Ces deux dernières décennies ont été marquées par une montée spectaculaire des marchés boursiers des pays en développement. Cette augmentation de l’activité boursière a favorisé, selon certains auteurs, l’amélioration des performances économiques de quelques pays dits émergents. Cependant, les pays africains peinent encore à bénéficier des avantages liés à l’activité boursière, compte tenu de l’étroitesse,de la faible liquidité et de l’inefficience de leurs marchés boursiers. Les marchés boursiers de ces pays accusent un retard manifeste par rapport aux pays en développement des autres continents. Cette thèse examine les facteurs qui expliquent le niveau de développement des marchés boursiers des pays en développement en général, et des pays africains en particulier à partir d’un échantillon de 106 pays. L’analyse empirique est articulée autour des tests statistiques et économétriques. Les résultats montrent que le capital social mesuré par la confiance influence considérablement le développement des marchés boursiers dans les pays en développement. Cette confiance, puisqu’elle est très faible en Afrique, explique le retard des marchés boursiers africains par rapport aux marchés des pays en développement des autres continents. Par ailleurs, la faiblesse de la confiance en Afrique est due à l’hétérogénéité des populations caractérisées par une forte fragmentation ethnique, linguistique et religieuse. Les résultats montrent également que le développement des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication influence positivement le développement des marchés boursiers à travers la réduction des coûts des transactions. Enfin, le développement des marchés boursiers africains est également compromis par leur ouverture précoce au reste du monde. En effet, l’ouverture financière affecte négativement l’activité boursière dans ces pays. Pour favoriser l’essor des bourses africaines, il est donc nécessaire de prendre un certain nombre de mesures. Il s’agit d’améliorer l’environnement institutionnel de manière à mieux protéger les propriétaires de capitaux afin de réduire l’effet de la faiblesse de la confiance ; de mettre en œuvre une politique qui favorise le brassage socioculturel entre les populations ; d’œuvrer pour augmenter le nombre d’entreprises cotées sur les marchés boursiers à travers l’ouverture au privé du capital des sociétés étatiques par le biais de la bourse ainsi que des mesures incitatives vis-à-vis des entreprises privées et enfin de promouvoir le développement des Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication. / The last two decades have seen a dramatic rise in stock markets in developing countries. This increase in marketactivity promoted, according to some authors, the improved economic performance of some so-called emergingcountries. However, African countries are still struggling to enjoy the benefits of market activity, given thenarrow, low liquidity and inefficiency of their stock markets. The stock markets of these countries clearlylagging behind compared to developing countries on other continents. This thesis examines the factors thatexplain the level of development of stock markets in developing countries in general and African countries inparticular from a sample of 106 countries. The empirical analysis is based around the statistical and econometrictests. The results show that social capital measured by the confidence greatly influences the development ofstock markets in developing countries. This confidence, since it is very low in Africa, explains the delay ofAfrican stock markets compared to markets in developing countries of other continents. Moreover, the lowconfidence in Africa is due to the heterogeneity of populations which are characterized by high ethnic, linguisticand religious fragmentation. The results also show that the development of new technologies of information andcommunication positively influences the development of stock markets by reducing transaction costs. Finally,the development of African stock markets is also compromised by their early opening to the world. Indeed,financial openness negatively affects market activity in these countries. To encourage the growth of Africanstock exchanges, it is necessary to take a number of measures. This is to improve the institutional environmentin order to better protect the owners of capital, this will reduce the effect of low confidence; to implement apolicy that promotes the socio-cultural mixing between populations; to work to increase the number of listedcompanies on the stock market through the opening to the private, the capital of state owned companies throughthe stock market and incentives vis- à-vis the private sector , and to promote development of New Technologiesof Information and Communication .

This thesis addresses the relationship between financial development and CSR performance, based on countries within the EU. The main objective of this thesis is to critically analyse and discuss the impact of financial development on CSR performance, through using ESG performance as a proxy. Additionally, this study aims at analysing the inclusion of institutional factors when examining the relationship. While the issue of how financial development impacts individual sustainability dimensions is quite well-researched, only one study is found to examine the precise relationship between financial development and ESG performance, concluding a positive linkage in Asia. No similar study is found in the region of the EU. We find the relationship to be complex, where various channels of influence are identified when examining ESG dimensions separately. To examine this relationship, we used panel data regression analysis, based on country level data for EU’s individual member states. Our findings show a complex relationship, implying that financial development has various impacts on ESG performance and varies throughout the range of financial development. This is in contrast to previous empirical research regarding the relationship, concluding an overall positive impact. This study provides no evidence that institutional factors affect the relationship between financial development and ESG performance, but argues for the importance of institutional inclusion, due to the identified influence on ESG practices through channels such as governing laws, regulations, norms and culture. Finally, financial development is concluded as an important catalyst to promote ESG performance within the EU. When suggesting any policy implementation, it is important to keep in mind that different countries within the EU may have different needs regarding the most efficient approach to increase ESG.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka om det fanns en skillnad på omsättningstillväxten tre år före mot tre år efter en genomförd börsnotering. Urvalet bestod av företag noterade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm mellan åren 2013–2017. Vidare studerades bolagsstorlek i relation till detta. Studien använde sig av en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats. Hypoteser gällande omsättningstillväxten för urvalet utformades och testades sedan med ett Wilcoxon Sign Test. Statistiska testerna påvisade en skillnad i omsättningstillväxt på företagen i urvalet. Omsättningsutvecklingen över den undersökta perioden var negativ. Studien konstaterade därav en negativ skillnad i omsättningstillväxten före mot efter en notering för bolagen i urvalet. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was a difference in sales growth three years before compared to three years after a stock exchange listing. The sample consisted of companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm between the years 2013-2017. Furthermore, company size in relation to this was also studied. The formulated hypotheses were tested using a Wilcoxon Sign Test. The statistical tests showed a difference in sales growth at the companies in the sample in general. The development of sales over the period examined was negative. The study therefore found a negative development in sales growth before versus after a listing for the companies in the sample. This was in order with previously conducted studies on the topic. Dividing the sample into company sizes led to sales growth before to after a stock exchange listing showing a significant difference in only smaller companies. This difference was shown to be negative.

No description available.

Using 1980 - 2012 annual data, the study empirically investigates the dynamic relationship between financial development and economic growth in three developing countries (South Africa, Brazil and Kenya) and three developed countries (United States of America, United Kingdom and Australia). The study was motivated by the current debate regarding the role of financial development in the economic growth process, and their causal relationship. The debate centres on whether financial development impacts positively or negatively on economic growth and whether it Granger-causes economic growth or vice versa. To this end, two models have been used. In Model 1 the impact of bank- and market-based financial development on economic growth is examined, while in Model 2 it is the causality between the two that is explored. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction based causality test, the results were found to differ from country to country and over time. These results were also found to be sensitive to the financial development proxy used. Based on Model 1, the study found that the impact of bank-based financial development on economic growth is positive in South Africa and the USA, but negative in the U.K – and neither positive nor negative in Kenya. Elsewhere the results were inconclusive. Market-based financial development was found to impact positively in Kenya, USA and the UK but not in the remaining countries. Based on Model 2, the study found that bank-based financial development Granger-causes economic growth in the UK, while in Brazil they Granger-cause each other. However, in South Africa, Kenya and USA no causal relationship was found. In Australia the results were inconclusive. The study also found that in the short run, market-based financial development Granger-causes economic growth in the USA but that in South Africa and Brazil, the reverse applies. On the other hand bidirectional causality was found to prevail in Kenya in the same period. / Economics / DCOM (Economics)

The study examines the dynamic relationship between financial development and investment in three Southern African countries (Botswana, South Africa and Mauritius) during the period 1976 – 2014 using annual data. The motivation for selecting these countries is mainly based on their different characteristics in their economic and financial structure. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test approach, the study examines the role of financial development in boosting investment; and the causal relationship between financial development and investment. The study makes use of composite financial development indices and divides financial development into bank-based and market-based financial development. In addition, both the impact of bank- and market-based financial development on investment, on the one hand; and the causality between bank- and market-based financial development and investment, on the other, were examined within the flexible accelerator model/framework. For both models, both bank-based and market-based financial development are assumed as having an accelerator-enhancing effect on investment. Empirical results show that, for Botswana, the impact of bank-based financial development on investment is positive in both the short run and the long run while no impact of market-based financial development is found for both periods. For South Africa, the effect of bank-based financial development on investment is found to be negative in the short run and has no impact in the long run. However, market-based financial development has only a positive effect on investment in the long run. For Mauritius, market-based financial development is the only type of financial development found to have a significant positive effect on investment, and only, in the short run. The results of the causality test show that: for Mauritius, both bank-based and market-based financial development tend to drive investment, both in the short run and in the long run; while- in South Africa, investment drives both bank-based and market-based financial development only in the short run. In Botswana, bank-based and market-based financial development and investment drive each other in the short run while investment tends to only drive bank-based financial development in the long run. Therefore, all three countries show differing results and tend to confirm that there are inter-country differences that determine the relationship between investment and financial development. The inter-country differences maybe as a result of the different stages of financial and economic development for each country. / Economics / D. Phil. (Economics)

Using 1980 - 2012 annual data, the study empirically investigates the dynamic relationship between financial development and economic growth in three developing countries (South Africa, Brazil and Kenya) and three developed countries (United States of America, United Kingdom and Australia). The study was motivated by the current debate regarding the role of financial development in the economic growth process, and their causal relationship. The debate centres on whether financial development impacts positively or negatively on economic growth and whether it Granger-causes economic growth or vice versa. To this end, two models have been used. In Model 1 the impact of bank- and market-based financial development on economic growth is examined, while in Model 2 it is the causality between the two that is explored. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction based causality test, the results were found to differ from country to country and over time. These results were also found to be sensitive to the financial development proxy used. Based on Model 1, the study found that the impact of bank-based financial development on economic growth is positive in South Africa and the USA, but negative in the U.K – and neither positive nor negative in Kenya. Elsewhere the results were inconclusive. Market-based financial development was found to impact positively in Kenya, USA and the UK but not in the remaining countries. Based on Model 2, the study found that bank-based financial development Granger-causes economic growth in the UK, while in Brazil they Granger-cause each other. However, in South Africa, Kenya and USA no causal relationship was found. In Australia the results were inconclusive. The study also found that in the short run, market-based financial development Granger-causes economic growth in the USA but that in South Africa and Brazil, the reverse applies. On the other hand bidirectional causality was found to prevail in Kenya in the same period. / Economics / D. Com. (Economics)

The causal relationship between financial development and economic growth is a controversial issue. For developing countries, empirical studies have provided mixed result. This study seeks to empirically explore the relationship and the causal link between financial development and economic growth in two sub-Saharan African countries between 1970 and 2006. The empirical investigation is carried out using time methods and the five most commonly used indicators of financial development in the literature. However, the causal relationship was carried out using two different methods which are the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing (ARDL) and the vector error correction model (VECM). Using this above methodology the study first found that in both countries there is a positive and long-term relationship between all the indicators of financial development and economic growth which was proxied by the real per capita GDP. With respect to the causality test, the two methods used provide mixed results especially in South Africa. In Cameroon the study found that financial development causes economic growth using the two methods, whereas in South Africa economic growth causes financial development when the VECM method is used, while there is an independence relationship between the two variables in South Africa when using ARDL. / Economics / M.Comm. (Economics)

Cette thèse étudie l’impact des institutions, notamment les institutions financières, sur le commerce et les investissements internationaux. Les quatre premiers chapitres étudient les institutions financières et leur impact sur le commerce et la spécialisation internationale. Précisément, le premier chapitre étudie ces institutions et les déterminants de leur niveau de développement. Le deuxième chapitre analyse la façon dont la finance intervient sur le commerce bilatéral. Le troisième chapitre construit un modèle théorique qui vise à expliquer l’impact de la finance sur le commerce sectoriel en fonction du degré d’intensité financière de chaque secteur. Le quatrième chapitre analyse l’impact hétérogène de la finance sur les différents secteurs manufacturiers. Le dernier chapitre de la thèse utilise le terme “institution” dans un sens plus large et étudie théoriquement et empiriquement si les similitudes et différences dans les environnements institutionnels à travers les pays explique la distribution internationale des investissements directs étrangers (IDE). / This thesis examines the impact of institutions, especially the financial institutions, on international trade and foreign direct investments. The first four chapters study the financial institutions and their impact on trade and international specialization. Specifically, the first chapter examines these financial institutions and the determinants of their level of development. The second chapter examines how finance impacts bilateral trade. The third chapter builds a theoretical model and aims to explain the impact of finance on the sectoral trade as a function of the degree of financial intensity of each sector. The fourth chapter analyzes the heterogeneous impact of finance on the different manufacturing sectors. The last chapter of the thesis uses the term "institution" in a broader sense and studies theoretically and empirically whether the similarities and differences in institutional environments across countries explain the international patterns of foreign direct investment (FDI).

[pt] Esse trabalho propõe uma abordagem sistemática para o desenvolvimento de frameworks usando técnicas orientadas a aspectos (OA). O objetivo central da abordagem é melhorar a capacidade de extensão e configuração de frameworks orientados a objetos (OO) para diferentes cenários de reutilização, através de uma melhor gerência de suas características. A abordagem é composta por: (i) um conjunto de diretrizes para o projeto e implementação de frameworks usando programação orientada a aspectos; e (ii) um modelo generativo usado para a instanciação automática do framework e suas variabilidades OO e OA. As diretrizes propõem a definição de um conjunto de pontos de junção de extensão (EJPs - extension join points) no código do framework, os quais podem ser usados para estender a funcionalidade básica do framework através da implementação de aspectos de extensão. Tais aspectos são responsáveis pela implementação de características transversais opcionais, alternativas ou de integração demandadas por usuários do framework. A abordagem é demonstrada com a implementação / refatoração de 3 frameworks OO pertencentes a diferentes domínios de aplicação. Uma avaliação da abordagem por meio de um estudo qualitativo e um estudo quantitativo é também apresentada. Finalmente, diversas lições aprendidas e discussões resultantes da experiência de uso da abordagem são descritas. / [en] This work proposes a systematic approach to framework development which relies on the use of aspect-oriented (AO) techniques. The main goal of the approach is to improve the extensibility and configurability of objectoriented (OO) frameworks. It is composed of: (i) a set of guidelines to design and implement frameworks using aspect-oriented programming; and (ii) a generative model which allows the automatic instantiation of the framework and its respective OO and AO variabilities. Our guidelines propose the definition of extension join points (EJPs) in the framework code, which can be used to extend the framework basic functionality by means of extension aspects. The extension aspects are responsible for implementing optional, alternative and integration crosscutting features required by the framework users. Since such aspects can be automatically unplugged from the framework code, our approach makes it easier to customize the framework to specific needs. Three cases studies are presented to illustrate the applicability of our approach to the development of frameworks from different domains. The approach is also evaluated through both a qualitative and a quantitative study. Finally, several lessons learned and discussions resulting from the use of the approach are described.