Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University. / Bibliography: p. 340-342.

Orientador: Alpina Begossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T00:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gianeli_ArlainedosSantosFrancisco_M.pdf: 807934 bytes, checksum: 343bcda056eb75e72a1cf338b739b983 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A interação cotidiana com o ambiente marinho e com seus organismos leva pescadores artesanais a acumularem um conhecimento rico e particular acerca da biologia, da ecologia e da taxonomia de peixes. Assim, informações fornecidas pelos pescadores podem servir de subsídio para estudos ictiológicos, planos de conservação e manejo pesqueiro. Este estudo foi desenvolvido na Praia do Perequê, litoral de São Paulo, e é parte do projeto temático da BIOTA-FAPESP, subprojeto "Etnoecologia do Mar e da Terra na Costa Paulista da Mata Atlântica: Áreas de Pesca e Uso de Recursos Naturais". A Praia do Perequê está localizada na periferia do município do Guarujá e sofre as conseqüências da urbanização desordenada. O local abriga uma comunidade de pescadores que se dedicam à pesca do camarão e de peixes diversos. Os meus objetivos foram: traçar o perfil de pescadores de peixes e de camarão; inventariar as técnicas empregadas na captura das espécies estudadas; verificar e comparar com a literatura científica o conhecimento dos pescadores sobre habitat, dieta, reprodução e migração de peixes; analisar os critérios que os pescadores usam na classificação dos peixes. As informações foram obtidas com a utilização de questionários padronizados e fotos das espécies estudadas. Observei que os pescadores de camarão são em sua maioria migrantes provenientes de Santa Catarina, enquanto os pescadores de peixe são, na maioria, caiçaras nascidos no local. As técnicas de pesca são adequadas ao ambiente de captura do pescado e a escolha de iscas está relacionada com o hábito alimentar de cada espécie. Pescadores de peixe e camarão demonstraram conhecimento similar sobre técnicas de pesca. Tal similaridade pode ocorrer porque os dois grupos desenvolvem as atividades pesqueiras no mesmo local e entre as famílias de pescadores estão presentes membros que desenvolvem ambas as modalidades de pesca, o que pode propiciar a partilha do conhecimento. Em geral o conhecimento etnoecológico é condizente com o conhecimento científico. Tanto pescadores de peixe quanto os pescadores de camarão conhecem o habitat e a dieta das espécies mais capturadas, como: robalo, tainha, corvina, espada e garoupa. Ambos os grupos de pescadores fazem inferências sobre habitat e dieta a partir de aspectos morfológicos dos peixes. Conhecimentos sobre migração e reprodução por sua vez, foram mais escassos entre os pescadores estudados. Os pescadores apontam períodos específicos para ocorrência de tainha, corvina e anchova: a tainha e a corvina foram apontadas como espécies que se reproduzem no inverno, enquanto o robalo, o badejo e a garoupa se reproduzem em meses quentes. Essas espécies são de grande interesse comercial, o que pode explicar o conhecimento mais detalhado sobre elas em comparação com outras espécies menos conhecidas e de menor valor. Os pescadores do Perequê utilizaram a nomenclatura binomial especialmente em casos de ocorrência de mais de uma espécie por etnogênero. Os etnogêneros foram agrupados em etnofamílias principalmente de acordo com critérios morfológicos. As informações fornecidas apontaram particularidades que podem ser úteis no delineamento de planos de manejo adequados ao ambiente e à pesca local / Abstract: Artisanal fishermen can provide an elaborate and particular knowledge about biology, ecology and taxonomy of fish and about the ecosystem which they interact with. This knowledge is local and resulted from a continuity of resources use practices. Information supplied by fishermen can be the base for improvements of scientific research and to subsidis for conservation and fishery management plans. This study was conducted in the Perequê Beach, coast of São Paulo State. Perequê Beach is located in the periphery of the city of Guarujá, and suffers consequences of the disordered urbanization. Local people are dedicated especially to the shrimp and diverse fish fishery. The aims of this study were: to characterize local fishermen and fishery; to access the fishermen¿s knowledge concerning fish habitat, diet, reproduction and migration; to analyze the criteria that fishermen use in the classification of fish and to compare this knowledge with the scientific literature. Interviews using questionnaires and fish photographs were performed to obtain information regarding fishermen economical and social aspects and fish biology and ecology. The majority of shrimp fishermen are from Santa Catarina state while the fish fishermen are usually ¿caiçaras¿, local native. Fishery technologies and techniques are adjusted according to the environment and feeding habits of the target species. Both fish and shrimp fishermen demonstrated similar knowledge on fishes. Probably it can be related to the fact that both groups develop their activities in the same local and are members of families that develop the two modalities of fishery, sharing their knowledge. In general, the ethnoecological knowledge is in concordance with the scientific literature. Both fish and shrimp fishermen know the habitat and diet of the main fished species, as: snook (Centropomus spp.), mullet (Mugil platanus), croaker (Micropogonias furnieri), and groupers (Epinephelus marginatus e Mycteroperca acutirostris). Both fishermen groups make inferences on habitat and diet based on morphologic aspects. Knowledge on migration and reproduction was scarcer. The fishermen points out specific periods in respect to occurrence of mullet (M. platanus), croaker (M. furnieri) and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). Mullet and croaker was suggested as a species that reproduces during the winter, while snook, and the groupers (E. marginatus e M. acutirostris) reproduce in hot months. These species have a great commercial interest that can explain the more detailed knowledge in detriment of others of lesser value. The Perequê fishermen use the binomial classification particularly in cases where there are more than one species in the same genus. The species were grouped in ethnofamilies mainly in accordance with morphologic criteria. The supplied information suggested particularities that can be useful in the management plans delineation in compliance with environment and its fishery place / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Orientador: Alpina Begossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T03:00:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_ShirleyPachecode_M.pdf: 5428948 bytes, checksum: dc23c6596ba1f8a6197fa96451adfbb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A Etnobiologia estuda as interações entre populações humanas e recursos naturais, enfocando a percepção e o conhecimento humano sobre os recursos naturais, a forma como estes são utilizados e as práticas de manejo desenvolvidas pelas sociedades. O conhecimento ecológico local (LEK, de 'local ecological knowlegde¿) tem sido muito útil na elaboração de sistemas de co-manejo envolvendo comunidades locais, instituições do governo e cientistas. Pesquisas sobre o conhecimento dos pescadores em relação à ecologia de baleias e golfinhos iniciaram-se no Brasil na década passada. Os principais objetivos deste estudo são registrar e avaliar o conhecimento dos pescadores de São Sebastião, litoral paulista, em relação à etnotaxonomia (classificação e nomenclatura) de cetáceos, bem como sobre a etnoecologia destes animais obtendo informações sobre áreas de ocorrência, habitat, sazonalidade, dieta, tamanho de grupo, reprodução, predadores e interações com a pesca. Os resultados demonstraram que os pescadores estudados percebem os cetáceos em função de sua saliência morfológica e cultural. As espécies mais reconhecidas e nomeadas por eles foram as de maior tamanho (Eubalaena australis, Tursiops truncatus), as acidentalmente capturadas em redes de espera (Pontoporia blainvillei, Sotalia guianensis) e as mais veiculadas em programas de televisão (Megaptera novaeangliae, Orcinus orca). Encontramos uma alta concordância entre o LEK dos pescadores estudados sobre a ecologia dos cetáceos, o conhecimento de pescadores de outras comunidades do sul e sudeste brasileiro, dados obtidos de pesquisas locais e da literatura científica. Isto demonstra que o conhecimento dos pescadores pode ser útil para a conservação dos cetáceos, especialmente das espécies pouco conhecidas, sugerindo novas linhas de pesquisa e apontando áreas críticas em relação à captura acidental destes animais. Além disto, os pescadores podem contribuir de forma valiosa na elaboração de estratégias alternativas em relação ao uso de redes de pesca, ao passo que sua participação em projetos e planos de manejo pode ser uma forma de valorização da cultura local / Abstract: Ethnobiology, a branch of Human Ecology, is the study of the interactions between human population and natural resources, concerning human perception, knowledge, resource uses and management. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) has been empirically built by several human societies and transmitted through generations, shaping their culture. LEK has been especially useful to design systems of co-management involving local people, government institutions and scientists. Surveys on fishers¿ knowledge about cetaceans¿ ecology are relatively scarce around the world and in Brazil they have begun in the last decade. The main objectives of this study are to record and to evaluate the knowledge of the fishers from São Sebastião, in relation to cetaceans¿ folk taxonomy and bio-ecological aspects, recording their information about classification, nomenclature, occurrence areas, habitat, seasonality, diet, group size, reproduction, predators and interactions with fisheries. Our results showed that fishers¿ perception about cetaceans was highly influenced by phenotypic and cultural salience of the whales and dolphins. The most recognized and cited species were those of greater size (Eubalaena australis, Tursiops truncatus), the most frequently caught ones (P. blainvillei and S. guianensis) and the most exposed by media (M. novaeangliae and O. orca). The high concordance among the LEK of the fishers from São Sebastião on cetaceans, the knowledge of fishers from other communities of southern and southeastern Brazil, data obtained by local researchers and from literature indicates that fishers¿ knowledge could contribute to cetacean¿s conservation, especially in relation to the less studied cetacean¿s species, pointing out new lines of investigation as well as determining fishing grounds where incidental capture of cetaceans are more critical in the studied areas and indicating possible changes in gillnets operations in order to reduce cetaceans catches. Besides, fishers¿ participation in such researches and co-management plans can be a way to revive and valorize their local culture / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

The Olieboomspoort (OBP) shelter is central to this reconstruction of the Later Stone Age (LSA) history in the lowlands of the Limpopo in the Waterberg. The archaeological excavations were undertaken to answer questions that arose during previous research conducted on the plateau. OBP was clearly an important place in the landscape over time. Preliminary excavations established a sequence of occupations that began with the apparent intermittent use of the shelter by Early Stone Age people who left some of their large cutting tools on what is now bedrock. Subsequently, during the many thousands of years that humans frequented OBP during the Middle Stone Age (MSA), they brought in enormous quantities of lithics. OBP is cited for the remarkably large assemblages of ochre recovered from the MSA contexts (Mason 1962, 1988; Volman 1984; Watts 1998, 2002; Mitchell 2002; Wadley 2005a), but my recent research demonstrates a similar focus on the collection of haematite and ochre during the more recent periods. Such iron oxides feature prominently during ritual activities and in symbolic behaviour of modern hunter-gatherers and it is likely that they also did so in the past. The Holocene occupational sequence is extensive, but my excavations and analyses focussed on the last 2000 years of complex LSA history. Apart from the remarkably large lithic assemblage and many thousands of ostrich eggshell beads and blanks produced at OBP, favourable preservation conditions resulted in the recovery of a wide range of tool types made from organic materials, as well as a representative assemblage of macroscopic plant taxa. The data are used to demonstrate how the formal spaces were differentially structured over time by multi-band clusters and small hearth groups to meet their particular social and economic requirements. The differential use of space through time, and the spatial distributions of the different classes of material remains and waste, are explored by using a model of unconstrained cluster analysis (UCA) (Whallon 1984). As the OBP deposits are palimpsests of repeated visits, the UCA, which defines broad boundaries within distinct clustering, detailed general trends in behaviour and site use, and highlighted how the use of shelter space changed when only nuclear groups frequented OBP during the more recent period. Data from the last 2000 years of occupation at OBP chronicle some of the responses of the hunter-gatherers to rapid change in the area as a result of advancing social, economic and political frontiers. The two main pulses of intensification at approximately 2000 BP and again at 1500 BP correspond to the movement of herders and African farmers into the lowlands of the Waterberg. OBP remained a central venue for the aggregation of multi-band groups for more than a thousand years before and during the initial contact period. During these alliance visits, diverse socio-economic activities resulted in the deposition of a rich lithic and non-lithic assemblage. The lithic assemblage is characteristic of classic Wilton. Cryptocrystalline silicas and quartz crystals were the preferred materials used to produce a comprehensive range of formal microliths, and felsites featured prominently in the production of larger tool types. Demographic changes following on contact are underscored by marked changes in site use. Over the last few hundred years the incremental decrease in the production of all classes of subsistence goods reflects social disintegration. In as much as there are evidently continuities in the material culture, the markedly lower frequencies of the lithics and a sharp decrease in the production of decorative items such as ostrich eggshell beads make it likely that only nuclear groups continued to frequent the shelter. Changes in site use, intrusive economic elements, and the production of the different rock arts suggest some fundamental transformations in the economic and ideational landscape. On the Waterberg Plateau similar post-contact changes were evident in the archaeological assemblages. The Waterberg Mountain Bushveld of the plateau cannot support such a large and varied animal biomass as the Limpopo Sweet Bushveld (Estes 1991; Low & Rebelo 1998; Driver et al. 2005; Skinner & Chimimba 2005), and the intensive occupation of this region from approximately 800 years ago parallelled the movement of farming communities onto the plateau. The archaeological data as well as historic documents emphasise that huntergatherers participated in complex interaction networks. The expansion of indigenous farmer settlements ultimately enforced the displacement of many of the hunter-gatherers, whereas others were incorporated into farmer polities. Contemporary lithic assemblages on the Waterberg Plateau are characteristic of the post-classic Wilton stone tool technology, and felsite and quartz crystals were the preferred raw materials. Whereas the composition of the archaeological assemblages of the lowlands and plateau corresponds broadly, the differential use of raw materials, a broader range of subsistence tools and decorative items, and much higher frequencies of all tool types at OBP demonstrate the central position of this locality within the hunter-gatherer landscape. The environment not only provided sustenance, but OBP became a social space with real meaning linked to the identities of the people who frequented the locality over thousands of years. The regional differentiation found within the Waterberg is parallelled by the sequences in the Soutpansberg (Van Doornum 2005) where similar differential use of a particular environment underscores the diversity and complexity evident in hunter-gatherer lifestyles.At OBP a representative assemblage of African farmer ceramics and a markedly larger collection of Bambata ceramics also contrast with sites on the plateau where mostly Eiland farmer pottery and a few sherds of Bambata were present. The ceramic sequence contains a particularly fine collection of the enigmatic Bambata, the stylistic origins of which are addressed in the discussion. The identities of the users and makers of the distinctive densely decorated and thin-walled early ceramics collectively known as Bambata have not yet been resolved. Whereas the paintings certainly indicate the presence of herders on the landscape, it is not clear whether they or the African farmers introduced the Bambata to the huntergatherers who were indisputably using most of the ceramics, as suggested by their continued presence and production of lithic and non-lithic assemblages at OBP. There is also a full complement of the local Early to Late African farmer pottery traditions of Happy Rest, Eiland, Broadhurst, and Icon/Moloko. The San, herder and indigenous farmer paintings, which are representative of the regional sequences, illustrate the continuing central role of OBP. Rock art is widely recognized to reflect religious beliefs and social concerns. The San rock art also served as a medium through which power relations were negotiated between first peoples and newcomers. The region is a renowned repository of rock art. The different arts and their contents complement the findings based on the excavations and the vast body of southern African ethnography. The data are applied to explore how OBP served as an arena where people with different world views and customs performed their ritual and social practices. Historical documents on the Waterberg confirm the archaeological data that suggest a gradual disintegration of hunter-gatherer organisation, and their ultimate displacement to the fringes of African farmer and colonist polities. Small dispersed groups of hunter-gatherers continued to wander through the lowlands of the Limpopo or withdrew to areas where they felt safe from oppression. Some moved across the border to Botswana and into the Kalahari. The remainder were gradually incorporated into farmer societies through intermarriage or as subordinates, living either at farmer villages or in their own small settlements. Today very few traces of the Waterberg hunters, gatherers and fishers remain apart from some corrupted names of places where they once lived.

A computer-implemented simulation model was modified to compare various regulation schemes and determine how they are affected by angler non-compliance and voluntary catch-and release fishing. Combinations of three creel limits and five length limits were simulated. Scenarios for no regulations and catch-and-release were also simulated. Angler noncompliance varied from 0% to 50% and voluntary release included rates of 20%, 50%, and 80%. Based on catch, harvest, yield, and PSD, the ranking of specific regulations changed little among levels of angler non-compliance and voluntary release. All four decision variables were most influenced by regulations when angler compliance was high and voluntary release was low. Further, for a fishery with a high degree of voluntary release, and relatively high angler compliance, regulations did not produce any discernible benefits in the fishery. The model was demonstrated with data on a smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, fishery for the upper and lower James River, Virginia. Simulated regulations were assessed based on adjustments to angler non-compliance, which averaged based on adjustments to angler non-compliance, which averaged 17 percent, and voluntary release, which averaged 90 percent. Model results indicate that more restrictive regulations improved PSD and catch, whereas numerical harvest and yield in weight benefitted from liberal regulations. Variability among the 81 regulations was low, suggesting that voluntary release (90% average) is a dominant control in the James River smallmouth bass fishery. From a management standpoint, these findings also suggest that, where appropriate, management strategies should focus on increasing voluntary release and rely on regulations only in certain fisheries. / Master of Science

The angling public is a heterogenous aggregation of subgroups with differing value systems; therefore, fisheries managers must identify the subgroups and their corresponding attributes to guide management programs. This study was designed to evaluate the concept of recreational specialization for differentiating angler subgroups, and to determine if angler attitudes and management preferences vary predictably by specialization level. Specialization was defined as a continuum of angler behavior, from general to specialized, along four dimensions: (1) fishery resource use, (2) degree of experience, (3) investment, and (4) the relationship of angling to the lifestyle. In 1984-85, 544 anglers on the Shenandoah and New Rivers, Virginia, were interviewed and asked to participate in a followup mail survey. Of those who agreed, 379 anglers returned completed questionnaires (80% response rate). Cluster analysis of respondents, using variables in each of the four dimensions, identified six distinct angler types, ranging from low to high specialization. As expected, occasional and generalist anglers cited escape and family-oriented motivations, placed greater emphasis on luck to catch fish, were satisfied with catching and harvesting smaller fish, and favored liberal harvest regulations. Specialists were more likely to cite resource-oriented motives (testing skills, trophy fishing), to rely on skill to catch fish, preferred to catch and release larger fish, and favored restrictive harvest regulations. The results show that relatively simple and objective surveys of angler behavior can substitute for attitude surveys and can indicate how programs should be managed to maximize angler satisfactions. / M.S.

Conservation of the world's biodiversity is increasingly viewed as a development problem, requiring the alleviation of poverty together with the promotion of alternative livelihoods in resource-reliant communities. To be successful, such efforts must recognize the underlying logic of resource-users' livelihood choices. This study uses the activity of aquarium fish extraction in the Peruvian Amazon as a case study through which to examine the role that physical and non-physical assets (primarily knowledge) might play in determining households' participation patterns. An initial survey of the regional trade, undertaken through interviews with trade participants (n = 38) and analysis of government documents, revealed a large, valuable and complex industry. Data gathered through surveys among households in two proximate fishing villages (n = 37) indicated large inter- and intra-village variation in trade participation. Households that specialize in the activity tend to be young, and rich in nonphysical assets of knowledge and social capital.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Murdoch University, 1998. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [275]-290).

No description available.

In a bid to support the harvesting of marine resources amongst the rural coastal communities and fishing sectors of Eritrea; the traditional fishermen of the coastal and island communities of this country have been involved in formal training regarding their fishing skills. The training programmes are intended to transfer fishing knowledge to the traditional fishermen of coastal communities and to introduce appropriate basic fishing skills through the Hirgigo Fishing Training Centre (HFTC). This study analyses the perceived role of the fishing training programme in improving fishing activities. The study further evaluates the HFTC programme, from the perspective of its 'traditional fishermen' target audience. Criteria for the observation and the focal point of the analysis, is to reveal ways in which to best contribute to the development of the fishing villages. This research therefore poses the following question: Is the current training sufficient to develop fishing livelihoods in rural coastal fishing communities, so improving the lives of the people in the fishing villages of Eritrea - or is a greater socio-cultural understanding of the fishing communities required, complimented by subsequent grass-roots development? In order to answer this question, the study will depend upon the perceptions of key informants and trained fishermen - which are used to examine the impact of the training centre and its programmes. In order to evaluate the HFTC training programme, the study applies a mixture of evaluative social research using the 'naturalistic model' as well as 'Participatory Rural Appraisal' (PRA) research methodologies. The data collection and analysis of the research study is based upon qualitative research methods. Traditional Eritrean coastal fishing life is based upon traditional knowledge, customs, religion, culture and behavioural experiences that emphasise the flexibility of livelihoods amongst rural shore inhabitants - over many generations. It is suggested that, as a consequence, the training and development programme faces difficulties in penetrating the inherent characteristics of traditional fishing. The study shows that while the training programme curricula and instructors' teaching methods are appropriate for the traditional fishermen, they cannot adequately address the everyday constraints experienced by these individuals and their communities. Traditional fishermen are dependent upon multiple livelihoods. While the research participants perceived fishing as a very important way of making a living (as opposed to other livelihoods) they are not willing to rely exclusively on fishing. This study further shows that Eritrean fishing communities are rooted in traditional attitudes and have unique socio-cultural characteristics. As a research area, the social and cultural milieu of coastal communities is fascinating and requires further social research studies; as does the context of social organisations in coastal and island communities, their indigenous knowledge, culture and ecology. These require special attention to assist rural coastal and island communities and develop academic social and cultural studies. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005