ABSTRACT Long-lasting management is the goal of enterprises. In order to achieve long-lasting management while maintaining competitiveness, CEO has to possess clear operating policies. Utilize the limited resources on core businesses especially those plans which relative financial planning is involved in the operating policies. Essentially, the management achievements and crises of an enterprise reflect on its financial data. Under the tough environment, deliberate financial planning, control, and management are the main key factors in keeping competitiveness and long-lasting management. Management consultant applies different diagnosis methods and techniques to figure out the malpractices and weaknesses of business management. Optimistic approaches are adopted to propose concrete improvement plans. Meanwhile, assistance is provided in the implementation in order to improve enterprise constitution, enhance management effectiveness and thus achieve the expected goal. This research applied system dynamics as the tool to provide enterprise with ¡§Financial Policies Laboratory¡¨. Through dynamic stimulation process, the influence of enterprise profit in setting financial goal is examined. CEO is supplied with the valuable references such as financial forecast, financial analysis, and financial diagnosis to adjust management policies, management principles and implement programs with the use of limited enterprise resources. It is hoping that this symptomatic solution can help the enterprise to improve its constitution. With the research of sample stimulation, conclusions are found as below: (1) The data received from decision function and stimulation results are adopted to construct suitable financial statement. This is for the use of financial executive in ¡§Financial Policies Laboratory¡¨. Assistance is provided to pursue better financial policies in setting the enterprise goal. (2) The timing of statement output can be coordinated as enterprise required. Through the time interval function of internal system, the objective of financial planning is achieved. (3) In accordance with enterprise real condition, financial strategies are made for different situations. Assist the enterprise to modify financial activities in appropriate timing and capacity as to enhance enterprise management achievement, improve financial constitution, and achieve the final goal of long-lasting management and development. Key words: Financial forecast, Five Forces Analysis, financial diagnosis.

This paper studies the quality of mandatory financial forecasts which announced by Taiwan lists and OTC companies ¡]hereinafter called ¡§the companies¡¨¡^. Does outside financial analyst can offer the public users more useful financial forecast than the companies¡H What¡¦s the difference on precision between financial forecasts issued from the companies and outside analysts¡HBesides, this paper also tests if the companies would perform earnings management for meeting the public expectation. The empirical results indicate that for public investors, the mandatory financial forecasts issued by the companies didn¡¦t show better accrual precision than the financial forecast issued by outside analysts. There wasn¡¦t any significant difference on degree of differential between financial forecast prepared by outside analysts and the companies. The risk for using both of the financial forecasts are the same. That means the investors can rely on none of the companies and outside analysts¡¦ forecasts to do investment decision. And the companies performed earning management to meet the consistent expectation of earning arose from market which can avoid the bad result when the actual financial report differ from forecast. In summary, the mandatory financial forecasts in Taiwan can not offer timely useful information to investors. Most of them only increase the preparation cost and control cost. Some of the companies even use them as the tool to collect money from public for personal welfare. We recommend the government authorities to consider the benefit of voluntary financial forecast system in UAS when they are reviewing the mandatory financial forecast system. The voluntary financial forecast system may solve the problems of incomplete predictability of financial forecast and asymmetry of information, finally increase the usefulness of financial forecasts.

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For the last half century, financial forecast has been undergone numerous discussions among AICPA, authority agencies, and experts. Generally, scholars and researchers use either general financial ratios or cash-flow ratios or both to predict if enterprises will bankrupt or fail. As a matter of fact, there is no concurrent conclusion as for which one is better. Some believe that the former is more accurate than the latter, while some claim that it is the vice versa. Still, some assert that it is more accurate to use them both, and some even believe that cash forecast sheet is the most effective. Usually, it has been some time since financial forecast was submitted to board of directors for approval prior to fiscal year, and moreover, some unpredictable information might occur during fiscal year given the information asymmetry. Therefore, the most important is to find funds gap as early as possible so as to respond quickly. From the perspective of an enterprise insider, the researcher regards financial forecast as a necessary tool for professional managers to cope with current information, utilizing models conforming to business¡¦s needs to introduce various situations for predicting possible funds gap in the near future. The information for the development of financial forecasts is highly complex, involving all departments in a company. Using Excel as a tool and a case company as a basis, this study developed a model which could be used for predictions with several single variables or multi-variables. Also, the validity of this model was verified by virtue of about twenty times of simulation tests. II Given that this case company, which engages in basic metal industry, is small and middle business, the model developed based on this case can only be used by similar businesses. This model which employs a MIS approach and is developed based on financial and accounting procedures often acquires inputs of enormous amount of time, manpower, and resources to become an effective tool for planning and management. Due to the limited resources and talented, it takes researcher a lot of efforts to successfully establish this model. Moreover, the operation of this model which uses Excel as a tool is not as easy as that of other systems written with programming languages. Finally, because the case company is small and middle business which has possible crises different from that of large companies, the prediction the model can make is limited. This study is mainly concerned with a system model which is not able to be shown in the text. Therefore, it is suggested to first recognize the framework of this study, and then pair with related tables to better understand this study.

本研究之目的在探討討強制性財務預測下,公司管理當局對於不準確度程度過高之公司,其可能之修正行為, 準確度係預計值與實際值之間的差異從會計理論之觀點而言管理當局可用盈餘管理(隱含方式),或修正預測(外在方式)為之達到預測準確性之目的,本研究首先要了解之問題便是財務預測之更新與否與盈餘管理之間的關連,其次由於新上市公司於國內外實證研究中發現其於上市前後存有盈餘管理之現象故本研究推論由上市目的所編製之財務預測亦有較現金增資者有較樂觀之傾向存在另外在我國企業之歷史性財務報表之查核會計師通常亦為該公司之財務預測核閱會計師故本研究亦推論會計師之聲譽對於準確度有影響以上三項問題均以WILCOXONTEST 及T TEST 來回答另外本研究欲建立一可以解釋預測準確性之迴歸式而以預測更新與否,會計師聲譽,財務預測發布目的及盈餘管理幅度為自變數研究結果顯示管理當局傾向於以更新預測之方式達成其準確度之目的會計師聲譽並非決定準確度之決定性因素上市目的所發佈者較現金增資所發布者保守推論其可能之原因與承銷商之連坐記點有關故閱表者可從財務預測之更新與否及發布目的兩者綜合判斷財務預測之準確性

強制性財務預測揭露制度已實施十多年，惟財務預測品質不佳、管理當局刻意操縱財務預測以影響股價等問題遲遲無法解決，致金管會乃決定自2005起廢止舊制，改採自願性財務預測揭露制度。本次改革除符合國際做法之外，並期望能達到降低公司財務預測成本、提高預測準確度，以及健全預測資訊公開之環境。 2005年為實施自願性財務預測揭露制度之第一個年度，當年上市（櫃）公司中，只有約6%的公司自願公開其財務預測。本研究認為，對投資人而言，財務預測既為有用資訊，為何願意公開財務預測的公司卻如此少呢？故本研究欲辨認左右公司是否公開財務預測行為之因素。 本研究設立七項與管理當局自願性揭露財務預測有關之決定因素─內部人持股比率、資本結構、資金需求、經營績效、盈餘波動性、權益資金成本，以及外資持股率，並以公司規模、產業、負債對權益比率為控制變數。研究樣本為2005年之上市(櫃)公司，將其分成兩組，ㄧ組為當年度自願揭露財務預測之公司，另ㄧ組則為當年度未曾揭露財務預測之公司，運用logit進行迴歸分析。 實證分析結果顯示，揭露與不揭露財務預測公司之主要不同特質，在於：公司過去經營績效之好壞及外資對公司之持股比率。過去經營績效較佳之公司，其主動揭露財務預測資訊給外界之機率較高；外資持股比率越高之公司，其主動揭露財務預測給外界之機率較高。 / This study examines the factors that affect managers to disclosure financial forecasts. Seven potential factors were compared for a sample of firms that reported forecasts and another sample of firms that did not release this information. The seven factors are: (1) the proportion of inside ownership, (2) capital structure, (3) the demand for external finance, (4) the business performance, (5) earnings volatility, (6) the cost of equity capital, (7) the proportion of foreign ownership. There are three control variables, including size, industry and the ratio of debt to equity. The findings report that the better the past business performance is, the more the probability that the manager will voluntarily disclose financial forecast is. The findings also report that the higher the proportion of foreign ownership is, the more willing the manager is to voluntarily disclose financial forecast.

本研究主要目的在探討證券管理委員會所強制編製之財務預測報告是否具有資訊內涵。在美國，證券交易委員會對財務預測資訊之揭露，係採鼓勵但不強制的態度。財務預測資訊由市場供需所產生，且有司法體系監督著，對於散佈不實消息包括財務預測，影響市場運作者都會受到應當懲處。故其財務預測資訊相對而言準確性較高。反觀我國預測制度，證管會基於保護投資人的立場，達到資訊充分公開，強制公開財務預測資訊。但在目前的規範體系下，後續監督能力可能較弱，市場機制未能充分發揮，是以強制公開並不能保証其合理性。 　　依據「證券發行人財務報告編製準則」第15條，及「發行人募集與發行有價證券處理準則上第18條、第25條規定，上市公司如有現金增資或公開發行公司申請上市、募集與發行可轉換公司債時，需強制性揭露財務預測，上市公司亦可自願性地揭露財務預測。當編製財務預測所依據之關鍵因素或基本假設發生變動，致營業毛利（修正前為營業損益）或稅前損益變動達百分之二十以上（修正前為百分之十以上），且影響金額達一千萬以上，公司需更新及申告公告財務預測。 　　在財務預測相關規定下，根據資訊不對稱經濟學(Economics of Informational Asymmetry)，本研究以為資訊提供者會評估其相關成本效益來決定資訊品質。由於國內相關法規對劣質財務預測資訊並無足夠罰則，且資訊環境的效率性存疑，因此，本研究大膽假設國內財務預測資訊不存在資訊內涵。另外，根據國外實證研究，公司會傾向提早公佈好消息，延遲壞消息之公佈。本研究另一實證研究，係探討財務預測更新資訊型態與公告時間性之關連性。 　　實證結果彙總如下： 　　1.我國財務預測（原始預測）之公告不具資訊內涵。 　　2.財務預測更新資訊為正向更新者，不具資訊內涵。但若財務預測為負向更新之資訊揭露，在事件期會產生負的異常報酬。此實證結果意味著，負向財務預測更新代表公司原始預測過份樂觀，亦可能公司預計營運能力的衰退。所以，市場會有負向的反應。 　　3.時間性實證研究結果顯示，公司會延遲公告負向財務預測更新。

Målet för denna studie har varit att skapa en första version för ett verktyg i vilket analytiker inom finans kan skapa sina långsiktiga scenarion och väga olika rikser samt möjligheter mot varandra.Idén till ett sådant verktyg har funnits inom företaget i flera år, men de tidigare idéerna har varit för specifika för att kunna användas. Detta har främst berott på tidsbrist samt att de som utvecklat dem inte har haft tillgång till en bra utvecklingsmiljö.De enda begränsningarna för verktyget har varit 1) ”Det behöer kunna visa inverkan av manipuleringar”, 2) ”det behöer finnas såmycket funktionalitet som möjligt, utan att det finns knappar överallt” och 3) ”det få inte ädra nåot av input datan”.Eftersom dessa är abstrakta specificationer behövdes mock-ups, observationer och användbarhetstest för att kunna skapa ett verktyg som förenklar de mest använda manipulationerna. Verktyget måste också låta användaren enkelt ticka i och ur sina manipulationer så att dessa inte behöver göras om varje gång användaren vill testa ett nytt utfall.Observationerna och testerna har visat att användarna jobbar på olika sätt, och därför behövde verktyget vara flexibelt. Detta innebar också att det behövdes både generella samt specifika manipulationer. De visade också att verktyget behövde delas in i två delar, en för att skapa rapporter och en för att visa rapporten. Detta då rapporteringsprocessen ej får ändras.Fokus för denna studie har varit MDI, Människa-datorinteraktion. Detta innebär att den färdiga produkten bör vara intuitiv och väldigt enkel att lära sig att använda för användarna. Detta kan vara svårt då användarna arbetar på mycket olika sätt.Den färdiga produkten för denna studie har lyckats klara alla de mål som satts upp. En mock-up som gjorde användarna nyfikna på programmet, skapades i Java. Det bestämdes därmed att detta var det programmeringsspråk som skulle användas. Ett användargränssnitt som var enkel, men samtidigt hade en komplex funktionalitet lades till.Detta gjorde att användarna frågade sig själva ”Kan det verkligen vara såhä enkelt?” samt ”Varfö har vi inte gjort detta innan?”. Tillslut skapades en fungerande produkt som var både enkel att använda samt att den gjorde många av de enkla beräkningarna åt analytikern.Den enda del som ej blivit fullt implementerad innan slutet för denna studie är mallen för de Excel rapporter som ska skapas av verktyget. Denna del av verktyget utformades av en ekonom som vet vilka grafer som kan vara intressanta att ta med i en rapport. Nu, när verktyget genererar en rapport, genereras endast de grafer som syns i verktyget, totalen för scenariona (uppdelade i olika kategorier) samt alla de manipuleringsrader som skapats för de tre olika scenariona. / The goal with this study has been to create a first version for a tool in which financial analysts can create their long-term scenarios and weigh different risks and opportunities against each other.The idea to such a tool has been around for years within the company, but the earlier ideas were too specific to be usable. This has mainly been due to the lack of time and available tools to realize the ideas.The only restrictions for the tool have been 1) “It needs to show the impact of manipulations”, 2) “it needs as much functionality as possible without having buttons all over it” and 3) “it should not alter any of the input data”.Because these are quite abstract specifications, mock-ups, observations and usability tests have been used to create a tool that simplifies the most used manipulations and enables the user to tick in and out their manipulations so that the manipulation does not have to be redone every time the user wants to test a new outcome.The observations and tests have shown that the users work very differently from each other, and so, the tool needed to be very flexible. This meant that there needed to be both general and specific manipulations which are based on general formulas. It also showed that the tool needed to be split into two parts, one for creating and one for showing reports, because the reporting process should not be altered.The focus of this study has been HCI, Human Computer Interaction. This means that the finished product should be intuitive and also easy to learn how to operate by the users which could be difficult when the users do work in different ways. The resulting product of this study has reached all of the goals. A mock-up that got the users interested in the program was produced in Java, which decided the programming language. A GUI that was simple, yet had complex functionality was added. It made users ask themselves “Could it really be this easy?” and “Why have we not done this before?”. And, at last, a working product were produced, that was both simple to operate and at the same time did a lot of the calculations for the analyst.The only part of the product that has not been fully implemented before the endof this study is the template in which the Excel Report is supposed to be generated. This part of the tool was taken care of by an economist that knew which graphs that could be interesting to create a report of. Now, the tool generates a report with only the graphs that are shown in the tool, the totals for the scenarios (split into different categories) and all of the adjustment rows for the three scenarios.

1997年亞洲發生金融風暴後，國內亦發生多起企業舞弊案件，再加上2001年底美國大型公司會計醜聞案，公司所揭露的資訊是否仍為投資人所相信，似乎存有許多問號，加強公司治理機制應是一個較佳的解決方案，也逐漸為世界各國所重視。本研究以董監事會特性做為衡量公司治理機制良窳的代理變數，探討其與財務預測準確性之關聯性為何。 本研究以曾發佈民國九十年及九十一年強制性財務預測之上市公司為樣本，實證結果發現，當公司控制股東佔全體董事席次之比例愈高、次大股東佔全體董事席次之比例愈低、次大股東佔全體監察人席次之比例愈低、董事及監察人異動之比例愈高、公司有參與管理的情形、公司沒有獨立監察人的存在以及總經理發生異動時，公司所發佈之財務預測愈不準確，且其更新幅度愈大。 / Since the Asia financial crisis in 1997, there were much fraudulence of the listed companies in Taiwan. Then in the United States, Enron and Xerox were suffered from scandals in 2001. Do investors still believe the information companies disclose? We never know. But one way to recover the belief of investors is to reinforce the corporate governance mechanism and many countries have placed importance on it. Using the characteristics of board of directors and supervisors as the proxy of corporate governance mechanism, this paper examines the relationship between the characteristics of board of directors and supervisors and the financial forecast accuracy. The research data are collected from listed companies that have released the financial forecast in 2001 and 2002. The empirical result suggests the larger proportion of board seats the controlling shareholders hold, the smaller proportion of board seats and supervisor seats the secondary major shareholders hold, the higher rate of changes of directors and supervisors, participation in management, no independent supervisor and the change of CEO would lead the financial forecast less accurate and the range of renewal larger.

財務預測相較於歷史性財務報表而言，其決策之攸關性較大。我國自民國80年5月起開始實施強制性財務報表迄今，已成為資本市場中相當重要的訊息，惟隨著我國證券市場規模逐步擴大，公司面臨之經濟環境日趨複雜，為符合國際作法及實務需要，故行政院金融監督管理委員會證券期貨局於93年12月9日依據證券交易法第三十六條之一，發布金管證六字第930005938號函，修正財務預測制度改採自願公開方式（並得以簡式或完整式方法擇一為之），並參考國外有關預測性資訊公開之相關規定及實務運作方式，配合相關配套措施，以增進資本市場效率及決策品質。 　　宣告取消財務預測強制公開揭露制度後，實證結果顯示：(1)對股價會產生一負向的效果，有顯著的負向異常報酬產生，且消息提前反應於市場上；在交易量方面，有顯著異常增加的情形發生。(2)對資訊特性不同分組採單變量分析，結果顯示公司規模及分析師人數可解釋宣告效果大小，兩組之間均達顯著水準。(3)公司規模越大時，股價反應越小，顯示公司規模與宣告異常報酬率間呈負向關係，亦即規模效果存在；但交易量反應越大。(4)分析師人數越多時，股價反應越小；但交易量反應越大，且較少分析師人數公司來得顯著。 / Financial forcast is more relevant than historical financial statements. Our country began to implement the mandatory financial forcast since May, 1991, has already become a very important information in the capital market. While the economic environment becoming complicated, in order to meet international practices, so on December 9, 1993, change the firm can dicide disclosure their financial forcast by themselves, in order to promote the efficiency of capital market and decision quality. The empirical results show that：(1) For stock price, it will produce negative effect; on the other hand, trading volume is significant increaseing. (2) For groups with different level of information characteristics, the results show that firm size and the number of ananlysts can explain that declaring effect. (3) When the size of firm is larger, the stock price is smaller; but the trading volume is larger. (4) The number of analysts is larger, the response of stock price is smaller; but the trading volume is larger in response.