No presente trabalho, a conformabilidade do aço inoxinoxidável AISI 201 foi comparada com o aço inoxidável AISI 304. O aço inoxidável AISI 201 é uma liga baixo níquel ligado com manganês e nitrogênio. Nesse estudo a conformabilidade dos dois materiais foi examinada por meio de ensaios tecnológicos como ensaio de tração, determinação da curva de escoamento, determinação do índice de anisotropia, ensaio Erichsen, dureza, composição química, simulação computacional do processo de estampagem e estampagem dos blanks. O aço inoxidável AISI 201 possui propriedades como limite de escoamento e tensão de ruptura superior as do inoxidável AISI 304. Os dois aços possuem uma similaridade na anisotropia. A máxima altura alcançada no momento da fratura pelo ensaio Erichsen também é semelhante para os dois materiais. O aço inox AISI 201 apresenta uma dureza maior que o inoxidável AISI 304. Na composição química os dois aços apresentam elementos fora do especificado, caracterizando um problema de qualidade na fabricação desses aços. A simulação computacional do processo de estampagem apresentou uma redução de espessura na região mais critica, sem comprometer a estampagem do componente. Uma vez estampadas, obteve-se peças sem indícios de trincas, conforme previsto pela simulação computacional. Os resultados desse trabalho sugerem a possibilidade de utilização do aço inoxidável AISI 201 como opção para substituição ao inoxidável AISI 304, tendo uma observação a ser feita quanto aos cuidados na qualidade durante a fabricação do aço para que atenda os padrões exigidos. / In this study, the formability of stainless steel AISI 201 was compared to stainless steel AISI 304 stainless steel AISI 201 is a low alloy nickel alloyed with manganese and nitrogen. In this study, the formability of the two materials was examined by means of technological tests such as tensile test, determination of the flow curve, determining the anisotropy index, Erichsen test, hardness, chemical composition, computer simulation of the stamping process and stamping of the blanks. Stainless steel AISI 201 has properties such as yield strength and higher breakdown voltage of the stainless steel AISI 304. The two steels have a similarity in anisotropy. The maximum height reached at the time of fracture by Erichsen test is also similar for the two materials. Stainless steel AISI 201 has a hardness greater than the stainless steel AISI 304. In chemistry the two steels have elements outside the specified, featuring a quality problem in manufacturing these steels. A computer simulation of the printing process showed a reduction in thickness in the most critical region, without compromising the component stamping. Once stamped, gave no broken pieces of evidence as provided by the computer simulation. The findings suggest the possibility of use of stainless steel AISI 201 as an option to replace the stainless steel AISI 304, with a point to be made about the care as during the manufacture of steel that meets the required standards.

Les traitements de surface mécaniques sont appliqués dans la plupart des secteurs industriels comme procédé de finition afin de renforcer les propriétés des composants métalliques. Le grenaillage de précontrainte est probablement l’un des plus répandu. Ce procédé introduit des contraintes résiduelles de compression en générant un gradient de déformation plastique dans la profondeur de la pièce traitée. L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre et prédire l’effet de la géométrie des composants sur la redistribution des contraintes résiduelles post-grenaillage. En effet, même lorsqu’elle est maîtrisée, l’opération de grenaillage peut générer un champ de contraintes résiduelles complexe qui dépend fortement de la géométrie de la pièce. Par suite, parmi les paramètres influents sur le comportement en fatigue des composants grenaillés, le paramètre géométrique peut donc avoir un rôle majeur. Puisque les approches conventionnelles de modélisation ne sont pas transposables aux géométries non planes, et ne sont pas conformes aux contraintes industrielles en termes de temps de calcul, une méthodologie basée sur la Méthode de Reconstruction des Eigenstrains est proposée. L’approche développée est construite à partir de relations analytiques pour des massifs plans traités de façon homogène. La principale contribution est la comparaison entre modélisation et expérimentation. Les données expérimentales sont obtenues à partir d’analyses de la microstructure et par diffraction des rayons X réalisées sur des échantillons d’un superalliage base nickel, pour plusieurs géométries complexes élémentaires (plaques minces, formes convexes et concaves). Par ailleurs cette étude vise à prendre en compte l’effet des contraintes résiduelles équilibrées sur la durée de vie en fatigue. A partir du critère de fatigue multiaxial de Crossland, la méthodologie complète est appliquée à des démonstrateurs industriels à géométrie complexe. / Most manufacturing industries perform mechanical surface treatments at the end of the manufacturing chain to reinforce relevant working parts. Shot peening is probably the most common of those processes. This treatment induces compressive residual stresses by generating in-depth plastic strains. The objective of this work is to understand and predict the effect of the geometry on the redistribution of residual stresses into shot peened mechanical parts. Indeed, even when properly controlled, shot peening treatment may induce a complex residual stress field depending on the geometry of the treated part. Hence, among the variables which affect the fatigue behaviour of shot peened components, the geometry could play a major role. Because the traditional approaches for the modelling of residual stresses are not convenient for complex non-flat geometries and not consistent with industrial constraints in terms of computing time, a methodology based on the Eigenstrains Reconstruction Method is proposed. The developed approach is built with analytical relationships for massive and plane geometries homogeneously treated. The main contribution lies in the capacity to provide a comparison between modelling and experiment. Experimental data are obtained by microstructural observation and by X-ray diffraction analyses, which are carried out on Ni-based superalloy samples with elementary complex geometries (thin sheets, convex and concave shapes). In addition, this study aims to take into account the effect of the rebalanced residual stresses for fatigue life prediction. Thus, using a Crossland criterion for high cycle fatigue regime, the complete methodology is applied on industrial demonstrator samples with complex geometry.

No presente trabalho, a conformabilidade do aço inoxinoxidável AISI 201 foi comparada com o aço inoxidável AISI 304. O aço inoxidável AISI 201 é uma liga baixo níquel ligado com manganês e nitrogênio. Nesse estudo a conformabilidade dos dois materiais foi examinada por meio de ensaios tecnológicos como ensaio de tração, determinação da curva de escoamento, determinação do índice de anisotropia, ensaio Erichsen, dureza, composição química, simulação computacional do processo de estampagem e estampagem dos blanks. O aço inoxidável AISI 201 possui propriedades como limite de escoamento e tensão de ruptura superior as do inoxidável AISI 304. Os dois aços possuem uma similaridade na anisotropia. A máxima altura alcançada no momento da fratura pelo ensaio Erichsen também é semelhante para os dois materiais. O aço inox AISI 201 apresenta uma dureza maior que o inoxidável AISI 304. Na composição química os dois aços apresentam elementos fora do especificado, caracterizando um problema de qualidade na fabricação desses aços. A simulação computacional do processo de estampagem apresentou uma redução de espessura na região mais critica, sem comprometer a estampagem do componente. Uma vez estampadas, obteve-se peças sem indícios de trincas, conforme previsto pela simulação computacional. Os resultados desse trabalho sugerem a possibilidade de utilização do aço inoxidável AISI 201 como opção para substituição ao inoxidável AISI 304, tendo uma observação a ser feita quanto aos cuidados na qualidade durante a fabricação do aço para que atenda os padrões exigidos. / In this study, the formability of stainless steel AISI 201 was compared to stainless steel AISI 304 stainless steel AISI 201 is a low alloy nickel alloyed with manganese and nitrogen. In this study, the formability of the two materials was examined by means of technological tests such as tensile test, determination of the flow curve, determining the anisotropy index, Erichsen test, hardness, chemical composition, computer simulation of the stamping process and stamping of the blanks. Stainless steel AISI 201 has properties such as yield strength and higher breakdown voltage of the stainless steel AISI 304. The two steels have a similarity in anisotropy. The maximum height reached at the time of fracture by Erichsen test is also similar for the two materials. Stainless steel AISI 201 has a hardness greater than the stainless steel AISI 304. In chemistry the two steels have elements outside the specified, featuring a quality problem in manufacturing these steels. A computer simulation of the printing process showed a reduction in thickness in the most critical region, without compromising the component stamping. Once stamped, gave no broken pieces of evidence as provided by the computer simulation. The findings suggest the possibility of use of stainless steel AISI 201 as an option to replace the stainless steel AISI 304, with a point to be made about the care as during the manufacture of steel that meets the required standards.

No presente trabalho, a conformabilidade do aço inoxinoxidável AISI 201 foi comparada com o aço inoxidável AISI 304. O aço inoxidável AISI 201 é uma liga baixo níquel ligado com manganês e nitrogênio. Nesse estudo a conformabilidade dos dois materiais foi examinada por meio de ensaios tecnológicos como ensaio de tração, determinação da curva de escoamento, determinação do índice de anisotropia, ensaio Erichsen, dureza, composição química, simulação computacional do processo de estampagem e estampagem dos blanks. O aço inoxidável AISI 201 possui propriedades como limite de escoamento e tensão de ruptura superior as do inoxidável AISI 304. Os dois aços possuem uma similaridade na anisotropia. A máxima altura alcançada no momento da fratura pelo ensaio Erichsen também é semelhante para os dois materiais. O aço inox AISI 201 apresenta uma dureza maior que o inoxidável AISI 304. Na composição química os dois aços apresentam elementos fora do especificado, caracterizando um problema de qualidade na fabricação desses aços. A simulação computacional do processo de estampagem apresentou uma redução de espessura na região mais critica, sem comprometer a estampagem do componente. Uma vez estampadas, obteve-se peças sem indícios de trincas, conforme previsto pela simulação computacional. Os resultados desse trabalho sugerem a possibilidade de utilização do aço inoxidável AISI 201 como opção para substituição ao inoxidável AISI 304, tendo uma observação a ser feita quanto aos cuidados na qualidade durante a fabricação do aço para que atenda os padrões exigidos. / In this study, the formability of stainless steel AISI 201 was compared to stainless steel AISI 304 stainless steel AISI 201 is a low alloy nickel alloyed with manganese and nitrogen. In this study, the formability of the two materials was examined by means of technological tests such as tensile test, determination of the flow curve, determining the anisotropy index, Erichsen test, hardness, chemical composition, computer simulation of the stamping process and stamping of the blanks. Stainless steel AISI 201 has properties such as yield strength and higher breakdown voltage of the stainless steel AISI 304. The two steels have a similarity in anisotropy. The maximum height reached at the time of fracture by Erichsen test is also similar for the two materials. Stainless steel AISI 201 has a hardness greater than the stainless steel AISI 304. In chemistry the two steels have elements outside the specified, featuring a quality problem in manufacturing these steels. A computer simulation of the printing process showed a reduction in thickness in the most critical region, without compromising the component stamping. Once stamped, gave no broken pieces of evidence as provided by the computer simulation. The findings suggest the possibility of use of stainless steel AISI 201 as an option to replace the stainless steel AISI 304, with a point to be made about the care as during the manufacture of steel that meets the required standards.

Never before has the car industry been as challenging, interesting, and demanding as it is today. New and advanced techniques are being continuously introduced, which has led to increasing competition in an almost ever-expanding car market. As the pace and complexity heightens in the car market, manufacturing processes must advance at an equal speed. An important manufacturing process within the automotive industry, and the focus of this thesis, is sheet metal forming (SMF). Sheet metal forming is used to create door panels, structural beams, and trunk lids, among other parts, by forming sheets of metal in press lines with stamping dies. The SMF process has been simulated for the past couple of decades with finite element (FE) simulations, whereby one can predict factors such as shape, strains, thickness, springback, risk of failure, and wrinkles. A factor that most SMF simulations do not currently include is the die and press elasticity. This factor is handled manually during the die tryout phase, which is often long and expensive. The importance of accurately representing press and die elasticity in SMF simulations is the focus of this research project. The research objective is to achieve virtual tryout and improved production support through SMF simulations that consider elastic die and press deformations. Loading a die with production forces and including the deformations in SMF simulations achieves a reliable result. It is impossible to achieve accurate simulation results without including the die deformations. This thesis also describes numerical methods for optimizing and compensating tool surfaces against press and die deformations. In order for these compensations to be valid, it is imperative to accurately represent dies and presses. A method of measuring and inverse modeling the elasticity of a press table has been developed and is based on digital image correlation (DIC) measurements and structural optimization with FE software. Optimization, structural analysis, and SMF simulations together with experimental measurements have immense potential to improve simulation results and significantly reduce the lead time of stamping dies. Last but not least, improved production support and die design are other areas that can benefit from these tools. / Aldrig tidigare har bilindustrin varit så utmanande, intressant och spännande som idag. Ny och avancerad teknik introduceras i en allt snabbare takt vilket leder till ständigt ökande konkurrens på en, nästan ständigt, ökande bilmarknad. Den ständigt ökande komplexiteten ställer även krav på tillverkningsprocesserna. En viktig process, som denna licentiatuppsats fokuserar på, är pressning av plåt. Tillverkningstekniken används för att forma plåtar till dörrpaneler, strukturbalkar, motorhuvar, etc. Plåtar formas med hjälp av pressverktyg monterade i plåtformningspressar. Plåtformningsprocessen simuleras sedan ett par decennium tillbaka med Finita Element (FE) simuleringar. Man kan på så sätt prediktera form, töjningar, tjocklek, återfjädring, rynkor, risk för försträckning och sprickor m.m. En faktor som för tillfället inte inkluderas i näst intill alla plåtformningssimuleringar är elastiska press- och verktygsdeformationer. Detta hanteras istället manuellt under, den oftast långa och dyra, inprovningsfasen. Detta projekt har visat på vikten av att representera press och verktygsdeformationer i plåtformningssimuleringar. Detta demonstreras genom en analys av ett verkligt pressverktyg som belastas med produktionskrafter. Det är inte möjligt att uppnå bra simuleringsresultat utan att inkludera verktygsdeformationer i simuleringsmodellen. Uppsatsen beskriver även numeriska metoder för att optimera och kompensera verktygsytor mot press och verktygsdeformationer. För att dessa kompenseringar ska stämma är det viktigt att man representerar både verktyg och press på ett korrekt sätt. Förslag på en metod för att mäta och inversmodellera pressdeformationer har utvecklats, metoden är baserad på mätningar med DIC-systemet ARAMIS och optimering i FE-mjukvaror. Optimering, strukturanalys, och plåtformningsanalys tillsammans med experimentella mätningar har en stor potential att förbättra plåtformningssimuleringar samt reducera ledtiden för pressverktyg. Sist men inte minst, andra positiva effekter är en enklare och smidigare konstruktionsprocess och förbättrad produktionssupport.

Les directives ROHS et WEEE banniront, dans les années qui viennent, le plomb de l’industrie électronique. Seulement, les assemblages électroniques de Schlumberger destinés à des applications hautes températures, tels que les ceux faisant intervenir des composants montés en surface, font intervenir des brasures à forte teneur en plomb. C’est pourquoi, Schlumberger investit énormément afin de trouver de nouvelles brasures sans plomb pour les remplacer. Ce projet, qui s’inscrit dans ce cadre, a pour objectif de prédire la durée de vie d’assemblages utilisant ces nouvelles brasures avec un substrat et des composants en céramique. Cette prédiction se fait en deux étapes. La première est expérimentale. Les assemblages sont soumis à des vieillissements accélérés thermomécaniques et isothermes. En plus de la durée de vie, ces tests apportent des connaissances sur les effets du vieillissement, sur les mécanismes et les zones de défaillances, sur l’interaction de ces brasures avec les finitions du substrat et des composants et enfin sur l’évolution de la microstructure et des phases d’intermétalliques créées lors du vieillissement.La seconde étape est la modélisation de ces assemblages afin de comprendre leur comportement sous sollicitations thermomécaniques. Les simulations aident à comprendre les phénomènes locaux qui apparaissent dans l’assemblage et à extraire des paramètres de fatigue pour diverses conditions thermomécaniques. Enfin, une corrélation entre les résultats de défaillance expérimentaux et la fatigue calculée grâce à la simulation va permettre d’estimer la durée de vie des assemblages pour différentes sollicitations thermomécaniques. Les simulations permettent donc de diminuer le nombre d’essais expérimentaux souvent chers et longs. Seulement, pour faire des simulations fiables, il est nécessaire de connaitre les paramètres mécaniques de tous les matériaux. Pour la brasure, cela veut dire le comportement élastique, plastique et en fluage. Donc, un bénéfice supplémentaire pour Schlumberger est la détermination de ses paramètres pour les nouvelles brasures. / Because of ROHS or WEEE directives, in a close future, lead materials will be banned from electronicindustry. Unfortunately, Schlumberger is using high-lead content solders for surface mount devices forhigh temperature applications. Considering this issue, Schlumberger puts in place high amount of investments to replace these solders by lead-free solders. The topic of the work is to study lead free candidates destined to support Schlumberger high temperature mission profiles. The device under test chosen for this project is a surface mount device composed of a passive component connected to a ceramic substrate by solder joints. The predictive study of reliability of these new assemblies for high temperature applications needs two complementary analyses. The first study is to characterize, experimentally, the life time of surface mount assemblies using these new lead free solders submitted to accelerated thermomechanical and isothermal aging tests. Hence, the first benefits for Schlumberger are knowledge on thecompatibility of these new alloys with their current finishes with the microstructure and intermetallic compounds evolution. More over, the main effects due to aging are investigated like failure sites and mechanisms. The second goal of the project is to perform thermo-mechanical simulations of surface mount assembly under thermal cycling. Simulations help to understand local phenomena and estimatefatigue parameters under other thermal conditions. Then, a correlation between experimental results about failure and calculated fatigue leads to an estimation of the life time of the assemblies. Thus, simulations have the advantage to reduce the number of time-consuming and expensive thermo-mechanical agingtests. To perform a simulation, the physical parameters of each solder material are needed like elastic,plastic and creep data. Additional benefits for Schlumberger involve mechanical properties which are, at the moment, unknown for these new high temperature lead free materials.

The level of residual stresses in welded components is known to have a significant influence on their failure behaviour. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the combined effect of mechanical loading and residual stresses on the ductile fracture behaviour of these structures in order to provide the accurate structural safety assessment. Recently, STYLE (Structural integrity for lifetime management-non-RPV component) performed a large scale bending test on a welded steel pipe containing a circumferential through-thickness crack (the MU2 test). The purpose of this test is to study the impact of high magnitude weld residual stresses on the initiation and growth of cracks in austenitic stainless steels. This research presents the simulation part of the STYLE project which aims to develop the finite element model of MU2 test in ABAQUS to enhance the understanding and ability to predict the combined influence of mechanical loading and residual stresses on the ductile fracture behaviour of nuclear pressure vessel steels. This research employs both fracture mechanics principles (global approach) and Rousselier damage model (local approach) to study this behaviour including crack initiation and growth. In this research, the Rousselier model was implemented into ABAQUS via the user defined subroutines for ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit modules, i.e. UMAT and VUMAT. The subroutines were developed based on the integration algorithm proposed by Aravas and Zhang. The validation of these subroutines was checked by comparing the FE results obtained from the implementation of these subroutines with the analytical and other benchmark solutions. This process showed that UMAT and VUMAT provide accurate results. However, the UMAT developed in this work shows convergence problems when the elements start to fail. Hence, only VUMAT was used in the construction of the finite element model of the MU2 test. As mentioned above, the results obtained from both fracture mechanics approach and Rousselier model are compared with the experimental data to validate the accuracy of the model. The results shows that both fracture mechanics approach and the Rousselier model predict similar final crack shapes which correspond closely to the test results in south direction. The other conclusions about the influence of residual stress on ductile fracture obtained from this work are also summarized in this thesis.

Many devices in electronics are in the form of multilayered structures. These structures can fail catastrophically if they contain defects or cracks. Enhancing their fracture properties is therefore critical to improve the reliability of the systems. The interface-dominated fracture mechanics of multilayered structure was studied using experiments and finite element (FE) modeling by considering two examples: thin films on polymer substrates in flexible electronics and Cu leadframe/epoxy molding compound (EMC) in micro-electronics packaging. In the first example, aluminum-manganese (Al-Mn) thin films with Mn concentration up to 20.5 at.% were deposited on polyimide (PI) substrates. A variety of phases, including supersaturated fcc (5.2 at.% Mn), duplex fcc and amorphous (11.5 at.% Mn), and completely amorphous phase (20.5 at.% Mn) were obtained by adjusting alloying concentration in the film. In comparison with crystalline and dual phase counterparts, the amorphous thin film exhibits the highest fracture stress and fracture toughness, but limited elongation. Based on a fracture mechanism model, a multilayer scheme was adopted to optimize the ductility and the fracture properties of the amorphous film/PI system. Tensile deformation and subsequent fracture of strained Al-Mn films on PI were investigated experimentally and by FE simulations. It was found that by sandwiching the amorphous film (20.5 at.% Mn) between two ductile copper (Cu) layers, the elongation can be improved by more than ten times, and the interfacial fracture toughness by twenty four times with a limited sacrifice of the film's fracture toughness (less than 18%). This design provides important guidelines to obtain optimized mechanical properties of future flexible electronics devices. The reliability of amorphous brittle Al-Mn (20.5 at.% Mn) thin films deposited on PI substrates is strongly influenced by the film/substrate interface adhesion. Some strategies to improve the adhesion of the interface were conducted, including roughening the surface of the PI substrate, adding a buffer layer and then tuning its thickness. Tensile testing and FE analysis of amorphous Al-Mn thin films with and without buffer layers coated on intact and plasma etched rough PI were investigated. It was found that by adding a chromium buffer layer of 75 nm on a rough PI substrate, the interface adhesion of the film/substrate can increase by almost twenty times. The obtained results would thus shed light on the interfacial engineering strategies for improving interface adhesion for flexible electronics. In the second example, a systematic investigation and characterization of the interfacial fracture toughness of the bimaterial Cu leadframe/EMC was carried out. Experiments and FE simulations were used to investigate delamination and interfacial fracture toughness of the biomaterial system. Two dimensional simulations using computational fracture mechanics tools, such as virtual crack closure technique, virtual crack extension and J-integral proved to be computationally cheap and accurate to find the interfacial fracture toughness of the bimaterial structures. The effects of temperature, moisture diffusion and mode-mixity on the interfacial fracture toughness were investigated. Testing temperature and moisture exposure significantly reduce the interfacial fracture toughness, and its relationship with the mode-mixity was achieved by fitting the results with an analytic formula.

Le sujet de ce travail concerne une partie précise des moteurs à explosion : le système soupape /siège de soupape. Les conditions de contact sont sévères : température élevée, choc, glissement, atmosphère agressive, … Le but a été d’évaluer la résistance à l’usure sous différents environnements des aciers obtenus par la métallurgie des poudres pour les sièges de soupape. Une expérimentation sur un dispositif d'essai spécifique d’impact-glissement a permis d’exploiter la dynamique instantanée du contact et la perte de matière en fonction de l’angle de contact (les angles testés sont 30°, 45° et 60°). L’étude s’est appuyée sur : - Une modélisation numérique par éléments finis d’un contact de configuration bille/plan. La reprise du modèle mécanique du simulateur expérimental a mis en avant une évolution de la dynamique du contact d’un glissement alternatif à 30° à une succession de multi-impact à 45° et 60°. Ce résultat a été validé à l’aide des observations par caméra rapide et des mesures de la résistance électrique du contact. Les résultats numériques montrent que les contraintes de cisaillement diminuent pour les grands angles. En revanche, une déformation plastique importante a été induite par les multi-impacts. Ces paramètres sont sensibles à l’augmentation du frottement aux faibles angles. La modélisation numérique a amené des réponses complémentaires aux résultats expérimentaux. - Une analyse tribologique du couple acier fritté/ acier de roulement, modélisé par une configuration bille/plan en mouvement alternatif et sous impact-glissement. Chaque chargement entraine des processus d’endommagement spécifiques. Dans le cas d’impact-glissement à sec, la perte de matière des aciers frittés augmente avec l’angle de contact. L’examen des traces d’usure indique l’importance de l’adhésion, de l’abrasion et de la déformation plastique. L’introduction d’un lubrifiant à l’interface entraine des modifications sur la dynamique du contact et les mécanismes d’usure. La viscosité et la composition chimique du lubrifiant influent différemment sur la détérioration de la surface. Dans ces conditions, cette dernière est associée à la croissance des pores à la surface, la propagation des fissures à la surface et en sous-couche et l’abrasion. Le suivi du volume d’usure en température indique une usure importante à 180°C. Ceci est dû à la cinétique d’oxydation de l’acier fritté. A plus haute température, la surface est protégée contre l’abrasion et l’adhésion grâce à la présence d’une couche de tribo-oxydation dite ‘phase glacée’. Ce travail montre l’importance de la compréhension de la relation entre la microstructure des aciers frittés destinés au siège de soupape et leur comportement. Ces matériaux ont montré une adaptabilité parfaite entre la perte de matière et les conditions de sollicitation. Les mécanismes d’usure montrent une totale dépendance à la fois à l’angle de contact et à l’environnement. / Sintered steel is used as a material for valve seat insert in automotive engines. During operation, a dynamic contact occurs between the valve and its seat. To investigate the wear behavior of sintered steel for this application, we have developed an impact-sliding tester using a ball on flat configuration. Impact-sliding experiments have been conducted at different impact angles (30°, 45°, 60°) with and without lubrication to investigate the surface damage of the sintered steel under this contact loading and to understand the effect of lubrication. As a first step, we investigated numerically the evolution of the contact pressure, stress and strain as a function of time. In fact, owning the experimental bench test, a finite element model was developed. Numerical results show an evolution from of dynamic behavior from permanent reciprocating sliding at low angles to an intermittent motion called multi-impacts at higher angles. Experimental electric resistance measurements seem to confirm these evolutions. As a consequence, shearing stress is reduced when plastic deformation increased with multi-impacts. Wear track observations are in good agreement with these findings. Our results have shown an important variation of the wear rate in relation to impact-sliding angle. In dry condition, a low wear regime is observed for low angles; whereas maximum wear is observed at 60° angle for lubricated contacts. The wear scar in the dry contact is deeper than in the lubricated one. The damaged surface of sintered steel is examined by a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In dry conditions, the contact area wears out quickly due to an adhesive-abrasive process. Under lubricated conditions, a fatigue crack opening is associated to a lower wear rate. The lubricated impact-sliding condition modifies the main surface damage phenomena. In addition, a comparison of wear volumes produced using pure mineral base oil and the same base oil containing an anti-wear, anti-friction additive (ZDDP), shows that this additive has only a weak effect on wear reduction under squeeze–sliding lubrication. A discussion of basic wear mechanisms is presented to explain the observations. The present research was carried out to study the combined aspects of impact and sliding failure mechanism at different contact temperatures. The tribological behavior was investigated both under reciprocating motion and with a dynamic impact-sliding loading. The measured friction coefficient decreases as the contact temperature increases. The presence of oxides seems to be the key factor of this evolution. When the loading changes to a combined impact with slides, wear rate and mechanisms of the sintered steel vary with temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy observations coupled with EDX analysis were investigated inside and outside of the wear track in order to understand the surface accommodation with temperatures.

Le comportement mécanique du verre silico-sodo-calcique soumis à un contact ponctuel peut être amélioré par trempe. Les effets de trempe se manifestent par des gradients de propriétés sur le comportement du verre rendant la modélisation plus complexe. Ce travail a porté sur la modélisation et la simulation des verres non trempés et trempés soumis aux essais de nano-indentation et de nano-rayage. Les outils de simulation par éléments finis ont été développé et validés sur le verre métallique, choisi en raison de son comportement plastique connu. En comparant avec les données expérimentales, nous avons observé que les paramètres du matériau et les conditions expérimentales pouvaient donner la même réponse sur la courbe force-déplacement et l'empreinte. L’identification des propriétés du matériau doit être basée sur des comparaisons avec des simulations considérant la géométrie réelle de l'indenteur, la souplesse de la machine et le tilt de surface de l'échantillon. Les stratégies développées permettent de faire des identifications sur le comportement du verre silico-sodo-calcique. Dans la famille du verre silicaté, le verre silico-sodo-calcique a un comportement plastique semblable au verre de silice qui est affecté non seulement par le mécanisme de cisaillement mais aussi par la densification. Il est essentiel donc d'étudier le comportement densification/cisaillement du verre de silice car il est largement discuté dans la littérature. La comparaison des résultats de simulation par plusieurs modèles avec les courbes force-déplacement et les images d'empreinte a montré que la modélisation de la densification, en prenant en compte l'écrouissage et la modification des modules élastiques, est suffisante pour décrire le comportement des verres silicatés. Enfin, les connaissances sur les simulations des essais à chargement ponctuel et la modélisation du comportement du verre ont guidé une étude sur les effets du gradient de propriétés dans les verres trempées thermiquement et chimiquement. / The mechanical behavior of soda-lime-silica glass subjected to contact damage can be improved by tempering. The effects of tempering created tailor properties and the glass behavior more complicated. Therefore, this work studied the modeling and simulation of non-tempered and tempered glasses subjected to the nano-indentation and nano-scratch tests. The finite element simulation tools have been primarily validated and the metallic glass was chosen for the studies because of its known plastic behavior. By comparing with the experimental data, we have observed that the parameters of material model and the experimental conditions could give the same response on load displacement curve and imprint. The evaluation of material properties must be based on the comparisons with fully modeled simulation considering the real geometry of the indenter, the compliance of the instrument and the tilting of the sample surface. The developed strategies allow identification of soda-lime-silica glass behavior. Similar to that of silica glass, the plastic behavior of soda-lime-silica glass is not only affected by the shear mechanism but also the densification. Hence, it is essential to study the shear/densification behavior of silica glass as it is widely discussed in the literature. The comparison of simulation results by several models with the load displacement data and the images of imprint showed that the modeling of densification by taking into account the hardening and the change in elastic moduli is sufficient for describing the behavior of silicate glasses. Finally, the knowledge about the simulation of the contact loading tests and the modeling of glass behavior guided a study on the coupling of tailored properties effects in the thermally and chemically tempered glasses.