisations and that has been the basis for our study. The method used is qualitativeinterviews. The study's result is based on eight interviews with administrators at centres foreconomic aid at two medium-sized municipalities in Sweden. Our theoretical starting positionhas been power relations and gender perspective. Our result demonstrates that theadministrators’ perception of a lack of guidelines regarding the pay-out of income supportcontributes to retaining power relations between genders when heterosexual couples apply forincome support.

This research examines the financial assistance given by parents to their adult children and the extent to which it is influenced by social policy. In recent years these intergenerational financial transfers have been the subject of much research and a great deal has been learnt about when and why parents make the decision to provide financial assistance (Cox, 1987; Kohli, 1999; Albertini & Kohli, 2012). Furthermore, there has been considerable research on apparent differences in such financial assistance across countries and the extent to which this is attributable to differences in the social policies of these countries (Albertini, Kohli, & Vogel, 2007; Schenk, Dykstra, & Maas, 2010; Brandt & Deindl, 2013). The aim of this research is to further this understanding by considering transfers from different perspectives, first by considering the receipt of transfers rather than the giving of transfers and then by exploring the transfer decision in the context of multi-child families. Through these approaches and by using new data sources and analytical methods, the research estimates the association between social policy and intergenerational financial transfers. Furthermore, it was the specific aim of this research to consider whether such an association would explain cross-national variation in transfer behaviour and the importance of social policies relative to other determinants of transfer behaviour. To achieve these aims a variety of quantitative methods were used to model the giving and receiving of transfers using data from the Survey for Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the European Union’s Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). The analysis of this latter dataset represents an important contribution in itself as it allows for the exploration of the receipt of transfers in a comparative perspective for the first time. To incorporate the complex and rich nature of these two datasets, multilevel models are used to model households over time and children within families. The results of these analyses suggest that there is a small association between certain policies and parents providing financial assistance to their adult children. Those in receipt of larger public pensions are marginally more likely to provide financial assistance to their adult children than those with smaller public pensions. As for adult children themselves, those receiving financial assistance from the state in the form of child benefit, housing benefits, social exclusion benefits and educational benefits are fractionally more likely to receive from their parents as well. The estimated coefficients and maximum effect size of such social policies are very small compared to time invariant factors which include the parent’s financial resources and the number of siblings the child has. In addition, the cross-national variation in transfer behaviour identified within the analyses is considerably smaller than in previous research. The research concludes that social policies are of less importance with regards to transfer behaviour than previous research has suggested. Whilst the research identifies a clear association between social policies and transfer behaviour, it is relatively weak compared to other factors. However the research stops short of concluding that social policies do not matter, instead suggesting that future research should critically assess the importance of intergenerational transfers in determining the adult child’s outcomes.