The monitoring of volcanoes for risk assessment has deployed single sensors for years. This kind of system requires manual supervision to monitor each sensor, which makes the monitoring work not flexible and efficient enough to adapt to variable volcano environments. With the development of wireless sensor networks, the accuracy and coverage of volcano observations can be improved by deploying networked sensors. This paper proposes a wireless sensor network prototype for volcano remote monitoring, which was built and tested in a field campaign in volcano Etna, Italy in September of 2004.Hardware design of sensors, in-depth sensor network design and software module architecture will be introduced in this paper. The experience gained from the practical work in volcano Etna will be used in an upcoming volcano monitoring project. / Vulkaner har, i syfte för riskuppskattning, under en lång tid observerats med enkel sensorteknik.Det systemet behöver dock manuell övervakning av varje sensor, vilket gör att övervakningssystemet inte blir nog flexibelt eller effektivt för att kunna anpassas till en variabel vulkanmiljö. Med utvecklingen av trådlösa sensornätverk kan noggrannheten och täckningen av vulkanövervakning förbättras. I denna rapport föreslås en prototyp för ett trådlöst sensornätverk avsett för övervakning av vulkaner.Denna prototyp byggdes och provades i en fältkampanj på vulkanen Etna i september 2004. I denna rapport presenteras även hårdvarudesign av sensorer, fördjupad design av sensornätverket och arkitektur av mjukvarumoduler.Erfarenheten från det praktiska arbetet på Etna kommer att användas i ett kommande vulkanprojekt. / 数年耒， 火山庐盎'情予页手贝哑工儡乍中普遍采用的是单传感器系茎充。 这手中系彗充需要人工监控每个传 感器, 由于其不可多灵活高效, 不苜旨适应多变的火山壬不土竞。 随着无线传感器网络的岌展, 采用 网络互连的传感器苜旨句多提高火山监暑贝畦的子崔确'性养口宗置盖范围o 本文提出了一茉中用于火山远程监 控的无线传感器网络原型, 在 2口口4年 日 月薏犬禾lj士矣特男B火山的科学考察活动中, i亥网络芋皮搭 建井寄贝哑试应用。 本文轧寻介妻召宝亥网络中的传感器的丑更儡牛设元十, 传感器网络设无十以及软儡牛摸块结 构。 在士矣特丑B火山的实地考禀工儡乍中获宁导的宝贵经验耳幂儡故为下一唇介段火山监手贝哑项目的守旨南。

The forestry is the main use of forests in Sweden which results in a number of positive aspects but also a number of negative effects on our nature. Aquatic ecosystems are specifically exposed to land use by the forest industry. The problem areas that arise are mainly discharge of nutrients, mercury, change in hydromorphology and local environment, sludge transport, absence of dead wood in streams and altered solar radiation. In order to reduce negative impact and protect natural populations of species but also to protect important ecosystems, there are a number of national prospective objectives and laws. From the year 2014, a number of prospective aims have been introduced to get a common view of the problem factors, but also to get a common representation of how the forestry measures should be carried out.  This work evaluated the width of the riparian buffer zone left along the 138 streams at final clearcutting in the Vindelälven catchment, comparing three periods: period 1 (year 2001-2007), period 2 (year 2008-2013) and period 3 (year 2014-2018).  The work also included a count of the number of dead wood objects that occur in 16 of the 138 streams in the study area. The method of the study is based on remote sensing using ArcGIS software, along with a field inventory to verify the remote sensing with reality. The results found from the study were that a significant increase in average minimum-width was shown between periods 1 and 3 (ANOVA, n = 138, df = 2, F = 5.083 and p = 0.007). The results from the average width were not significantly different but suggest a positive correlation between lower age of final clearcutting and the average width of the riparian zone. The density of dead wood in the streams of the study site did not give any significant differences or correlations depending on time period. What could be explained from the result was that the presence of beaver (Castor fiber) positively affected the amount of dead wood. To conclude, positive effects of the introduction of new objectives for riparian buffer zone management were indicated.  This is a sign that the forestry industry is moving towards implementing more sustainable methods. In addition, a method based on remote sensing for measuring riparian buffer zone widths was found to provide reliable estimates in the Vindelälven catchment, Västerbotten County. / Grip on Life IP

Folk tenderar att flytta till urbana områden för att studera, hitta jobb och få bättre möjligheter. Befolkningen i stora städer har ökat mycket och det kommer även att öka ännu mer. Därför är stadsplanering eller samhällsplanering viktigt och ett av de viktigaste områdena är avfallshantering där avfall från hushåll hanteras. För att bygga avfallshanteringsanläggning som återvinningscentraler behöver man planera noga och miljötänkande är viktigt. För att kunna lokalisera optimala ställen behöver man GIS-teknik. Med hjälp av den tekniken finns det möjlighet att göra analys och även skapa kartor som kan till exempel ingå i översiktsplanen och detaljplanen. Platsbestäm-ningen är det viktigaste att ta fram i planeringsstadiet innan man kan börja med andra processer därför att felplacering kan orsaka problem som miljö, säkerhetspro-blem för invånare och ekonomisk förlust för myndigheten eller staten för justeringar och omplaceringar. I dagsläget finns det inte så mycket tekniska lösningar som skulle underlätta för platsbestämningen.I utvecklingsländer saknas fungerande avfallshantering och många slänger skräp över-allt. Därför har studien mest fokus på utvecklingsländer där återvinningscentraler behöver byggas. Syfte med arbetet är att hitta optimala platser för en återvinnings-central med GIS- lösningar.I studien utfördes fjärranalys och multikriterieanalys för att hitta de optimala plat-serna för återvinningscentraler. Övervakad klassificering användes för extrahering av klasser. Data från Open Street Map hämtades för komplettering av data för saknade faktorer. AHP-metoden utfördes för att vikta faktorerna. Metoden weighted linear combination användes för beräkning av slutresultat. Arbetet gav positivt resultat och lösningen kommer att vara användbar för framtagande av detaljplan och översikts-plan för en återvinningscentral. Metoden kommer att vara användbart vilket är må-let för det här arbetet dock behövs bättre data och mer analys av faktorer. / People tend to move to urban areas to study, find jobs, and get better opportunities. The population of big cities has increased, and it will also increase even more. Therefore, urban planning or community planning is important and one of the most important areas is waste management where waste from households is managed. In order to build waste management facilities as recycling centers, one needs to plan carefully, and environmental thinking is important. In order to locate optimal places, you need GIS technology. With the help of this technique, it is possible to make analysis and create maps that can, for example, be included in the master plan and the detail plan. The site provision is the most important thing in developing of planning stage before one can start with other processes because misplacement can cause problems like environment issues, security problems for the inhabitants and financial loss for the authority or the state for adjustments and relocations. At pre-sent, there are not many technical solutions that would facilitate location determina-tion.In poor countries, there is a lack of functioning waste management and many throw trashes everywhere. The study therefore has focus in developing countries where re-cycling centers need to be built. The purpose of the work is to find optimal places for recycling centers with GIS solutions.In the study, remote sensing and multi-criteria analysis were performed to find the optimal places for recycling centers. Supervised classification was used to extract classes. Data from Open Street Map was retrieved to supplement data for missing factors. The AHP method was performed to weight the factors. The weighted linear combination method was used to calculate the result. The work gave positive results and the solution will be useful for developing a detailed plan and overview plan for recycling centers. The method will be useful, which is the goal of this work, but im-proved data and more analysis of factors are needed.

<p>The pearl oyster <em>Pinctada martensii </em>or <em>Pinctada fucata </em>is the oyster for produce the South China Sea Pearl, and the production of pearl oyster <em>Pinctada martensii</em> plays a key role for the economic and social welfare of the coastal areas. To guarantee both rich and sustainability of providing pearl oyster productions, addressing the suitable areas for aquaculture is a very important consideration in any aquaculture activities. Relatively rarely, in the case of site selection research, the researchers use GIS analysis to identify suitable sites in fishery industry in China. Therefore, I decided to help the local government to search suitable sites form the view of GIS context. This study was conducted to find the optimal sites for suspended culture of pearl oyster <em>Pinctada martensii </em>using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis. The original idea came from the research of Radiarta and his colleagues in 2008 in Japan. Most of the parameters in the GIS model were extracted from remote sensing data (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Landsat 7). Eleven thematic layers were arranged into three sub-models, namely: biophysical model, social-economic model and constraint model. The biophysical model includes sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-α concentration, suspended sediment concentration and bathymetry. The criteria in the social-economic model are distance to cities and towns and distance to piers. The constraint model was used to exclude the places from the research area where the natural conditions cannot be fulfilled for the development of pearl oyster aquaculture; it contains river mouth, tourism area, harbor, salt fields / shrimp ponds, and non-related water area. Finally those GIS sub-models were used to address the optimal sites for pearl oyster <em>Pinctada martensii</em> culture by using weighted linear combination evaluation. In the final result, suitability levels were arranged from 1 (least suitable) to 8 (most suitable), and about 2.4% of the total potential area had the higher levels (level 6 and 7). These areas were considered to be the places that have the most suitable conditions for pearl oyster <em>Pinctada martensii </em>for costal water of Yingpan.</p>

The pearl oyster Pinctada martensii or Pinctada fucata is the oyster for produce the South China Sea Pearl, and the production of pearl oyster Pinctada martensii plays a key role for the economic and social welfare of the coastal areas. To guarantee both rich and sustainability of providing pearl oyster productions, addressing the suitable areas for aquaculture is a very important consideration in any aquaculture activities. Relatively rarely, in the case of site selection research, the researchers use GIS analysis to identify suitable sites in fishery industry in China. Therefore, I decided to help the local government to search suitable sites form the view of GIS context. This study was conducted to find the optimal sites for suspended culture of pearl oyster Pinctada martensii using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis. The original idea came from the research of Radiarta and his colleagues in 2008 in Japan. Most of the parameters in the GIS model were extracted from remote sensing data (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Landsat 7). Eleven thematic layers were arranged into three sub-models, namely: biophysical model, social-economic model and constraint model. The biophysical model includes sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-α concentration, suspended sediment concentration and bathymetry. The criteria in the social-economic model are distance to cities and towns and distance to piers. The constraint model was used to exclude the places from the research area where the natural conditions cannot be fulfilled for the development of pearl oyster aquaculture; it contains river mouth, tourism area, harbor, salt fields / shrimp ponds, and non-related water area. Finally those GIS sub-models were used to address the optimal sites for pearl oyster Pinctada martensii culture by using weighted linear combination evaluation. In the final result, suitability levels were arranged from 1 (least suitable) to 8 (most suitable), and about 2.4% of the total potential area had the higher levels (level 6 and 7). These areas were considered to be the places that have the most suitable conditions for pearl oyster Pinctada martensii for costal water of Yingpan.

Det växande behovet av metoder för tillförlitlig identifiering och kartering av markfuktighet i landskapet inom naturvård och skogsbruk ställer ökade krav på kartmaterialet. Dagens kartor är generellt baserade på flygbildstolkning vilket ofta resulterar i en ofullständig och generaliserad redovisning av våtmarker. Med LiDAR-data och moderna GIS-program kan topografiska markfuktighetsindex med hög upplösning genereras, vilket potentiellt kan ge en mer realistisk och detaljerad redovisning. I detta examensarbete utvärderades det etablerade Topgraphic Wetness Index (TWI) och det mer nyligen utvecklade Depth to Water Index (DTW). Fem TWI-raster med upplösning 2–20 m skapades. Fyra DTW-raster med varierad Flow Initiation Threshold (1–8 ha) skapades, samtliga med 2 m upplösning. Som referensmaterial användes Vegetationskartan (GSD-Vegetationsdata), vilken bedömdes vara det bästa tillgängliga alternativet. Resultatet från studien visar att indexkartorna överlag identifierar fler våtmarker och visar en större andel våtmark än Vegetationskartan. DTW ger en tydligare och mer realistisk kartbild jämfört med TWI. De använda metoderna för generering av indexbaserad markfuktighetskartering innehåller vissa osäkerheter. För DTW finns god förbättringspotential för att minimera dessa osäkerheter men även i att vidareutveckla metoden. Indexkartor (främst DTW) kan trots detta anses användbara i syfte att identifiera markfuktighet, särskilt i kombination med andra typer av kartdata. / The increasing need for reliable identification of wet soils in nature preservation and forestry requires more detailed and accurate maps.  Previous maps are mostly based on aerial photos which may result in an incomplete and generalized representation of wetlands. Using high resolution LiDAR-data and modern GIS software, topographic indices can be generated which has the potential to model wetlands in a more realistic and detailed manner. This study evaluated the widely used Topgraphic Wetness Index (TWI) and the more recently developed Depth to Water Index (DTW). Five TWI-raster with a resolution of 2-20 m was created. Four DTW-raster with 2 m resolution was created with Flow Initiation Threshold varying between 1-8 ha. A vegetation map (GSD-Vegetationsdata) was used as reference since it was judged to be the best available option for comparison. The results show that the index-maps overall identify more wetland area than the vegetation map. The DTW-index generates a clearer and realistic map compared to the TWI. The methods used for index-based mapping of soil moisture has some uncertainties. However, the DTW-index has good potential for further development. It was concluded that index-based maps (primarily DTW) can be useful for identification of soil moisture, especially if combined with other sources of map data.

The objective of this research is to detect change in urban areas using two satellite images (from 2001 and 2010) covering the city of Shanghai, China. These satellite images were acquired by Landsat-7 and HJ-1B, two satellites with different sensors. Two change detection algorithms were tested: image differencing and post-classification comparison. For image differencing the difference image was classified using unsupervised k-means classification, the classes were then aggregated into change and no change by visual inspection. For post-classification comparison the images were classified using supervised maximum likelihood classification and then the difference image of the two classifications were classified into change and no change also by visual inspection. Image differencing produced result with poor overall accuracy (band 2: 24.07%, band 3: 25.96%, band 4: 46.93%), while post-classification comparison produced result with better overall accuracy (90.96%). Post-classification comparison works well with images from different sensors, but it relies heavily on the accuracy of the classification. The major downside of the methodology of both algorithms was the large amount of visual inspection.

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is an important source of food for waterfowl. Effects of waterfowl grazing on SAV has foremost been studied in freshwater and agricultural ecosystems. This study used drone-based remote sensing to identify waterfowl grazing patterns and quantify the effect their grazing has on SAV in shallow coastal areas in Västerbotten County. Six subareas containing a total of 27 bays were studied in detail. Grazed areas were delimited by polygons in GIS. Using GIS, layers containing water depth, wave exposure and biotope were added to polygons and mean-values were calculated. Field data containing types of SAV were noted in grazed areas and compiled by number of observations. Data was tested in a regression analysis and a X2-test. Results revealed no connection between water depth and wave exposure in regard to the proportion of grazed area. Grazing was identified in 20 out 27 bays and in 41 out of 126 drone images. Field data containing charophytes often overlapped with polygons for grazed areas, but a more systematic collection of data is needed to conclude whether the presence of charophytes is crucial for the choice of grazing area. Shallow coastal areas can have a great variance in SAV species composition from year to year due to ice scraping during winter and yearly land raise. Continuous studies of these areas are therefore needed in order to conclude if changes in SAV species composition is due to abiotic factors or grazing from waterfowl.

Lastbilstransport är den vanligast förekommande transportmetoden för den svenskaskogssektorn. År 2015 transporterades drygt 60 miljoner skogsråvara med hjälp avlastbil. För att tillgängliga skogsråvaran ute i skogen krävs de så kalladeskogsbilvägarna. För att veta vilka skogsbilvägar som är körbara är navigations- ochtransportledningssystem innehållande geografisk information i form av vägdata enförutsättning. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka brister ochförbättringsmöjligheter virkestransportörerna såg med systemen.Studien genomfördes som en enkätundersökning med en kompletterandetelefonintervju. Studien innehöll 58 respondenter inklusive telefonintervjun och enmajoritet såg brister och förbättringsmöjligheter främst avseendehöjdvariationsinformation, vändmöjligheter och vägdatans trovärdighet.Slutsatserna var att det finns förbättringsmöjligheter i navigations- ochtransportledningssystemens effektivitet och trovärdighet. Trovärdigheten kanpotentiellt förbättras med hjälp av fjärranalys och således erhålla en mer löpandeuppdatering av vägdatan. En systemeffektivisering får i sin tur konsekvensen attskogssektorn besparar tid, förbättrar arbetsmiljön och sänker koldioxidutsläppen frånvirkestransporterna.

Examensarbetet presenterat i den här rapporten utfördes i syfte att kartlägga vilka sensorer och metoder som skulle kunna vara tillämpbara inom kartläggning av snölager i den arktiska regionen. För att göra den bedömningen har flera olika metoder använts. Intervjuer med experter inom relevanta områden hölls för att göra en initial kartläggning av vilken information som kan tänkas ligga till grund för det efterföljande steget, en kvantitativ regressionsanalys baserad på information insamlad genom systematisk analys av plattformar och sensorer som används i kartläggning baserad på fjärranalys. I denna analys identifierades relevanta korrelationsområden vilka sedan kunde analyseras närmare i en ’State of the art’-sammanställning av relevanta publikationer för att ge en rättvisande insyn i vilka metoder som finns tillgängliga och vad deras respektive styrkor och svagheter är. Slutligen genomfördes en flygning i syfte att praktiskt bedöma vilken kvalitet man kan uppnå i snökartläggning med enkelt tillgängliga konsumentprodukter. Resultaten pekar på att snökartläggning med drönare är ett lovande komplement till vanliga, manuella mätningar. Rekommendationer för vidare studier inkluderar komponentspecifika undersökningar, plattformsdesign och marknadskartläggning. / The thesis presented in this report was conducted to identify which sensors and methods could be applicable in the mapping of snow stocks in the Arctic region. To make that assessment, several different methods have been used. Interviews with experts in relevant areas were held to make an initial survey of what information might be the basis for the subsequent step, a quantitative regression analysis based on information collected through systematic review of the use of platforms and sensors in mapping by remote sensing. In this analysis, relevant correlation areas were identified, which could then be further analyzed in a state of the art compilation of relevant publications to provide a fair understanding of what methods are available and what their respective strengths and weaknesses are. Finally, a flight was carried out with a view to practically assessing what quality can be achieved in snow mapping with readily available consumer products. The results point out that snow mapping exploration with drones is a promising complement to manual measurements. Recommendations for further studies include component-specific surveys, platform design and market mapping.