<p>Financial crises, liberalization of financial markets, globalization and more and more sophisticated financial products necessitate appropriate regulations within the financial industry. Nowadays, ever-growing international trading is all the more linked to financial</p><p>institutions such as banks and insurance companies. But simultaneously, with the international operations, the range of relevant risks has increased enormously and the implementation of</p><p>new efficient regulations has become necessary. These regulations aim at improving risk management, in order to assure the solvability of these companies and therewith the financial stability of the whole economy. This should be achieved by the supervision models: BASEL II for banks and SOLVENCY II for insurances.</p><p>How far do these two supervision models influence the financial institutions and to what extent do they achieve to realize a more adequate risk management? These issues are to be discussed in our thesis.</p><p>The relevant risks for industries become conceptualized and both supervision models are presented. The presentation covers a development, objectives and a constitution of both models. Based on this, an analytical review of the models is performed to derive potential impacts and consequences for implementing companies and the financial sector, respectively.</p><p>A comparison of the respective objectives, developments, constitutions and impacts of BASEL II and SOLVENCY II provides an insight into potential future consequences of both models on financial institutions. The impacts of BASEL II will further be used to anticipate a few SOLVENCY II developments.</p><p>Concluding, it can be stated that both BASEL II and SOLVENCY II are able to handle the new complex risk environment with interconnections and overlappings of risks, if implemented internationally. However, this will be achieved only due to more complex,expensive, and time consuming risk valuation approaches. However, this will also more</p><p>adequately take into account the individual risk situation of the companies. Therefore, the Minimum Capital Requirements for both banks and insurances are most likely to decrease.</p><p>Both supervision models are also in line with the developments of IAS/IFRS.</p><p>A final consideration of impacts and developments provides a few recommendations and suggestions for regulators, banks and insurances.</p>

Financial crises, liberalization of financial markets, globalization and more and more sophisticated financial products necessitate appropriate regulations within the financial industry. Nowadays, ever-growing international trading is all the more linked to financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies. But simultaneously, with the international operations, the range of relevant risks has increased enormously and the implementation of new efficient regulations has become necessary. These regulations aim at improving risk management, in order to assure the solvability of these companies and therewith the financial stability of the whole economy. This should be achieved by the supervision models: BASEL II for banks and SOLVENCY II for insurances. How far do these two supervision models influence the financial institutions and to what extent do they achieve to realize a more adequate risk management? These issues are to be discussed in our thesis. The relevant risks for industries become conceptualized and both supervision models are presented. The presentation covers a development, objectives and a constitution of both models. Based on this, an analytical review of the models is performed to derive potential impacts and consequences for implementing companies and the financial sector, respectively. A comparison of the respective objectives, developments, constitutions and impacts of BASEL II and SOLVENCY II provides an insight into potential future consequences of both models on financial institutions. The impacts of BASEL II will further be used to anticipate a few SOLVENCY II developments. Concluding, it can be stated that both BASEL II and SOLVENCY II are able to handle the new complex risk environment with interconnections and overlappings of risks, if implemented internationally. However, this will be achieved only due to more complex,expensive, and time consuming risk valuation approaches. However, this will also more adequately take into account the individual risk situation of the companies. Therefore, the Minimum Capital Requirements for both banks and insurances are most likely to decrease. Both supervision models are also in line with the developments of IAS/IFRS. A final consideration of impacts and developments provides a few recommendations and suggestions for regulators, banks and insurances.

Yes / This paper aims to capture the perception of banking services providers on how to restore their customers’ trust in the UK banking industry. Twenty frontline employees (FLEs) who have customer-facing responsibilities are interviewed and a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts is undertaken. Through the emergence of three different major themes and a number of sub-themes, we have presented our findings in the form of a trust restoration model. Interviewees have reported three major themes as an action framework to restore their customers’ trust. Firstly, banks are implementing enhanced transparency in their operations, by appropriately disclosing the key features of their lending and other banking activities. Secondly, they are implementing policies and procedures that can help strengthen their relationship banking, such as improving employee and customer engagement activities for supporting small businesses and the community. Thirdly, they are promoting operational efficiency by adequately investing in information technology infrastructure. However, some financial service practices identified by the interviewees, for example, the deliberate sale of financial products that are unsuitable for their customers or too complex to understand, still continues. Ultimately, this ‘sale before service’ tactic is incompatible with the industry claims of compliance with the new financial regulations.

Denna uppsats syftar till att förklara och förstå de centrala faktorer som är av betydelse vid en implementering av ett finansiellt regelverk. Ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt har använts för att uppnå vårt syfte, genom att intervjua olika respondenter från olika typer av finansiella företag som står inför den kommande förändringen. Genom att kombinera vårt empiriska resultat med den framtagna teorin om implementeringar, har vi kunnat komma fram till faktorer som är av betydelse vid implementeringar av finansiella regelverk.  De mest betydelsefulla faktorerna för en framgångsrik implementering av finansiella regelverk är anpassningsbarhet, analysförmåga och kommunikation. Genom att redan tidigt följa regelverkets utveckling kan organisationen ha en god uppfattning om hur det senare kommer att utformas på en nationell nivå. På detta sätt blir inte implementeringsprocessen lika begränsad av den långa tid som det tar att stifta de nationella regleringarna. Det är väsentligt att organisationerna kan anpassa sin implementeringsmetod utifrån regelverkets innehåll, men även anpassat till dagens moderniseringen av tekniken. När det gäller att implementera regelverk är det oftast direkt kopplat till de utgivna tjänsterna, vilket sätter mer vikt på medarbetarnas kunskap och förståelse vid en sådan implementering. / This study seeks to explain and understand the key factors that are important when implementing a financial regulation.        A qualitative approach has been used to achieve our purpose, by interviewing different respondents from different types of financial companies facing the coming change. By combining our empirical results with the developed theory of implementations, we´ve been able to find factors that are important when implementing financial regulations.  The most important factors for a successful implementation of financial regulations are adaptability, analysis capability and communication. By following up early with the regulatory developments, the organization can have a good idea of ​​what it will look like when it’s finalized on a national level. In this way, the implementation process will not be limited by the long time that it takes to enact the national regulations. It is essential that organizations can adapt their implementation method based on the content of the regulation, but also adapt it to today's modernized technology. When it comes to implementing regulations, it is usually directly related to the services that are being offered, which puts more emphasis on the employees' knowledge and understanding.

I Sverige klassificeras cirka 99,4 % av alla företag som mindre företag och under 2014 registrerades cirka 70 000 nya företag. Gemensamt är att nystartade och mindre företag som växer och utvecklas bidrar till nationell tillväxt i länderna de är verksamma inom. För att företagen ska kunna växa krävs finansiering och banker har traditionellt tillgodosett detta behov. Regelverket Basel III är därför väldiskuterat eftersom flera studier visar att det kan påverka bankers kreditgivning. Forskning visar bland annat att Basel III leder till minskad utlåning och ökade utlåningsräntor. Det visar också att nystartade företag kan missgynnas mer än andra bolag på grund av de interna riskklassificeringssystem som tillåts inom regelverket. Interna riskklassificeringssystem kan nämligen, på grund av olika variabler och parametrar, göra att nystartade företag betraktas som mer riskfyllda. Andra studier som gjorts i ämnet visar att Basel III inte påverkar varken banker, kreditgivning eller utlåningsräntor. Eftersom tidigare forskning och litteratur visar olika resultat syftar denna studie till att undersöka, beskriva och öka förståelsen för hur Basel III påverkat kreditgivningen till nystartade företag i Sverige. För att få empiriskt underlag till studien har tio intervjuer gjorts med elva respondenter från sju olika banker. Intervjuer har gjorts med anställda på större och mindre banker på central och lokal nivå. Resultatet i studien visar att alla banker höjt utlåningsräntorna till nystartade företag. Bankerna uppger att det framför allt beror på förändrad risksyn och riskbedömning till följd av Basel III. Basel III har lett till att företagskunder prissätts mer efter bedömd kreditrisk och detta har gjort att nystartade företag generellt fått en högre ränta. Resultatet visar också att interna system och modeller blivit viktigare inom bankerna och att alternativa finansieringslösningar börjat växa fram på marknaden. Samtidigt är kreditbedömningsprocessen och låneutbudet oförändrat sedan Basel III:s introduktion. Studiens resultat bidrar med praktiska implikationer till nystartade företag, banker, entreprenörer och samhället. Den bidrar också teoretiskt till forskningen i form av underlag till diskussionen om utlåningsräntor och låneutbud. / In Sweden approximately 99.4% of all companies are classified as small companies and in 2014 around 70,000 new companies were registered. The common denominator is that start-ups and small businesses that grow and evolve contribute to national growth in the countries they operate in. In order to enable businesses to grow they require finance and traditionally banks have met this need. Basel III is therefore a well-argued subject since several studies show that it can affect banks' lending. Research shows that Basel III will lead to reduced lending and increased lending rates. It also shows that start-ups may be more disadvantaged than other companies because of the internal ratings-based (IRB) approach allowed within the regulation. The IRB approach can namely, because of different variables and parameters, consider start-ups more risky than other companies. Other studies however, show that Basel III has no, or very little, impact on lending and interest rates. Since previous research and literature shows different results this study aims to examine, describe and increase the understanding of how Basel III impact lending to start-ups in Sweden. Ten interviews with eleven respondents from seven different banks have been conducted. The interviews were conducted with employees of large and small banks working on central and local level. The results of the study show that all banks have raised lending rates to start-ups. The banks say that it is mainly due to changed risk profile and risk assessment as a result of Basel III. Basel III has led to corporates, retails and start-ups being priced on estimated credit risk and this has led to start-ups being considered as riskier. Thus, banks have raised lending rates to start-ups. The result also shows that internal systems and models have become more important in banks and that alternative financing has begun to emerge on the market. Meanwhile, the credit assessment process and the loan supply are unaffected since Basel III's introduction. The study's results contribute with practical implications for start-ups, banks, entrepreneurs and the community. It also contributes to theoretical research regarding the lending rates and loan supply discussion.

Solvency II is the new European Union (EU) legislation which will replace the capital adequacy regime for the insurance industry. Considering that the banking sector has experienced a similar change through the different Basel Accords (Basel), there is an opportunity for the insurance industry before The results indicate similar distortions between developing countries while the major driver behind the cost of capital for developing countries is equity market volatility, and not credit risk as might have been expected. Finally, the fourth research problem relates to another objective of financial regulations: to reflect the risks that financial institutions face. The risk sensitivities of economic and regulatory capital for credit risk are investigated empirically using a dynamic optimisation model in one of the first studies of its kind. Results show that economic capital is a superior risk measure to regulatory capital from a systemic- and institution-specific risk perspective. This, along with calls to strengthen Pillar 2 disciplines following the financial crisis, leads to a suggestion that economic capital could be considered as a Pillar 1 capital requirement, replacing the current forms of Pillar 1 regulatory capital. the implementation of Solvency II to learn from the weaknesses and shortcomings in Basel to ensure that the design of Solvency II will, as far as possible, compensate for these. The financial crisis of 2007 to 2010 highlighted certain weaknesses and shortcomings of Basel and there is accordingly an opportunity for the insurance industry to learn from these deficiencies and to strengthen Solvency II to help prevent similar events in the insurance industry. This thesis investigates these weaknesses in Basel in an attempt to determine the extent to which these are inherently included in Solvency II. The first research problem of this thesis examines these weaknesses in Basel and relates them back to Solvency II to determine which, and to what extent, some of them may have been included in Solvency II. The second research problem leads from the first and critically explores an objective of financial regulations, namely to provide financial institutions with equal competitive conditions (the so-called ‘level playing field’) from a regulatory perspective. To achieve this objective, there is an implicit assumption that the cost of capital between countries is equal. Investigation into the cost of capital between both developed and developing countries using a modified weighted average cost of capital model indicates that the cost of capital between developed and developing countries differs and that regulations based on capital requirements tend to favour developed countries. This means that current financial regulations cannot achieve this objective as intended. The third research problem investigates the cost of capital between various developing countries to determine firstly whether similar competitive distortions exist among such countries, while secondly exploring the drivers behind the cost of capital in such countries through linear regression analyses. / PhD (Risk Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Solvency II is the new European Union (EU) legislation which will replace the capital adequacy regime for the insurance industry. Considering that the banking sector has experienced a similar change through the different Basel Accords (Basel), there is an opportunity for the insurance industry before The results indicate similar distortions between developing countries while the major driver behind the cost of capital for developing countries is equity market volatility, and not credit risk as might have been expected. Finally, the fourth research problem relates to another objective of financial regulations: to reflect the risks that financial institutions face. The risk sensitivities of economic and regulatory capital for credit risk are investigated empirically using a dynamic optimisation model in one of the first studies of its kind. Results show that economic capital is a superior risk measure to regulatory capital from a systemic- and institution-specific risk perspective. This, along with calls to strengthen Pillar 2 disciplines following the financial crisis, leads to a suggestion that economic capital could be considered as a Pillar 1 capital requirement, replacing the current forms of Pillar 1 regulatory capital. the implementation of Solvency II to learn from the weaknesses and shortcomings in Basel to ensure that the design of Solvency II will, as far as possible, compensate for these. The financial crisis of 2007 to 2010 highlighted certain weaknesses and shortcomings of Basel and there is accordingly an opportunity for the insurance industry to learn from these deficiencies and to strengthen Solvency II to help prevent similar events in the insurance industry. This thesis investigates these weaknesses in Basel in an attempt to determine the extent to which these are inherently included in Solvency II. The first research problem of this thesis examines these weaknesses in Basel and relates them back to Solvency II to determine which, and to what extent, some of them may have been included in Solvency II. The second research problem leads from the first and critically explores an objective of financial regulations, namely to provide financial institutions with equal competitive conditions (the so-called ‘level playing field’) from a regulatory perspective. To achieve this objective, there is an implicit assumption that the cost of capital between countries is equal. Investigation into the cost of capital between both developed and developing countries using a modified weighted average cost of capital model indicates that the cost of capital between developed and developing countries differs and that regulations based on capital requirements tend to favour developed countries. This means that current financial regulations cannot achieve this objective as intended. The third research problem investigates the cost of capital between various developing countries to determine firstly whether similar competitive distortions exist among such countries, while secondly exploring the drivers behind the cost of capital in such countries through linear regression analyses. / PhD (Risk Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The ability of banks to implement regulations is important in several aspects. From the Finance Inspection ́s Point of view a successful implementation is important to protect the financial system and the consumers. For the banks it is important from a cost-benefit perspective, but also to keep customers satisfied and to maintain the right to continue banking. In spite of the advantages of successful implementation, the research in this area is limited. The aim of the study is therefore to explain how banks can implement new regulations. To fulfil the aim of the study we have adopted a qualitative view. Two case studies have been made in which empirics has been collected through eight semi-structured interviews. The respondents were bank employees who had been highly involved in the implementation of MiFID II and MiFIR. The empirics were thereafter analyzed with guidance from the theoretical frame of reference. The conclusion of the study is that the banks implementation of regulations is influenced by different factors: the cooperation between banks, the aim of the bank, the corporation culture, and the structure of the organization. The analyze has been used as a start point to create a model for how banks implement regulations. Implementation can be divided into interpretation and introduction. A major challenge is to translate the regulations and integrate them into the business activity. In order to make the employee practice the regulations, different steering mechanisms are used, for example education, information and monitoring. / Bankers förmåga att implementera regelverk kan utifrån flera perspektiv anses viktigt. Utifrån finansinspektionens perspektiv är en lyckad implementering viktigt för att skydda det finansiella systemet och konsumenterna. Medan det utifrån bankernas egna perspektiv är viktigt, dels ur ett kostnadsperspektiv och dels för att bibehålla nöjda kunder samt rätten att bedriva bankverksamhet. Trots fördelen med en lyckad implementering är tidigare forskning på området begränsad. Studiens syfte är därför att förklara hur banker implementerar nya regelverk. För att uppfylla studiens syfte har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångsätt tillämpats. I undersökningen har två fallstudier genomförts där empiri samlats genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenterna bestod av bankanställda som varit högt uppsatta i implementeringen av MiFID II och MiFIR. Empirin har sedan analyserats med hjälp av den teoretiska referensramen. Utifrån analysen har sedan en modell för hur banker implementerar regelverk skapats. Studiens slutsats är att bankers implementering av regelverk påverkas av samarbete mellan banker via branschorganisationer, bankernas målsättning, företagskulturen, regelverkets komplexitet och till viss del av organisationsstrukturen. Implementering kan delas upp i tolkning och införande där en stor del handlar om att översätta regelverket och integrera det i affärsverksamheten. För att sedan få anställda att tillämpa regelverket används olika former av styrmekanismer, så som utbildning, information och uppföljning.

The expansion of the Internet led to disruptive business and consumer processes, as existing regulations do not cover the scope and scale of emerging financial technologies. Using organization economic theory as the foundation, the purpose of this correlational study was to examine and compare the financial regulatory impact on traditional and emerging financial systems across a variety of factors including organizational type, predicted users, operational concerns, reasons for cost increases, and changes in business practices as a result of the regulatory environment. Data were collected through a survey of 227 adult Americans who engage in the financial sector and are familiar with the US regulatory environment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cross tabulations, and statistical significance was tested using Lambda and Kendall's Tau c. The key finding of this study is that the effects of regulations are different for the traditional and emerging financial systems, showing the need to develop and implement policies that are context specific to the emerging financial systems. The recommendations from the study include suggestions to regulatory agencies to regulate and support emerging financial systems in line with new technology that envisions efficiency and economic fairness. The positive social change implications for this study include the development of a strategy that can ensure economic stability, reduce irregularities, and strengthen investments with a view of protecting the financial system from breakdown.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The banking industry is one of the most regulated industries in the world. The majority of these regulations are drafted to provide protection to consumers and investors and to ensure the systemic stability of the economy. South African banks, like many of their international counterparts, face a plethora of financial regulation aimed at ensuring stability and protection. In addition to these regulations, South Africa's prior exclusionary policies have resulted in the post-democratic government prescribing additional regulation, in part to address the economic duality that exists within the South African economy and in part to offer adequate protection to the most vulnerable in the society. The National Credit Act (NCA) is one such piece of legislation that has introduced a new era of consumer credit regulation and practice, bringing about wholesale changes to the consumer credit industry. The NCA and more than 260 other financial regulations in South Africa have a significant impact on banks, with each piece of legislation resulting in banks having to adapt to the changing environment (Nyamakanga, 2007). Using the four big banks' implementation of the NCA as a case study, the present study aims to establish if an integrative change management strategy could assist banks in effectively implementing financial regulation. The following aspects of the banks' implementation of the NCA were researched: • Effectiveness of financial regulation. • Current barriers and challenges to the implementation process. • Effect of these challenges on banks. • Impact on staff and customers. • Methods used to overcome the challenges. • Future challenges of the NCA. • Support structures used during implementation. • Use of change management principles. • Recommended strategies for future regulatory changes. • Recommended changes to the NCA. Detailed interviews were conducted with the overall NCA project leaders of each of the four big banks, namely, Absa, FNB, Nedbank and Standard Bank. The method of content analyses was used to analyse the qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews and the outcomes thereof formed the basis of the conclusions drawn. The study found that there were numerous challenges that the banks faced during the implementation of the NCA, the most common and significant as recognised by the population include, the magnitude of the Act, difficulty in interpreting the Act, the process of debt counselling and the associated costs of implementation. The study further found that using the principles of change management enhanced the banks' ability to implement the NCA. Conclusions drawn on the present study are confined to desktop research and semi-structured interviews conducted with the participating banks. It might be useful for future studies on the subject to include a broader population base which focuses on additional pieces of financial legislation in order to further enhance the findings of the present study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bankwese is tans een van die mees gereguleerde industriee ter wereld. Die meerderheid van hierdie regulasies is ontwerp vir die beskerming van verbruikers en beleggers asook om die sistemiese stabiliteit van die ekonomie te handhaaf. Suid-Afrikaanse banke, soos talle van hul oorsese teenstukke, verduur talle finansiele wetgewing gemik op beskerming en stabiliteit. Die gewese uitsluitende Suid-Afrikaanse wette het veroorsaak dat die huidige demokratiese regering addisionele wetgewing voorskryf, gedeeltelik om die tweesydige Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie aan te spreek en gedeeltelik om genoegsame beskerming aan die kwesbaarste van die gemeenskap te bied. Die Nasionale Krediet Wet (NKW) bied 'n nuwe era van verbruikerswetgewing en -praktyk aan wat terselfdertyd grootskaalse veranderinge op die verbruikers krediet bedryf teweegbring. Die NKW tesame met meer as 260 ander Suid-Afrikaanse finansiele wetgewing het 'n groot uitwerking op banke, met elke wet wat veroorsaak dat banke moet aanpas by die veranderlike omgewing (Nyamakanga, 2007). Deur om die vier groot banke se uitvoer van die NKW as 'n gevallestudie te gebruik, is die doel van hierdie studie om vas te stel of 'n geintegreerde veranderingsbestuurstrategie banke kan help met die doeltreffende uitvoering van finansiele wetgewing. Die volgende aspekte van die banke se uitvoering van die NKW is ondersoek: • Doeltreffendheid van finansiele regulasie. • Huidige versperrings en uitdagings tot die uitvoeringsproses. • Uitwerk van uitdagings op banke. • Uitwerking op personeel en verbruikers. • Metodiek gebruik om uitdagings te bowe te kom. • Toekomstige uitdagings van die NKW. • Ondersteunende strukture gebruik tydens uitvoering. • Gebruik van veranderingsbestuurbeginsels. • Aanbeveling van strategiee vir toekomende wetgewende veranderings. • Aanbeveling van veranderings tot die NKW. 'n Volledige onderhoud is gevoer met die projekleiers van elk van die vier groot banke, naamlik, Absa, FNB, Nedbank en Standard Bank. Inhoudsanalise was gebruik om die kwalitatiewe data te analiseer en die uitkoms daarvan vorm die basis van die gevolgtrekkings. Die studie dui aan dat banke baie uitdagings getrotseer het gedurende die uitvoer van NKW, die gewigtigste en algemeenste SODS herken deur die bevolking sluit in, die grootte van die Wet, moeilikheid in vertolking van die Wet, die skuldberadingsproses en die begeleidende koste van wetstoepassing. Die studie dui verder dat die beginsels van veranderingsbestuur banke se vermoe om die NKW uit te voer verbeter. Gevolgtrekkings aangaande die huidige studie is beperk tot "desktop" navorsing en half-gestruktureerde onderhoude met die deelnemende banke. Dit mag van waarde wees vir toekomstige studies om 'n bree bevolkingsbasis in te sluit met addisionele finansiele wetgewing wat die bevindings van die huidige studie kan bevorder.