Los sistemas de pensiones tienen como finalidad otorgar una pensión de jubilación adecuada, por lo que resulta de importancia estudiar y analizar este mercado, para poder conocer su evolución a lo largo de los años, tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo. El presente trabajo de investigación continúa el estudio de los sistemas de pensiones a través de la revisión de diferentes publicaciones que se han ido realizando acerca de las variaciones, la importancia y los efectos de los fondos de pensiones, tanto en la economía como en los mercados financieros. La literatura revisada contempla datos y resultados de economías de diferentes países, entre los que se destaca Estados Unidos, las principales economías europeas y los países de América Latina, que en los últimos treinta años han presentado reformas en sus planes de pensiones. Varios de los documentos analizados presentan información histórica y conceptos relacionados a pensiones, así como también estudios basados en modelos estadísticos y econométricos, que refuerzan los resultados de los efectos favorables de la existencia de los fondos de pensiones en diferentes aspectos de la economía de los países, como son el crecimiento, mercado de capitales, entre otros. El objetivo principal del trabajo busca conocer la evolución de los sistemas de pensiones y sus reformas. La principal conclusión a la que llega esta investigación es que los sistemas de pensiones presentan diversas modificaciones y se ven afectados por los ciclos de crisis económicas, debido a que no logran cubrir el objetivo de contar con un adecuado fondo de retiro. / The purpose of pension systems is to provide an adequate retirement pension, so it is important to study and analyze this market in order to know how it has evolved over the years, both in developed and developing countries. This research work continues the study of pension systems by reviewing different publications that have been published on the variations, importance and effects of pension funds, both in the economy and in the financial markets. The literature reviewed includes data and results from the economies of different countries, including the United States, the main European economies and the countries of Latin America, which in the last thirty years have presented reforms in their pension plans. Several of the documents analyzed present historical information and concepts related to pensions, as well as studies based on statistical and econometric models, which reinforce the results of the favorable effects of the existence of pension funds on different aspects of the countries' economies, such as growth, capital markets, among others. The main objective of the work is to learn about the evolution of pension systems and their reforms. The main conclusion reached by this research is that pension systems present several modifications and are affected by economic crisis cycles, because they fail to cover the objective of having an adequate retirement fund. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

[pt] Desvios de Paridade Coberta da Taxa de Juros (CIP) têm sido amplos e persistentes, entre economias do G10, desde a crise financeira mundial de 2008. Uma das explicações para a quebra na relação de paridade (CIP) são as novas regulações bancárias que surgiram no período pós-crise. Por outro lado, desvios de CIP na economia brasileira têm sido associados ao índice EMBI+, que é uma medida de risco país, tal como em Garcia and Didier (2003). A partir da literatura recente sobre desvios de CIP (i.e., a currency basis) entre as economias do G10, eu mostro a evolução recente da cross-currency basis para essas economias, durante a pandemia de 2020, e então eu estudo os determinantes macroeconômicos e regulatórios da basis do Real. Usando a estratégia empírica de Cerutti et al (2021), eu encontro que o bid-ask spread (medida de liquidez) do dólar futuro tem um efeito proeminente. Em uma abordagem de diferença-em-diferenças, eu encontro que a basis brasileira sobe aos finais de trimestres, coincidindo com o período em que os contratos futuros aparecem no balanço patrimonial dos bancos. Tal evidência sugere um efeito causal de regulação bancária na currency basis, em linha com Du, Tepper and Verdelhan (2018). / [en] Covered Interest Parity deviations (CIP) have been large and persistent among G10 currencies since the global financial crisis in 2008. One of the explanations for the CIP condition breakdown are the new banking regulations that arose in the post-crisis period. On the other hand, CIP deviations for the Brazilian economy have been associated with the EMBI+ index, which is a measure of country risk, as in Garcia and Didier (2003). Building on the recent literature on Covered Interest Parity deviations (i.e, the currency basis) among G10 currencies, I show the recent evolution of the cross-currency basis for the G10 economies, during the 2020 pandemic crisis, and then I study the macroeconomic and regulatory drivers of the Brazilian currency basis. Using the regression approach of Cerutti et al (2021), I find that the FX bid-ask spread has a prominent effect on the real/dollar basis. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I find that the Brazilian currency basis rises at quarter-ends, which is the period when forward contracts appear on banks balance sheets. This points to a causal effect of banking regulation on the currency basis, in line with Du, Tepper and Verdelhan (2018).

[pt] Grande parte da literatura de problemas de escalonamento assume que todas as máquinas estão disponíveis durante todo o período de análise o que, na prática, não é verdade, pois algumas das máquinas podem estar indisponíveis para processamento sem aviso prévio devido a problemas ou a políticas de utilização de seus recursos. Nesta tese, exploramos algumas das poucas heurísticas disponíveis na literatura para a minimização do makespan para este tipo de problema NP-difícil e apresentamos uma nova heurística que utiliza estatísticas de disponibilidade das máquinas para gerar um escalonamento. O estudo experimental com dados reais mostrou que a nova heurística apresenta ganhos de makespan em relação aos demais algoritmos clássicos que não utilizam informações de disponibilidade no processo de decisão. A aplicação prática deste problema está relacionada a precificação de ativos de uma carteira teórica de forma a estabelecer o risco de mercado da forma mais rápida possível através da utilização de recursos tecnológicos ociosos. / [en] Most literature in scheduling theory assumes that machines are always available during the scheduling time interval, which in practice is not true due to machine breakdowns or resource usage policies. We study a few available heuristics for the NP-hard problem of minimizing the makespan when breakdowns may happen. We also develop a new scheduling heuristic based on historical machine availability information. Our experimental study, with real data, suggests that this new heuristic is better in terms of makespan than other algorithms that do not take this information into account. We apply the results of our investigation for the asset-pricing problem of a fund portfolio in order to determine a full valuation market risk using idle technological resources of a company.

The increasing usage of algorithms and extensive collections of data have changed the discipline of finance and created new possibilities for analyzing the financial markets. To further explore the potential of developing new methods for understanding financial market behaviour, this thesis examines the first digit probability distribution of Benford's Law and its applicability within the financial markets. The research investigates various indices', equities', and technical analysis tools' conformity to Benford's Law by using relative price changes and volume traded. It was found that both indices and equities exhibit resemblance with Benford's Law, whereas technical analysis tools did not. In addition, the relevance of data frequency was explored, but it was deemed not to have any effect on conformity found. In an attempt to apply the findings, a regression analysis was conducted to forecast volatility. However, even though correlation was found, the regression model failed to predict future volatility accurately. / Den ökade användningen av algoritmer och omfattande datainsamling har förändrat det finansiella spelrummet och skapat nya möjligheter för analys av finansmarknaden. För att ytterligare undersöka potentialen i att utveckla nya metoder för att förstå finansmarknadens beteende utforskar denna avhandling Benfords lag och dess tillämpbarhet på den finansiella marknaden. Studien testar olika index, aktiers och tekniska analysverktygs överensstämmelse med Benfords lag genom att använda relativa prisförändringar och handlad volym. Det visade sig att både index och aktier följer Benfords lag medan tekniska analysverktyg inte gjorde det. Dessutom undersöktes datafrekvensens relevans, men detta ansågs inte ha någon effekt på överensstämmelsen med fördelningen. I ett försök att tillämpa resultaten genomfördes en regressionsanalys för att prognosticera volatilitet. Korrelation hittades men regressionsmodellen gav inte ett tillförlitligt resultat.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Esta tesis doctoral se enmarca en el área de investigación del Departamento de Economía y Ciencias Sociales, y se centra en la perspectiva conductual de la liquidez del mercado. La liquidez que varía en el tiempo y sus problemas relacionados son una de las preocupaciones dominantes en la literatura de microestructura del mercado. El papel crítico de la liquidez del mercado en la ejecución de transacciones o la determinación del rendimiento de la inversión genera inquietudes tanto para académicos como para aquellos que participan en el mercado. Por lo tanto, es necesario desvelar los problemas potenciales que pueden afectar la liquidez del mercado financiero. Esta tesis busca entender la liquidez del mercado y sus problemas relacionados a la luz del comportamiento de los inversores. La perspectiva conductual de la liquidez se examina utilizando información orientada a opiniones en microblogs. La creciente literatura de finanzas conductuales también incluye la autenticidad de los datos de microblogs tanto en la modelización como en la predicción de diversas preocupaciones asociadas con el funcionamiento eficiente de los mercados financieros. Sin embargo, la investigación previa en el ámbito de las finanzas conductuales podría haber pasado por alto algunas implicaciones potenciales de la información orientada a opiniones en microblogs sobre la liquidez del mercado a nivel de mercado y de empresa. Por lo tanto, la tesis pretende ser una aplicación empírica en esta área de investigación. La tesis se lleva a cabo como un compendio de artículos científicos, cuya memoria incluye varios artículos de investigación publicados en revistas indexadas. El primer artículo proporciona información sobre la relación entre el contenido de microblogs y el coste de facilitación de la liquidez. Durante los períodos de negociación, este estudio sugirió que el estado de ánimo de los inversionistas tenía menos influencia en afectar la liquidez que varía en el tiempo y su coste de facilitación. Sin embargo, la información entrante en un día dado fue más influyente para las sesiones de negociación siguientes. Los sentimientos construidos sobre una base de dos días estaban asociados con el costo de facilitación de la liquidez. El segundo articulo aborda las dimensiones de la liquidez del mercado utilizando opiniones de microblogs. Esta investigación reveló que los sentimientos de los inversores en entornos de pesimismo tenían más poder autoritario sobre las dimensiones de la liquidez, incluidos los costes de negociación, la inmediatez de la transacción, la dispersión de precios y el volumen de negociación. Finalmente, el tercer articulo de investigación explora el riesgo sistemático de sentimiento para la liquidez en relación con los datos de microblogs. Este estudio mostró que la liquidez del índice bancario estaba expuesta al riesgo sistemático de sentimiento y liquidez, pero la liquidez del índice de empresas no financieras solo estaba expuesta a un riesgo sistemático de liquidez. Los participantes del mercado impulsados por los sentimientos observados en la plataforma de microblogging pueden no solo influir en la liquidez del mercado, que varía en el tiempo y sus dimensiones, sino que también pueden exponerse al riesgo sistemático para la liquidez dentro de un mercado más amplio. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que la liquidez y sus aspectos relacionados se valoren frente a los problemas de selección adversa en el mercado. Además, la medición de la información entrante en la plataforma de microblogging puede ayudar mejor a los proveedores de liquidez en la construcción de carteras. / [CA] Aquesta tesi doctoral s'emmarca en l'àrea d'investigació del Departament d'Economia i Ciències Socials, i es centra en la perspectiva conductual de la liquiditat del mercat. La liquiditat que varia en el temps i els seus problemes relacionats són una de les preocupacions dominants en la literatura de microestructura del mercat. El paper crític de la liquiditat del mercat en l'execució de transaccions o la determinació del rendiment de la inversió genera inquietuds tant per a acadèmics com per a aquells que participen en el mercat. Per tant, és necessari desvetlar els problemes potencials que poden afectar la liquiditat del mercat financer. Aquesta tesi busca entendre la liquiditat del mercat i els seus problemes relacionats a la llum del comportament dels inversors. La perspectiva conductual de la liquiditat s'examina utilitzant informació orientada a opinions en microblogs. La creixent literatura de finances conductuals també inclou l'autenticitat de les dades de microblogs tant en la modelització com en la predicció de diverses preocupacions associades amb el funcionament eficient dels mercats financers. No obstant això, la recerca prèvia en l'àmbit de les finances conductuals podria haver passat per alt algunes implicacions potencials de la informació orientada a opinions en microblogs sobre la liquiditat del mercat a nivell de mercat i d'empresa. Per tant, la tesi pretén ser una aplicació empírica en aquesta àrea d'investigació. La tesi es duu a terme com a compendi d'articles cientifics, la memòria de la qual inclou diversos articles de recerca publicats en revistes indexades. El primer article proporciona informació sobre la relació entre el contingut de microblogs i el cost de facilitació de la liquiditat. Durant els períodes de negociació, aquest estudi va suggerir que l'estat d'ànim dels inversors tenia menys influència en afectar la liquiditat que varia en el temps i el seu cost de facilitació. No obstant això, la informació entrant en un dia donat era més influent per a les sessions de negociació següents. Els sentiments construïts sobre una base de dos dies estaven associats amb el cost de facilitació de la liquiditat. El segon article aborda les dimensions de la liquiditat del mercat utilitzant opinions de microblogs. Aquesta recerca va revelar que els sentiments dels inversors en entorns de pessimisme tenien més poder autoritari sobre les dimensions de la liquiditat, inclosos els costos de negociació, la immediatesa de la transacció, la dispersió de preus i el volum de negociació. Finalment, el tercer article de recerca explora el risc sistemàtic de sentiment per a la liquiditat en relació amb les dades de microblogs. Aquest estudi va mostrar que la liquiditat de l'índex bancari estava exposada al risc sistemàtic de sentiment i liquiditat, però la liquiditat de l'índex d'empreses no financeres només estava exposada a un risc sistemàtic de liquiditat. Els participants del mercat impulsats pels sentiments observats a la plataforma de microblogging poden no només influir en la liquiditat del mercat, que varia en el temps i les seves dimensions, sinó que també poden exposar-se al risc sistemàtic per a la liquiditat dins d'un mercat més ampli. Per tant, es suggereix que la liquiditat i els seus aspectes relacionats es valoren davant dels problemes de selecció adversa en el mercat. A més, la mesura de la informació entrant a la plataforma de microblogging pot ajudar millor els proveïdors de liquiditat en la construcció de carteres. / [EN] This doctoral dissertation falls in the research area of economic and social sciences department, and focuses on the behavioral perspective of market liquidity. The time-varying liquidity and its related issues are one of the dominant concerns in the market microstructure literature. The critical role of market liquidity in executing the transactions or determining the yield on investment is raising concerns for both academics and those who engage in the trading. There is thus need to unveil the potential issues, that may impact the financial market liquidity. This dissertation seeks to understand market liquidity and its related issues in the light of investors' behavior. The behavioral perspective of liquidity is examined using microblogging-opinionated information. The escalation of behavioral finance literature also comprises the authenticity of microblogging data in both modeling and predicting various concerns associated with the efficient functioning of financial markets. However, previous research in the behavioral finance domain might have ignored a few potential implications of microblogging-opinionated information on market liquidity at the market and firm levels. Therefore, the dissertation aims to be the first empirical attempt in this area of research. The thesis is carried out as a compendium of scientific papers, whose memory includes several research articles published in the indexed journals. The first article provides insights into relationship between microblogging content and liquidity-facilitating cost. During trading periods, this study suggested that investors' mood was less influential in affecting the time-varying liquidity and its providing cost. However, the incoming information on a given day was more influential for following trading sessions. The sentiments built on a two-day basis were associated with the liquidity-facilitating cost. The second article covers the dimensions of market liquidity using microblogging opinions. This research revealed that investor sentiments in environments of pessimism had more authoritative power on liquidity dimensions including the trading costs, transaction immediacy, price dispersion and trading volume. Finally, the third research paper explores the systematic sentiment risk for liquidity in relation to the microblogging data. This study depicted that the bank index liquidity was exposed to the systematic sentiment and liquidity risks, but non-financial firm index liquidity was only exposed to a systematic liquidity risk. The emotion-driven market participants on microblogging platform may not only influence the time-varying market liquidity and its dimensions, but they may also expose to the systematic risk for liquidity withing a broader market. Thus, liquidity and its related aspects are suggested to be priced against the adverse selection issues in the market. Additionally, the measurement of incoming information on microblogging platform may better assist the liquidity providers in the construction of portfolio. / Saleemi, J. (2024). Can Sentiments of Social Media Participants reflect by Financial Market Liquidity [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206814 / Compendio

The presented thesis deals with the publisher Jan Otto (1841-1916), who was one of the most important personalities of the Czech national society at the end of 19th and at the beginning of 20th century. Based on proper study of archival material his business activity in publishing and typographical field and his manager function in the biggest national Czech bank, Trade Bank, which Otto devoted over 40 years of his life is analysed. These are two basic thematic spheres of the thesis. The analysis of one of Czech economic nationalism manifests towards the end of 19th century which was a foundation of the company National business and industrial enterprise is a complementary supplement of this thesis. Otto was actually closely connected with the whole project. The thesis conclusion concentrates on Otto's identity question. The thesis is a case study for issues of national Czech business and banking elites.

disertační práce Petr Semecký Česká národní banka, právní postavení a náplň činnosti 5 Abstract A. Objectives The main goal of the dissertation "The Czech National Bank, legal status and content of activity" is to quantify, qualify and draw as exact as possible conclusions about some aspects of the development, status and activities of the Czech National Bank in the future. To solve this task, the author has used in the introduction of this work three following key questions: 1. What are the implications for the Czech National Bank of the new bodies supervising the financial markets at european level? 2. What are the benefits and negatives of adopting the euro for the Czech Republic and should the Czech Republic actually join the European Monetary Union? 3. What impact will have the amendment of the Capital Adequacy Directive (the "Basel II") on the activities of the Czech National Bank? B. Methods By creating this work was used a wide range of research methods to ensure that there will be drawn conclusions with the best possible informative value. It is possible to mention particularly the method of recherche, abstraction, comparison and synthesis. C. Sources As the most important sources used by creating the work can be mentioned ecpecially, scientific publications, monographs, articles published...

Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme in der Finanzwirtschaft sind nicht nur für die Wis-senschaft, sondern auch für die Praxis von großem Interesse. Um die Finanzmarktüber-wachung zu gewährleisten, sehen sich die Finanzaufsichtsbehörden auf der einen Seite, mit der steigenden Anzahl von onlineverfügbaren Informationen, wie z.B. den Finanz-Blogs und -Nachrichten konfrontiert. Auf der anderen Seite stellen schnell aufkommen-de Trends, wie z.B. die stetig wachsende Menge an online verfügbaren Daten sowie die Entwicklung von Data-Mining-Methoden, Herausforderungen für die Wissenschaft dar. Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme in der Finanzwirtschaft bieten die Möglichkeit rechtzeitig relevante Informationen für Finanzaufsichtsbehörden und Compliance-Beauftragte von Finanzinstituten zur Verfügung zu stellen. In dieser Arbeit werden IT-Artefakte vorgestellt, welche die Entscheidungsfindung der Finanzmarktüberwachung unterstützen. Darüber hinaus wird eine erklärende Designtheorie vorgestellt, welche die Anforderungen der Regulierungsbehörden und der Compliance-Beauftragten in Finan-zinstituten aufgreift.

<p>The cross-sectional variation of stock returns used to be described by the Capital Asset Pricing Model until the early 90‟s. Anomalies, such as, book-to-market effect and small firm effect undermined CAPM‟s ability to explain stock returns and Fama & French (1992) have shown that simple firm attributes, like, firm size and book-to-market value can explain the returns far better than Beta. Following Fama & French many other researchers examine the explanatory powers of CAPM and other asset pricing models. However, most of those studies use US data. There are some researches done in different countries than US, however more out-of-sample studies need to be conducted.</p><p>To our knowledge there are very few studies using the Swedish data and this thesis contributes to that small pool of studies. Moreover, the studies testing the CAPM use the unconditional version of the model. There are some papers suggesting the use of a conditional CAPM that would exhibit better explanatory powers than the unconditional CAPM. Different ways of conditioning the CAPM have been proposed, but one that we think is the least complex and possible to make use of in the business world is the dual-beta model. This conditional CAPM assumes a different relationship between beta and stock returns during the up markets and down markets. Furthermore, the model has not thoroughly been tested outside the US. Our study is the first to use the dual-beta model in Sweden. In addition, the momentum effect has lately been given some attention and Fama & French‟s (1993) three factor model has not been able to explain the abnormal returns related to that anomaly. We test the Fama & French three factor model, CAPM and Carhart‟s four factor model‟s explanatory abilities of the momentum effect using Swedish stock returns. Ultimately, our aim is to find the best model that describes stock return cross-section on the Stockholm Stock Exchange.</p><p>We use returns of all the non-financial firms listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange between September, 1997 and April, 2010. The number of companies included in our time sample is 366. The results of our tests indicate that the small firm effect, book-to-market effect and the momentum effect are not present on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Consequently, the CAPM emerges as the one model that explains stock return cross-section better than the other models suggesting that Beta is still a proper measure of risk. Furthermore, the conditional version of CAPM describes the stock return variation far better than the unconditional CAPM. This implies using different Betas to estimate risk during up market conditions and down market conditions.</p>

The cross-sectional variation of stock returns used to be described by the Capital Asset Pricing Model until the early 90‟s. Anomalies, such as, book-to-market effect and small firm effect undermined CAPM‟s ability to explain stock returns and Fama &amp; French (1992) have shown that simple firm attributes, like, firm size and book-to-market value can explain the returns far better than Beta. Following Fama &amp; French many other researchers examine the explanatory powers of CAPM and other asset pricing models. However, most of those studies use US data. There are some researches done in different countries than US, however more out-of-sample studies need to be conducted. To our knowledge there are very few studies using the Swedish data and this thesis contributes to that small pool of studies. Moreover, the studies testing the CAPM use the unconditional version of the model. There are some papers suggesting the use of a conditional CAPM that would exhibit better explanatory powers than the unconditional CAPM. Different ways of conditioning the CAPM have been proposed, but one that we think is the least complex and possible to make use of in the business world is the dual-beta model. This conditional CAPM assumes a different relationship between beta and stock returns during the up markets and down markets. Furthermore, the model has not thoroughly been tested outside the US. Our study is the first to use the dual-beta model in Sweden. In addition, the momentum effect has lately been given some attention and Fama &amp; French‟s (1993) three factor model has not been able to explain the abnormal returns related to that anomaly. We test the Fama &amp; French three factor model, CAPM and Carhart‟s four factor model‟s explanatory abilities of the momentum effect using Swedish stock returns. Ultimately, our aim is to find the best model that describes stock return cross-section on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. We use returns of all the non-financial firms listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange between September, 1997 and April, 2010. The number of companies included in our time sample is 366. The results of our tests indicate that the small firm effect, book-to-market effect and the momentum effect are not present on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Consequently, the CAPM emerges as the one model that explains stock return cross-section better than the other models suggesting that Beta is still a proper measure of risk. Furthermore, the conditional version of CAPM describes the stock return variation far better than the unconditional CAPM. This implies using different Betas to estimate risk during up market conditions and down market conditions.