Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-08-06T12:58:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco José Eboli Machado_.pdf: 1243477 bytes, checksum: eed7c3191e28e07e22aab21e27083e53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T12:58:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco José Eboli Machado_.pdf: 1243477 bytes, checksum: eed7c3191e28e07e22aab21e27083e53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Nenhuma / A pesquisa procura compreender de que maneira o jornalismo, quando lida com a temática do futebol, aborda a complexidade de relações que vão além dos gramados. Para tanto, analiso a prática jornalística da imprensa esportiva na construção de suas narrativas sobre a participação do Pérolas Negras na Copa São Paulo de 2016. O trabalho está estruturado metodologicamente em cinco movimentos, sendo quatro movimentos de aproximação do problema de pesquisa e um movimento de análise do corpus, composto por doze matérias de sites variados. O paradigma da complexidade de Edgar Morin (1984, 2010, 2015), que foi transposto para o jornalismo por Mar de Fontcuberta (2006) serve como fio-condutor de sua construção. Acredito que em função do futebol se constituir em um fenômeno social e cultural de grande complexidade, deve ser trabalhado tanto pelo pesquisador quanto pelo jornalista de maneira multidimensional. Só assim é possível dar conta dos inúmeros aspectos a ele relacionados. Nos movimentos teóricos busco verificar o papel da imprensa esportiva na construção, reprodução e circulação das produções simbólicas ligadas ao futebol na sociedade brasileira. Reflito sobre a profissão de jogador de futebol no mundo globalizado e os fluxos migratórios da contemporaneidade, bem como em relação à maneira como a imprensa esportiva ajuda a construir uma idealização do futebol como um importante instrumento de ascensão social. Esse último aspecto, aliás, ficou nítida na análise do corpus, que também permitiu constatar a reprodução de uma série de estereótipos e lugares comuns em relação ao Haiti e aos haitianos, com uma forte tendência à vitimização e à reprodução do senso comum em relação ao país caribenho e seus habitantes, contribuindopara reforçar a estigmatização desses sujeitos. Dentro da perspectiva aqui adotada, é possível afirmar que a quase totalidade dos textos apenas reproduziram o olhar hegemônico e passaram longe da abordagem complexa que o jornalismo deveria adotar nas suas produções. / This research intends to understand how journalism works relating to complexity in reporting soccer. In these terms, we focused the narrative about Pérolas Negras participation in 2016’s Copa São Paulo. The methodological approach to the object produced five movements: four movements pointed to the research question. In the fifth we analyze twelve texts published in different websites. The theoretical perspective is founded on E. Morin's complexity paradigm (1984, 2010, 2015), applied to journalism studies by Mar de Fontcuberta (2006). Soccer as a complex social and cultural phenomenon means considering sports press role on building, reproduction and circulation of symbolic productions related to soccer in Brazilian society. Globalized context produced negative effects on soccer player profession and affected the contemporary migratory fluxes. Simultaneously, we verify the sport press constructing idealized images about soccer as an important instrument to social ascension. We also found several stereotypes and the use of common sense representations about Haiti and Haitians as victims. Finally, it is possible to sustain that majority of the articles analyzed just reproduces an hegemonic view without considering the complexity witch journalism could adopt in its productions.

In many numerical weather prediction models, the presence of lakes is simulated crudely, with their effect being neglected in the resulting simulations. However, it has been shown how lakes effect not only their surrounding climate directly, but have an effect to the overall weather evolution and ecosystem. It is therefore vital to improve existing models to take lakes into account, by coupling with smaller models specificaly compiled for a reas with lakes. There have been several sophisticated models to parameterizelakes in a geographical area, which are, on the other hand, computationally expensive and time consuming. A model built specifically on simple physical assumptions, named FLake, aims to provide a solution that is not heavy computationally, but is accurate enough and contains all the necessary physics surrounding the heat budget and temperature of a given lake. For this project, FLake was tried on a lake close to Uppsala, named Erken, where the validity of the model was tested against data archives from Erken Laboratory’s measurement tower. The resulting simulations were very promising regarding the water temperatures, as well as giving out acceptable results for the surface heat fluxes above the lake and the duration of the ice period, as it was modeled by FLake and compared with ice data archives.

<div>Halogen chemistry in the Arctic boundary layer catalytically destroys O3 and impacts the chemical lifetimes of hydrocarbons, the HOx-NOx cycle, and atmospheric mercury. While many advances have been made in the last several decades in understanding the sources, sinks, and recycling pathways of halogens in the Arctic there are still many unknowns. Previous studies have shown that Br2, BrCl and Cl2 are produced photochemically in the Arctic tundra snowpack, but the magnitude of this production is still poorly understood. Additionally, while there have been suggestions that the tundra snowpack should also produce I2, there have been no previous measurements of I2 in the Arctic. The lack of measurements of the halogen production capacity of Arctic snowpacks has left the community to rely on one-dimensional modeling to estimate the impact of snowpack-derived halogen chemistry on the Arctic atmosphere. Because modeling is inherently dependent on understanding recycling mechanisms, mixing processes, and sinks this leaves the effect of halogens on atmospheric chemistry in the Arctic highly uncertain.</div><div><br></div><div>This work describes efforts to address these uncertainties through measurements made during two field campaigns in Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska in January – February 2014, and February – May 2016. The first measurements of I2 in the Arctic, both in the snowpack interstitial air, and in the air above the snowpack demonstrate that iodine chemistry is active in the Arctic atmosphere, and that I2 is produced photochemically in the tundra snowpack. The effects of active iodine chemistry on both O3 and bromine chemistry is examined through zero- and one dimensional modeling. The first speciated measurements of snowpack phase iodine reveal that much like previous reports of iodine enriched aerosols, the Arctic snowpack is highly enriched in iodine. Vertical profiles of I- in the snowpack suggest that there is a consistent, non-radiation dependent source of iodine to the Arctic environment. It seems likely that this source is transport of iodine-enriched aerosols from the mid-latitudes. However, unlike the Antarctic, and previous</div><div>observations in the mid-latitudes, most Arctic snowpack phase iodine is inorganic, which may contradict transport from the mid-latitudes as a source. One-dimensional modeling was also utilized, in conjunction with the first vertical profile measurements of Br2 and Cl2 between 1 and</div><div>7 m above the snowpack surface to examine the community’s understanding of recycling mechanisms, mixing, sources, and sinks of halogens in the Arctic Atmosphere.</div>

As florestas de mangue estabilizam a zona costeira da erosÃo e atuam como zona tamponante entre o continente e o mar. Apresentam elevado grau de resiliÃncia e desempenham um importante papel no fluxo de energia e ciclo de nutrientes. SÃo influenciadas pelo crescimento da carcinicultura que pode causar sÃrios impactos ambientais, particularmente na regiÃo nordeste do Brasil devido à emissÃo de sÃlidos em suspensÃo e nutrientes para os estuÃrios. Avaliar a capacidade de retenÃÃo capaz de minimizar o impacto dos efluentes contendo elevados teores de fÃsforo e material particulado em suspensÃo e distinguir esta capacidade entre Ãreas de reconhecida contaminaÃÃo e Ãreas com caracterÃsticas naturais constituÃram o objetivo desta dissertaÃÃo. As coletas de Ãgua e sedimento ocorreram em 2 campanhas no rio Jaguaribe (impactado) e em 1 no rio Pacoti (natural) em marà sizÃgia durante 13 horas. Os parÃmetros pH, OD, %OD, temperatura, salinidade e condutividade foram medidos in situ com multisonda portÃtil. O MPS foi obtido por gravimetria (APHA, 2001). As fraÃÃes de fÃsforo na Ãgua e no sedimento foram determinadas segundo Grasshoff et al. (1999). A extraÃÃo de TP no sedimento seguiu Berner & Rao (1994). As medidas de fluxo foram calculadas segundo OVALLE et al (1990) e a estimativa do balanÃo de massa foi obtida de forma simplificada a partir do balanÃo entre os processos de entrada e saÃda de acordo com a mudanÃa de marÃ. Os parÃmetros hidroquÃmicos se mostraram semelhantes para as duas Ãreas de estudo, com exceÃÃo do OD, que alcanÃou valores sub-Ãxicos para a gamboa do Jaguaribe. O MPS variou entre 23,1 e 172,9 mg.L-1 para as duas campanhas na gamboa do Jaguaribe e entre 23,5 e 97,7 mg.L-1 para a gamboa do Pacoti, tendo sido considerados aceitÃvel quando comparado a outros trabalhos. As concentraÃÃes de fÃsforo para a gamboa do rio Jaguaribe variaram para o DPO4 entre 2,1 e 6,5 &#956;M na gamboa do Jaguaribe, e 0,1 e 0,9 &#956;M na gamboa do Pacoti; para o T-PO4 entre 3,2 e 15,9 &#956;M para a gamboa do Jaguaribe e 2,9 a 7,3 &#956;M para a gamboa do Pacoti; e para o Part-PO4, entre 1,3 e 11,9 &#956;M para a gamboa do Jaguaribe e 2,8 a 7,7 &#956;M para a gamboa do Pacoti; tendo o Jaguaribe apresentado maiores concentraÃÃes que o Pacoti em todas as campanhas e fraÃÃes, provavelmente relacionando o fÃsforo presente aos efluentes de carcinicultura. O fÃsforo no sedimento variou de 180,6 e 224,9 &#956;g de P/g para o TP na gamboa do Jaguaribe e na gamboa do Pacoti foi de 117,5 &#956;g de P/g, mostrando que as maiores concentraÃÃes de P no sedimento ocorreram na gamboa do Jaguaribe. Os fluxos de MPS (Flx MPS) variaram de 0 a 184,5 g.s-1, na primeira campanha na gamboa do Jaguaribe, 0 a 36,4 g.s-1, na gamboa do rio Pacoti e entre 0 e 836,5 g.s-1 na segunda campanha do Jaguaribe, onde, nesta, os valores foram quase uma ordem de grandeza maiores que na anterior e seu comportamento foi mais acentuado durante a marà vazante. O Flx D-PO4 na gamboa do rio Jaguaribe variou de 0 a 709 mg.s-1 e 0 a 9.113 mg.s- 1, enquanto que na gamboa do Pacoti variou de 0 a 13,4 mg.s-1. Para o Flx T-PO4, foi observada variaÃÃo de 0 a 1.248 mg.s-1 e de 0 a 11.065 mg.s-1 na gamboa do Jaguaribe, e de 0 a 295 mg.s-1 na gamboa do Pacoti, e o Flx Part-PO4 variou de 0 a 539 mg.s-1 e de 0 a 3.471 mg.s-1 para as campanhas do Jaguaribe, e de 0 a 281 mg.s-1 para a gamboa do Pacoti. O fluxo das fraÃÃes de P e do MPS estÃo estreitamente relacionados a velocidade da corrente. As estimativas de balanÃo de massa mostraram que o rio Jaguaribe retÃm tanto as fraÃÃes de fÃsforo quanto os teores de MPS, corroborando com a hipÃtese gerada por este trabalho. Entretanto, sua capacidade de suporte està diminuÃda em comparaÃÃo com os resultados de balanÃo encontrados para o rio Pacoti, que apresentou uma retenÃÃo de materiais bem mais significativa do que o rio Jaguaribe, caracterizando-o com uma grande capacidade de suporte. O rio Jaguaribe, por sua vez, provavelmente pode estar entrando em um processo de envelhecimento acelerado pela aÃÃo antrÃpica que causa impacto em suas Ãguas que esta diminuindo sua capacidade depuradora. / The mangrove forests stabilize the coastal erosion zone and act as a buffering between the continent and the sea. This forest presents high resilient degree, suggested to be used as marker of environmental changes. They play an important role in the energy flow and nutrients cycles. They are suffering with the growth of shrimp ponds. This tends to be responsible of causing serious environmental impacts, particularly in the northeast of Brazil and being associated with the emission of solids in suspension and nutrient in estuaries. The mangroves growth has a retention capacity capable to minimize the impact of the effluents that can be distinguished between areas being recognized contaminated and areas with natural characteristics, for that we were intended to test this capacity through the study of phosphorus and TSS mass balance in these estuaries. Sampling of water and sediment was in 2 campaigns: in the Jaguaribe creek (impacted) and in the Pacoti creek (natural) at tidal cycle. The parameters pH, OD, %OD, T, salinity and cond were measured in situ with portable multimode. TSS was obtained by gravimetric method (APHA, 2001). The fractions of phosphorus in water and in sediments were according to the Grasshoff et al. (1999). The TP extraction in sediment followed Berner & Rao (1994). The flow measures were calculated according to OVALLE et al (1990) and the estimate of the mass balance was obtained in simplified ways starting from the mass between the entrance processes to the agreement with the tide change. The hydrochemistry parameters showed the same for the two study areas, except for OD, that reached suboxic values for Jaguaribe creek. TSS varied between 23,1 and 172,9 mg.L-1 for two campaigns in the Jaguaribe creek and 23,5 and 97,7 mg.L-1 for the Pacoti creek, having been considered acceptable when compared the other works. The phosphate concentrations for Jaguaribe creek varied for D-PO4 between 2,1 and 6,5 &#956;M in Jaguaribe creek, and 0,1 and 0,9 &#956;M in Pacoti creek; for T-PO4 between 3,2 and 15,9 &#956;M for Jaguaribe creek and 2,9 to 7,3 &#956;M for Pacoti creek; and for Part-PO4, between 1,3 and 11,9 &#956;M for Jaguaribe creek and 2,8 to 7,7 &#956;M for Pacoti creek; tends Jaguaribe presented larger concentrations that Pacoti in all the campaigns and fractions, probably due to the effluents of shrimp pond. The phosphorus in the sediment varied from 180,6 to 224,9 &#956;g of P/g for TP in Jaguaribe creek and in Pacoti creek it was of 117,5 &#956;g of P/g, showing that the largest concentrations of P in the sediment happened in Jaguaribe. The flows of TSS (Flx TSS) varied from 0 to 184,5 g.s-1, in the first campaign in Jaguaribe creek, 0 to 36,4 g.s-1, in Pacoti creek and between 0 and 836,5 g.s-1 in the second campaign of Jaguaribe, where the values were almost an order of greatness larger than in the previous and your behavior was more accentuated during the ebb tide. Flx D-PO4 in Jaguaribe creek varied from 0 to 709 mg.s-1 and 0 to 9.113 mg.s-1, while in Pacoti creek it varied from 0 to 13,4 mg.s-1. To Flx T-PO4, variation was observed from 0 to 1.248 mg.s-1 and from 0 to 11.065 mg.s-1 in Jaguaribe creek, and from 0 to 295 mg.s-1 in Pacoti creek, and Flx Part-PO4 varied from 0 to 539 mg.s-1 and from 0 to 3.471 mg.s-1 for the campaigns of Jaguaribe, and from 0 to 281 mg.s-1 for Pacoti creek. The fluxes of the fractions of P and of TSS are much related with current speed. The estimates of mass balance showed that the river Jaguaribe retains the phosphorus fractions as much as the TSS, corroborating with the hypothesis generated by this work. However, their support capacity it is reduced in comparison with the balance results found for the river Pacoti that presented retention of materials much more significant than the creek in Jaguaribe River, characterizing him with a great support capacity. However, Jaguaribe River can probably be entering in an accelerated process of aging caused by the antrophic actions that impacts in its waters.

O abacateiro (Persea americana Mill.) possui desenvolvimento organizado em fluxos de crescimento e florescimento em panículas, provenientes principalmente de gemas terminais, podendo ocorrer em menor intensidade a partir de gemas axilares. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de florescimento e a presença de substâncias ergásticas nas células de gemas axilares, bem como determinar a contribuição dos fluxos de crescimento de primavera e verão para a composição floral dos abacateiros \'Geada\', \'Fortuna\', Quintal\', \'Margarida\' e \'Hass\', localizados no sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e por meio da contagem do número de brotações e inflorescências, o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo foi feito em 40 ramos do fluxo de primavera e 40 ramos do fluxo de verão, distribuídos em cinco plantas por cultivar, no período de março a agosto/2016. A capacidade de florescimento de gemas axilares foi avaliada em estruturas coletadas mensalmente entre março e julho de 2016 nos ramos dos fluxos de primavera e verão, sendo as alterações anatômicas do meristema e a presença de substâncias ergásticas (amido, proteínas totais, compostos fenólicos e polissacarídeos) monitoradas a partir de testes histológicos e histoquímicos. Para as análises histológicas, as amostras vegetais foram desidratadas em série gradual de álcoois, emblocados em historesina e coradas em coloração dupla com reagente ácido periódico de Schiff e Naftol Blue Black. O florescimento de todas as cultivares ocorreu no mês de agosto/2016 e a formação de inflorescências foi predominante em ramos provenientes do fluxo de verão para todas as cultivares. Os resultados evidenciam a capacidade de florescimento de gemas axilares dos abacateiros, as quais são anatomicamente idênticas às gemas terminais e apresentaram início do comprometimento com o florescimento, caracterizada pelo aparecimento dos eixos secundários da inflorescência, dois meses antes (entre maio e julho) da época de floração (agosto/setembro). / Avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.) has an organized development in fluxes of growth and flowering in panicles, mainly coming from terminal buds, and may occur in less intensity from axillary buds. Thus, the present study had as objective the evaluation of the flowering potential and presence of ergastic substances in axillary buds, as well as to determine the contribution of the spring and summer fluxes growth to the floral composition of the avocado trees \'Geada\', \'Fortuna\' , Quintal \',\' Margarida \'and\' Hass\', located in the southwest of São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized and the vegetative and reproductive development was monitored in 40 branches of the spring flux and 40 branches of the summer flux by counting the number of shoots and inflorescences, distributed in five plants per cultivar, in the period from March to August / 2016. The flowering capacity of axillary buds was evaluated in monthly collected structures between March and July of 2016 in the branches of spring and summer fluxes, being the anatomical alterations of the meristem and the presence of ergastic substances (starch, total proteins, phenolic compounds and polysaccharides) monitored from histological and histochemical analyses. For the histological analyzes, the plant samples were dehydrated in a gradual series of alcohols, placed in historesin and stained in double staining with periodic acid reagents of Schiff and Naftol Blue Black. The flowering of all cultivars occurred in August / 2016 and inflorescence formation was more significant in branches from the summer flow for all cultivars. The results showed the flowering ability of axillary buds of the avocado trees, which are anatomically identical to the terminal buds and showed the beginning of the flowering, characterized by the appearance of the secondary axes of the inflorescence two months before (between May and July) of flowering (August / September).

L’objectif de ce travail est le développement d’un modèle et d’une méthode numérique adaptés à la simulation duruissellement d’eau de pluie sur des surfaces agricoles. Pour cela, nous utilisons un système d’équations aux dérivéespartielles pour les eaux peu profondes : le système de Saint Venant. La pluie et l’infiltration y sont pris en compte parl’ajout de termes source et le couplage avec un modèle d’infiltration. Le système étant hyperbolique et conservatifnous choisissons d’utiliser un schéma aux volumes finis avec reconstruction hydrostatique. Avec cette reconstructionnous obtenons un schéma permettant de traiter les équilibres stationnaires et les interfaces sec/mouillé dues auxévénements pluvieux. Tout d’abord, nous effectuons une comparaison systématique de différents flux numériques,de différentes reconstructions d’ordre deux (MUSCL et ENO modifiées) et de différentes méthodes de traitementdes frottements sur des solutions analytiques unidimensionnelles. Ces comparaisons nous permettent de choisirune méthode numérique adaptée à la simulation du ruissellement qui en outre capture les phénomènes de typeroll-waves. Ensuite nous nous intéressons au traitement de la pluie et de l’infiltration à l’aide du modèle de Green-Ampt. Cette méthode généralisée en dimension deux est validée sur des résultats expérimentaux obtenus à l’INRAd’Orléans et à l’IRD. La méthode numérique choisie et validée a été implémentée dans FullSWOF_2D un logiciellibre écrit en C++ pour la simulation de ruissellement d’eau de pluie sur des surfaces agricoles. / In this work, we aim at developping both a model and a numerical method adapted to the simulation of rainfallrunoff on agricultural fields. The model used is a system of partial differential equations for shallow water flows :namely the system of Saint Venant. Rain and infiltration are treated as source terms and with a coupled model ofinfiltration. Because of the hyperbolicity and conservativity properties, we are using a finite volume scheme with thehydrostatic reconstruction. This reconstruction allows us to deal with stationary equilibria and wet/dry transitionsdu to rainfall events. First, a systematic comparison on analytic solutions is achieved between various numericalfluxes, two second order reconstructions (a MUSCL and a modified ENO reconstructions) and different numericaltreatment of the friction term. This allows us to choose a numerical method adapted to runoff simulation. Moreoverit is able to catch roll waves phenomenons. Then we are interested in the rain and infiltration treatment. Infiltrationis modeled thanks to the Green Ampt model. This method is thereafter generalized to two dimensions and validatedon experimental results obtained by the INRA of Orléans and the IRD. The chosen numerical method has beenimplemented in an C++ open-source software for rainfall runoff on agricultural fields simulations : FullSWOF_2D.

L’objectif de la thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de contribuer à l’estimation des paramètres du système des carbonates en Mer Méditerranée, en particulier la pression partielle du CO2 dans l’eau (pCO2sw), l’alcalinité totale (AT), le carbone inorganique total (CT) et le pH. En premier lieu, on a calculé à partir des données des campagnes Boum en 2008 et MedSeA en 2013 les coefficients de mélange des masses d’eau dans les bassins Ouest et Est. L’analyse de ces coefficients nous a permis d’étudier l’évolution des masses d’eau en Mer Méditerranée entre les années 2008 et 2013.En deuxième lieu, on a présenté à partir des données de la mission MedSeA en mai 2013, les résultats des mesures récentes de pCO2sw sur une section longitudinale assez étendue allant du détroit de Gibraltar jusqu’au sous-bassin Levantin. Les résultats ont indiqué que les bassins Ouest et Est sont gouvernés par deux régimes différents de pCO2sw. Ces deux régimes ont été influencés par les propriétés physico-chimiques assez distinctes des deux bassins. A partir des mesures directes de pCO2sw on a calculé les flux journaliers de CO2 à travers l’interface air-mer en mai 2013 et cela pour le trajet couvert par la mission MedSeA. Pour aboutir à une analyse plus globale on s’est référé dans une étude ultérieure, aux données des campagnes Thresholds et MedSeA. On a établit ainsi deux équations pour estimer en mai 2007 et 2013, la pCO2sw à partir des données satellites de température de surface, Chlorophylle_a et l’index de la couleur de la matière organique dissoute. Puis, on a calculé et cartographié les flux air-mer de CO2 en mai 2013 à l’échelle de toute la Mer Méditerranée et pour une résolution spatiale de 4 km.Ensuite, on a établi à partir des données de la mission MedSeA, des régressions linéaires pour estimer l’AT et le CT à partir de la salinité, et cela pour chaque sous-bassin de la Mer Méditerranée et pour plusieurs intervalles de profondeur. Ultérieurement, on s’est concentré aux données physico-chimiques dans les eaux de surface, compilées de plusieurs campagnes océanographiques entre 1998 et 2013. Les équations établies pour estimer l’AT et le CT dans les eaux de surface, ont indiqué que le meilleur polynôme inclue la salinité et la température. Ces polynômes ont été appliqués sur les cartes climatologiques de température et de salinité du World Ocean Atlas, pour cartographier les variabilités spatiales et saisonnières de l’AT et du CT sur une moyenne de 7 ans. En outre, à partir des données de la mission MedSeA, on a estimé les concentrations en carbone anthropique (CANT) et la variation de l’acidification (∆pH) en Mer Méditerranée. Les résultats ont indiqué que la Mer Méditerranée est fortement contaminée par le CANT avec des concentrations bien plus élevées que celles enregistrées dans l’océan Pacifique ou Indien. Le calcul du ∆pH a indiqué que la Mer Méditerranée est déjà acidifiée de la surface jusqu’en profondeur. Enfin, on a présenté un modèle pour prédire le ∆pH en fonction de concentrations théoriques de CANT. On a montré que le seuil en CANT pour lequel l’acidification va fortement s’intensifier en Mer Méditerranée est déjà atteint. Aussi, les eaux profondes des bassins Occidental et Oriental, deviendront très probablement sous saturées par rapport à la calcite et à l’aragonite d’ici la fin du siècle prochain. / The objective of the thesis is to contribute to the estimation of the carbonate system parameters in the Mediterranean Sea, in particular the partial pressure of CO2 in water (pCO2sw), total alkalinity (AT), total inorganic carbon (CT) and pH.The study was initiated by an adequate calculation of the water masses mixing coefficients in the Western and Eastern basins, using data from the Boum and MedSeA cruises in 2008 and 2013, respectively. The analysis of the mixing coefficients, allowed us to study the evolution of water masses in the Mediterranean Sea between the years 2008 and 2013.Subsequently, using data from the 2013 MedSeA cruise, we presented the results of recent measurements of pCO2sw on a wide longitudinal section from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Levantine sub-basin. The results indicated that the Western and Eastern basins were characterized by two different pCO2sw regimes. These regimes were mainly affected by the distinctive physico-chemical properties of each basin. From the direct measurements of pCO2sw we calculated along the track of the MedSeA cruise, the daily CO2 fluxes across the air-sea interface in May 2013. To achieve a more comprehensive analysis, we referred in a consecutive study to the data of the Thresholds and MedSeA cruises. From these data, we provided two equations to estimate in May 2007 and 2013; pCO2sw from satellite data of sea surface temperature, Chlorophyll_a and the chromophoric dissolved organic matter index. Furthermore, we calculated and mapped the air-sea CO2 fluxes in May 2013 across the whole Mediterranean Sea, with a spatial resolution of 4 km.Successively, we established from the MedSeA cruise data, linear regressions to estimate AT and CT from salinity, in each sub-basin of the Mediterranean Sea and for several depths. Later on, we focused on the physico-chemical data in surface waters, compiled from several oceanographic cruises between 1998 and 2013. The equations developed to estimate the AT and CT in surface waters, indicated that it is best to include in these polynomials both salinity and temperature. These polynomials were applied to the climatological fields of salinity and temperature of the World Ocean Atlas, in order to map the spatial and seasonal variability of AT and CT on a 7 years average.Moreover, we estimated from the MedSeA cruise data, the concentrations of anthropogenic carbon (CANT) and the variation of acidification (ΔpH) in the Mediterranean Sea. The results indicated that the Mediterranean Sea is heavily contaminated by CANT, with higher concentrations than those recorded in the Pacific or Indian Ocean. Also, the calculated ΔpH indicated that the Mediterranean Sea is already acidified from the surface to the deep waters. Finally, we presented a model to predict the ΔpH according to theoretical concentrations of CANT. Consequently, we showed that we already reached the tipping point of CANT, for which the acidification will strongly intensify in the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, the deep waters of the Western and Eastern basins are very likely to become under saturated in calcite and aragonite by the end of the next century.

O intestino dos insetos representa uma interface pouco protegida dos agentes externos. A identificação dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos nos processos fisiológico-digestivos permite encontrar alvos potenciais para o controle de insetos. As moléculas envolvidas na absorção de nutrientes, tamponamento e geração de fluxos de água no intestino médio do inseto-modelo Musca domestica (Diptera Cyclorrhapha) foram identificadas. Para isso, foi feita uma análise da expressão gênica ao longo do intestino médio, a identificação e anotação de proteínas por bioinformática, a confirmação da localização apical das proteínas por análise proteômica de membranas microvilares purificadas e a determinação do papel de algumas das proteínas através de experimentos in vivo utilizando diferentes dietas, corantes e inibidores. A acidificação da região média é consequência da atividade anidrase carbônica que gera prótons que são bombeados por uma H+ V-ATPase apical acompanhados por cloreto transportado por um simporter K+Cl-. O K+ é recuperado por um canal de K+ e a homeostase dos cátions mantida pela Na+/K+-ATPase basolateral. O bicarbonato é eliminado basolateralmente em troca por cloreto por um antiporter. A acidificação é regulada diretamente por um antiporter Na+/H+ e indiretamente por uma proteína envolvida na homeostase do cobre. O muco protetor da região média é tamponado com bicarbonato gerado por uma anidrase carbônica com âncora de GPI e transportado por um antiporter Na+HCO3-/H+Cl-. O excesso de ácido é eliminado por um antiporter Na+/H+ situado na membrana basolateral. A alcalinização da região posterior ocorre pelo transporte apical de NH3 que sequestra os prótons luminais gerando amônio, junto à remoção de prótons em simporte com aminoácidos e peptídeos. A acidificação intracelular, consequência da entrada de aminoácidos com prótons, é regulada por uma H+ V-ATPase basolateral. A geração de fluxos de água é consequência da atividade conjunta de simporters NKCC e KCC ajudados pelas aquaporinas. A inibição dos simporters com inibidores específicos mostrou que o contrafluxo de água está envolvido na reciclagem da enzima tripsina. Por último, o principal lugar de absorção nutrientes no intestino médio é a região posterior, a exceção do cobre que é absorvido na região média. / The gut of insects is a less protected interphase against external agents. The identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in physiological-digestive processes allows one to find potential targets for insect control. The molecules involved in nutrient absorption, buffering and fluid fluxes in the midgut of the insect-model M. domestica (Diptera Cyclorrhapha) were identified. For this, gene expression along the midgut was analyzed; proteins were identified and annotated by bioinformatics; apical localization of proteins was confirmed by proteomics of purified microvillar membranes; the role of proteins was confirmed by in vivo experiments using different diets, dyes and inhibitors. Middle midgut acidification occurs by the action of an apical H+ V-ATPase with protons coming from carbonic anhydrase activity accompanied by chloride transported with potassium by a K+Cl- symporter. Potassium is recovered by a potassium channel, and cation homeostasis maintained by a basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase. Acidification is directly regulated by a Na+/H+ antiporter and indirectly by a copper homeostasis protein. Mucus protecting epithelium is neutralized with bicarbonate generated by a GPI-ancored carbonic anhydrase and transported by a Na+HCO3-/H+Cl- antiporter. Intracellular acidification is avoided by a basolateral Na+/H+ antiporter. Posterior midgut alkalization occurs by the action of an apical ammonia transporter and proton amino acid (and peptide) symporters. Intracellular acid is eliminated by a basolateral H+ V-ATPase. Fluid fluxes are generated by K+Cl- and Na+Cl-Cl- symporters helped by aquaporins. Inhibition of these symporters showed that the countercurrent flux of water allows trypsin recycling. Finally, posterior midgut is the main location of nutrient absorption, except for copper which is absorbed in the middle midgut.

<p>Methane is an important green house gas as it is responsible for 15-20 % of the green house effect. Marine environments in general and shallow near-coastal waters specifically may be important contributors of methane emissions but are as of today poorly studied.  In this study we measured total fluxes of methane from shallow near-coastal waters at two sites along the east coast of Sweden. The sea-to-air emissions of methane where captured using floating chambers. This gave measured fluxes as compared to earlier studies of the Baltic Sea where calculated fluxes are often used. Measured fluxes have the merit of not having to rely on several highly varying and complex variables e.g. mean wind speed and piston velocity that vary and give an uncertainty to the results.  The fluxes ranged from -2.14 to 0.37 mg CH4 m-2 d-1 with a mean of 0.05 mg CH4 m-2 d-1. The results show a correlation, however not strong, between depth and methane. No difference in flux between the study sites could be seen. We look forward to further studies using floating chambers on shallow near-coastal waters with longer sampling periods to catch seasonal variations.</p>

Les concentrations en silice dissoute (DSi) et silice particulaire biogène (BSi) ont été mesurées pendant une année complète (en 2003) dans la zone tidale de la rivière Escaut et dans ses tributaires aux limites tidales. Alors que la DSi est restée, dans les tributaires, à des concentrations élevées toute au long de l’année, et que la BSi s’est maintenue à des concentrations faibles, la DSi a été entièrement consommée pendant l’été dans la rivière tidale et les concentrations en BSi ont augmenté. En comparant ces concentrations avec celles de la biomasse des diatomées et de la matière en suspension, il a pu être estimé que la majeure partie de la BSi en été était associée aux diatomées vivantes. Des bilans de masse de la DSi et de ces deux fractions de BSi ont été effectués sur différentes zones de la rivière tidale pendant la période durant laquelle les diatomées se développent (période productive, Mai à Octobre). Ceci a permis l’estimation de la croissance et de la mortalité des diatomées, ainsi que de la sédimentation nette de la BSi durant cette période : la moitié de la DSi apportée par les rivières a été transformée en BSi dans la rivière tidale, et la rétention de la silice y a atteint un tiers des apports fluviaux en silice “totale” (TSi = DSi + BSi). Les flux annuels de silice ont aussi été calculés pour replacer à une échelle annuelle les résultats obtenus pendant la période productive : les rétentions annuelles de DSi et la de TSi ne s élevèrent respectivement qu’à 14 et 6 %. L’échantillonnage de l’estuaire a été effectué sur l’ensemble du gradient de salinité au cours de 11 campagnes réparties sur trois ans (de 2003 à 2005). Du fait du mélange des eaux douces et marines, les concentrations en DSi diminuèrent toujours de l’amont vers l’aval, mais les profils étaient généralement convexes ou concaves. Ils ont été interprétés en les comparant avec ceux obtenus à l’aide de la modélisation du transport conservatif. Les flux à l’embouchure ont aussi pu être recalculés, ce qui a permis de quantifier la consommation ou le relargage de DSi au sein de l’estuaire : un maximum de consommation a été observé au printemps, mais l’estuaire a été une source nette de DSi d’août à décembre. A l’échelle annuelle, 28 % des apports de DSi à l’estuaire ont été consommés. La comparaison des profils de BSi avec ceux de la biomasse des diatomées et ceux de la matière en suspension indiqua que la plupart de la BSi dans l’estuaire était détritique (c’est-à-dire non associée aux diatomées vivantes). Ces résultats ont été confirmés par des expériences d’incorporation de silice radioactive qui, bien que la méthodologie soit complètement différente, apportèrent des résultats comparables. La dynamique complexe de la BSi a donc pu être interprétée à l’aide de celle déjà bien étudiée de la matière en suspension dans l’estuaire de l’Escaut, et un bilan de masse de la BSi dans l’estuaire a pu être établi à partir d’un bilan pour la matière en suspension obtenu de la littérature. En plus de la production de diatomées, l’estuaire a reçu presque autant de BSi de la rivière tidale que de la zone côtière. Ceci induisit que la rétention de TSi dans l’estuaire (59 %) a été plus importante que celle de la DSi. Au final, le système tidal de l’Escaut apparaît comme un filtre important pour la silice : les rétentions globales de DSi et TSi dans ce système s’élevèrent respectivement à 39 et 61 %. La comparaison des dynamiques de la silice dans la rivière tidale et dans l’estuaire mit en évidence l’importance du rôle de l’estuaire. La consommation de DSi et la déposition de BSi par unité de surface étaient certes plus intenses dans la rivière tidale mais, à l’échelle de l’écosystème, les effets y furent limités du fait de sa faible surface comparée à celle de l’estuaire. L’une des observations les plus importantes de cette étude est celle de l’apport net de BSi à l’estuaire depuis la zone côtière, ce qui induisit une importante rétention estuarienne de la silice. Les différences importantes entre les rétentions de DSi et de TSi mettent ainsi en évidence la nécessité de prendre en compte la dynamique de la BSi dans l’étude de celle de la silice. De plus, l’importance de la BSi détritique implique que la dynamique de la BSi ne peut être étudiée de part l’observation seule de celle des diatomées. Enfin, l’apport net de BSi vers l’estuaire à l’embouchure, ainsi que l’origine en grande partie marine des diatomées se développant dans l’estuaire, soulignent l’importance de prendre en compte l’importance des échanges à l’embouchure pour le fonctionnement biogéochimique de la silice dans l’estuaire ; l’estuaire ne doit pas être vu comme un simple filtre à sens unique des espèces dissoutes et particulaires provenant uniquement des rivières en amont.