<p>I tolkningen av vad en doktrin är, så finns både ett inriktande syfte och en slags ensning av det förhållningssätt som gäller och förväntas av Försvarsmaktens personal. Det innebär att man skulle kunna förvänta sig en tydlig viktning mot det internationella fokus som faktiskt klart kan sägas gälla efter försvarsbeslutet 2004. Frågan blir då om de tre svenska arenadoktrinerna är tillräckligt tydliga i att poängtera detta. Denna uppsats försöker därför analysera doktrinerna och utröna om det egentligen finns något fokus avseende nationella och internationella insatser och om det i så fall finns någon skönjbar förklaring till detta i doktrintexterna. Undersökningen består av en kvantitativ textanalys samt en kvalitativ undersökning av doktrinerna för luft-, mark- och marina operationer, som tillsammans angriper texterna baserat på två definierade indikatorer av fokuseringarna.</p><p>Analysen i uppsatsen ger vid handen att doktrinen för marina operationer visar en märkbart större fokusering vid internationella insatser än vad de andra gör. Detta kan bero på skillnader i påverkan av stridens genomförande av att insatsen sker nationellt eller internationellt.</p> / <p>In the interpretation of the meaning of a doctrine, there is both a purpose of direction as well as unifying the posture that all personnel in the Swedish Armed Forces are expected to have. That means that a corresponding prioritization could be equally expected of international missions, which are safe to say is the focal point for the Swedish Armed Forces after the defense policy decision made in 2004. The question therefore arises whether or not the three Swedish arena doctrines are adequate in showing these postures. This essay comprises both a quantitative and a qualitative text analysis of the arena doctrines, which together penetrates the texts based on two defined indicators of these focal points.</p><p>The results of this essay are that the doctrine for maritime operations shows a noticeable larger focusing on international missions than the other two does. This might come from the difference in how the arena is affected in the basic tasking depending on whether the mission is conducted nationally or internationally.</p>

I tolkningen av vad en doktrin är, så finns både ett inriktande syfte och en slags ensning av det förhållningssätt som gäller och förväntas av Försvarsmaktens personal. Det innebär att man skulle kunna förvänta sig en tydlig viktning mot det internationella fokus som faktiskt klart kan sägas gälla efter försvarsbeslutet 2004. Frågan blir då om de tre svenska arenadoktrinerna är tillräckligt tydliga i att poängtera detta. Denna uppsats försöker därför analysera doktrinerna och utröna om det egentligen finns något fokus avseende nationella och internationella insatser och om det i så fall finns någon skönjbar förklaring till detta i doktrintexterna. Undersökningen består av en kvantitativ textanalys samt en kvalitativ undersökning av doktrinerna för luft-, mark- och marina operationer, som tillsammans angriper texterna baserat på två definierade indikatorer av fokuseringarna. Analysen i uppsatsen ger vid handen att doktrinen för marina operationer visar en märkbart större fokusering vid internationella insatser än vad de andra gör. Detta kan bero på skillnader i påverkan av stridens genomförande av att insatsen sker nationellt eller internationellt. / In the interpretation of the meaning of a doctrine, there is both a purpose of direction as well as unifying the posture that all personnel in the Swedish Armed Forces are expected to have. That means that a corresponding prioritization could be equally expected of international missions, which are safe to say is the focal point for the Swedish Armed Forces after the defense policy decision made in 2004. The question therefore arises whether or not the three Swedish arena doctrines are adequate in showing these postures. This essay comprises both a quantitative and a qualitative text analysis of the arena doctrines, which together penetrates the texts based on two defined indicators of these focal points. The results of this essay are that the doctrine for maritime operations shows a noticeable larger focusing on international missions than the other two does. This might come from the difference in how the arena is affected in the basic tasking depending on whether the mission is conducted nationally or internationally.

This thesis focuses on the construction and role of benchmark quality computations in the area of non-covalent interactions. We have provided a detailed error analysis of focal-point schemes commonly used in benchmark quality computations, as well as provide error and speedup analysis of commonly used approximations to these methods. An analysis of basis set effects on higher-order corrections to MP2/CBS has been carried out, providing the community error bounds on future benchmarks. We demonstrate how these high-level computations can elucidate a better understanding of non-bonded interactions in chemistry as well as provide high-quality reference data to refit existing methods against to increase the overall accuracy of the method.

Flodpärlmusslan (Margaritifera margaritifera. L) har en obligatorisk fas i sin komplexa livcykel där den lever som parasit på antingen öringens (Salmo trutta, L) eller laxens (Salmo salar, L) gälar. För värdfisken skulle detta kunna innebära en ökad energikostnad när den födosöker i rinnande vatten. Öringens furagering består i att den finner en utgångspunkt (eng. focal point) i strömmen utifrån vilken den fångar sina byten. I denna studie undersöks det om en infektion av flodpärlmusslans glochidielarver på öring påverkar öringens födointag och hantering av födan. Sextio årsungar av öring infekterades med glochidielarver av känd koncentration, och deras födosökning mättes över en 10-veckors period för att bedöma effekten av den växande mussellarven i jämförelse med en icke-infekterad (kontrollgrupp) grupp fiskar. Individuella födoförsök, tio försök per mätningstillfällena, utfördes i ett strömakvarium där en enskild öring matades med drivande föda i fem minuter. Bytet släpptes ned i strömmen med två sekunders intervall, antalet byten räknades och furageringsbeteendet observerades. Födoförsöken genomfördes med två veckors intervall. Vid försöken hittades inga signifikanta skillnader med avseende på: 1) antalet fångade byten, 2) proportionen av fångade byten av försökets första tre minuter, eller 3) de rumsliga aspekterna av öringens utgångspunkt. Vidare uppmättes ingen signifikant effekt av tid på furageringsframgången på den infekterade gruppen jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Däremot var det ett högre antal infekterade individer som spottade ut byten jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Skillnaden i utspottade byten pekar på att infektionen har en negativ påverkan på fiskarnas furageringsförmåga. Dock visade försöken inga resultat som stödjer tidigare studier där signifikant skillnad erhållits med avseende på födointag. Förklaring till detta kan finnas i metodskillnader mellan denna och tidigare studier, inklusive skillnad i typ av byte, strömakvarier, ursprungsström för musslorna och öringen och infektionsgrad hos de infekterade fiskarna samt kontrollgruppen. / The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera, L) has a mandatory phase of its complex life cycle where it lives as a parasite on the gills of either trout (Salmo trutta, L) or salmon (Salmo salar, L). For the host fish this could mean an increased cost when it forages in running water. The trout´s foraging consists of finding a focal point in the stream from where it catches its prey. This study examines whether an infection of the freshwater pearl mussel´s glochidium larva on the gills of brown trout affect trout foraging. Sixty juvenile (0+) brown trout were infected with glochidium larva of a known concentration, and trout foraging behaviour was measured over a 10-week period to assess the effects of the growing mussel larvae of the fish compared to non-infected (control) fish.  Individual feeding trials, ten replicates for each session, were conducted in a stream aquarium where a single trout was fed drifting prey for five minutes. The prey were released into the stream every two seconds, the number of prey captured was counted, and the foraging behavior was characterized. Feeding trials were conducted at two-week intervals. No significant differences between the infected and control groups were found for: 1) the number of prey eaten, 2) the proportion of prey eaten during the first three minutes of the trial, or 3) location of the focal points. Furthermore, there was no significant effect of time on foraging success of the infected group compared to the control group. However, there was a higher number of infected individuals who spat out the prey compared with the control group. The difference in rejected prey suggests that the infection has a negative impact on the fish’s foraging ability. However, the results of this experiment do not support previous studies, where a significant difference was obtained with respect to food intake. This might be explained by differences in experimental protocol between this and previous studies, including differences in prey type, stream aquaria, stream origins of mussels and trout, and the infection status of infected and control fish.

A criação, concepção e produção de normas jurídicas não possuem uma metodologia de análise da sua dinâmica e dos efeitos que projetam no tecido social ao qual são direcionadas, pois a visão clássica das leis está vinculada à sua dimensão coercitiva ou normativa. Um modelo conceitual da dinâmica das instituições a partir dos efeitos provocados nas interações sociais dos agentes representa uma proposta de tratamento sistemático e integrado destes temas. A tese consiste na suposição de que efeitos estratégicos e comportamentais interferem dinamicamente na eficácia institucional dos regulamentos formais propostos para organizar a ação social, devendo, portanto, ser incluídos entre os elementos essenciais na sua concepção, pois representam fonte de incerteza nas interações entre os agentes, não contempladas nas dimensões clássicas de análise. O trabalho é constituído de três partes principais. Na primeira é caracterizado o problema da concepção e produção de normas jurídicas e sua importância e impacto em termos de eficiência, custo social e coordenação das interações sociais. Na segunda parte são revisados os principais referenciais teóricos relacionados ao tema, com ênfase na conexão dinâmica entre o ambiente institucional e o mecanismo de interação social estratégico dos agentes. Na terceira parte são definidos a metodologia e o modelo conceitual da tese com base na relação estabelecida entre os preceitos da economia institucional e da teoria dos jogos. Adicionalmente, introduz-se o conceito de ponto focal da norma jurídica como elemento fundamental de coordenação das estratégias dos agentes na ação social. Com o objetivo de testar a adequação da proposta foi desenvolvido um modelo computacional com base em sistemas multiagentes, consistindo no mecanismo de validação experimental da tese apresentada. Neste sentido, foram realizados experimentos computacionais na direção de comprovar empiricamente a metodologia proposta e a necessidade de englobar aspectos estratégicos e comportamentais na dinâmica das instituições e, portanto, no processo de análise, concepção, estruturação e produção de normas jurídicas. / There is no specific methodology that deals with the process of conceiving and producing legal rules and analyses its effects and dynamics within the social structure they are directed for. A conceptual methodology and a multiagent model represent a systematic and integrated attempt to address the issue. The thesis proposes that strategic and behavioral effects affects institutional dynamics playing an important role in terms of the efficiency of legal commands towards social action, adding extra uncertainty to agents’ interaction. This work is segmented in three main parts. The first one deals with the problem of legal rules conception and production, analyzing its importance and impact in terms of the efficiency, social cost and coordination of social interaction. The second part is a literature review with a special attention to micro-macro dynamics. In the third part the conceptual model of the thesis is formalized, establishing the connection between the theoretical framework of institutional economics, game theory and the law. This chapter introduces the concept of focal point of law as a key element to enable agents’ coordination. A multiagent model has been designed to test the adequacy of the conceptual model as proposed in the thesis. A computational experiment has been performed as an attempt to empirically validate the thesis arguments.

A criação, concepção e produção de normas jurídicas não possuem uma metodologia de análise da sua dinâmica e dos efeitos que projetam no tecido social ao qual são direcionadas, pois a visão clássica das leis está vinculada à sua dimensão coercitiva ou normativa. Um modelo conceitual da dinâmica das instituições a partir dos efeitos provocados nas interações sociais dos agentes representa uma proposta de tratamento sistemático e integrado destes temas. A tese consiste na suposição de que efeitos estratégicos e comportamentais interferem dinamicamente na eficácia institucional dos regulamentos formais propostos para organizar a ação social, devendo, portanto, ser incluídos entre os elementos essenciais na sua concepção, pois representam fonte de incerteza nas interações entre os agentes, não contempladas nas dimensões clássicas de análise. O trabalho é constituído de três partes principais. Na primeira é caracterizado o problema da concepção e produção de normas jurídicas e sua importância e impacto em termos de eficiência, custo social e coordenação das interações sociais. Na segunda parte são revisados os principais referenciais teóricos relacionados ao tema, com ênfase na conexão dinâmica entre o ambiente institucional e o mecanismo de interação social estratégico dos agentes. Na terceira parte são definidos a metodologia e o modelo conceitual da tese com base na relação estabelecida entre os preceitos da economia institucional e da teoria dos jogos. Adicionalmente, introduz-se o conceito de ponto focal da norma jurídica como elemento fundamental de coordenação das estratégias dos agentes na ação social. Com o objetivo de testar a adequação da proposta foi desenvolvido um modelo computacional com base em sistemas multiagentes, consistindo no mecanismo de validação experimental da tese apresentada. Neste sentido, foram realizados experimentos computacionais na direção de comprovar empiricamente a metodologia proposta e a necessidade de englobar aspectos estratégicos e comportamentais na dinâmica das instituições e, portanto, no processo de análise, concepção, estruturação e produção de normas jurídicas. / There is no specific methodology that deals with the process of conceiving and producing legal rules and analyses its effects and dynamics within the social structure they are directed for. A conceptual methodology and a multiagent model represent a systematic and integrated attempt to address the issue. The thesis proposes that strategic and behavioral effects affects institutional dynamics playing an important role in terms of the efficiency of legal commands towards social action, adding extra uncertainty to agents’ interaction. This work is segmented in three main parts. The first one deals with the problem of legal rules conception and production, analyzing its importance and impact in terms of the efficiency, social cost and coordination of social interaction. The second part is a literature review with a special attention to micro-macro dynamics. In the third part the conceptual model of the thesis is formalized, establishing the connection between the theoretical framework of institutional economics, game theory and the law. This chapter introduces the concept of focal point of law as a key element to enable agents’ coordination. A multiagent model has been designed to test the adequacy of the conceptual model as proposed in the thesis. A computational experiment has been performed as an attempt to empirically validate the thesis arguments.

A criação, concepção e produção de normas jurídicas não possuem uma metodologia de análise da sua dinâmica e dos efeitos que projetam no tecido social ao qual são direcionadas, pois a visão clássica das leis está vinculada à sua dimensão coercitiva ou normativa. Um modelo conceitual da dinâmica das instituições a partir dos efeitos provocados nas interações sociais dos agentes representa uma proposta de tratamento sistemático e integrado destes temas. A tese consiste na suposição de que efeitos estratégicos e comportamentais interferem dinamicamente na eficácia institucional dos regulamentos formais propostos para organizar a ação social, devendo, portanto, ser incluídos entre os elementos essenciais na sua concepção, pois representam fonte de incerteza nas interações entre os agentes, não contempladas nas dimensões clássicas de análise. O trabalho é constituído de três partes principais. Na primeira é caracterizado o problema da concepção e produção de normas jurídicas e sua importância e impacto em termos de eficiência, custo social e coordenação das interações sociais. Na segunda parte são revisados os principais referenciais teóricos relacionados ao tema, com ênfase na conexão dinâmica entre o ambiente institucional e o mecanismo de interação social estratégico dos agentes. Na terceira parte são definidos a metodologia e o modelo conceitual da tese com base na relação estabelecida entre os preceitos da economia institucional e da teoria dos jogos. Adicionalmente, introduz-se o conceito de ponto focal da norma jurídica como elemento fundamental de coordenação das estratégias dos agentes na ação social. Com o objetivo de testar a adequação da proposta foi desenvolvido um modelo computacional com base em sistemas multiagentes, consistindo no mecanismo de validação experimental da tese apresentada. Neste sentido, foram realizados experimentos computacionais na direção de comprovar empiricamente a metodologia proposta e a necessidade de englobar aspectos estratégicos e comportamentais na dinâmica das instituições e, portanto, no processo de análise, concepção, estruturação e produção de normas jurídicas. / There is no specific methodology that deals with the process of conceiving and producing legal rules and analyses its effects and dynamics within the social structure they are directed for. A conceptual methodology and a multiagent model represent a systematic and integrated attempt to address the issue. The thesis proposes that strategic and behavioral effects affects institutional dynamics playing an important role in terms of the efficiency of legal commands towards social action, adding extra uncertainty to agents’ interaction. This work is segmented in three main parts. The first one deals with the problem of legal rules conception and production, analyzing its importance and impact in terms of the efficiency, social cost and coordination of social interaction. The second part is a literature review with a special attention to micro-macro dynamics. In the third part the conceptual model of the thesis is formalized, establishing the connection between the theoretical framework of institutional economics, game theory and the law. This chapter introduces the concept of focal point of law as a key element to enable agents’ coordination. A multiagent model has been designed to test the adequacy of the conceptual model as proposed in the thesis. A computational experiment has been performed as an attempt to empirically validate the thesis arguments.

Den relationella pedagogiken är svårformulerad. Därtill är den svår att undersöka empiriskt. Martin Bubers dialogfilosofi ger dock ett väl genomtänkt stöd för teoribildningen och diskussionen om den relationella pedagogik som jag applicerar på den nutida svenska skolan. Jag diskuterar i denna uppsats de möten mellan lärare och elev som är en förutsättning för relationspedagogiken. Det möte som är mest intressant för denna pedagogik är det autentiska mötet. Martin Buber kallar detta för ett Jag - Du-möte. Det finns många hinder för att uppnå ett sådant möte i skolmiljön. Det vanligaste mötet inom skolvärlden är emellertid Jag - Det-mötet. Detta är ett möte som kategoriserar och ger struktur. Statusskillnaden mellan lärare och eleven, betygsjakten, den tvångsmässiga socialisationen i skolmiljön är bara några av de hinder som ligger i vägen för det genuina mötet. Det är därför svårt att hitta utrymme och möjlighet för ett autentiskt möte mellan lärare och elev. Enligt relationspedagogiken är det emellertid i detta möte som det uppkommer en brännpunkt som ger eleven kraft för lärande och utveckling. Om denna brännpunkt är grunden för pedagogen så vore det kanske önskvärt om vår nutida svenska skola gav utrymme för autentiska möten.

An enhanced thermal imaging concept made possible through the development of a gradient-indexed metamaterial infrared detector that offers broadband transmission and reflection in THz waves. This thesis proposes a proof of feasibility for a metamaterial infrared detector containing an anti-reflective coating with various geometrically varying periodic metasurfaces, a gradient-indexed dielectric multilayer for near-perfect longpass filtering, and a gradient index of refraction (GRIN) metalens for enhanced focal plane thermal imaging. 2D Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis (RCWA) is used for understanding the photonic gratings performance based on material selection and varying geometric structure. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) is used to characterize performance for a diffractive metalens by optimizing the radius and arrangement of cylindrical nanorods to create a desired phase profile that can achieve a desired focal distance for projections on a detector for near- to far-infrared thermal imaging. Through combining a micromachined anti-reflective coating, a near-perfect longpass filter, and metamaterial GRIN metalens, infrared/THz focal plane thermal imaging can obtain faster photo-response and image quality at targeted wavelengths, which allows for scientific advancements in electro-optical devices for the Department of Defense, aerospace, and biochemical detection applications.

This report aims to determine the economical benefits of improved public transport in some of Stockholms northern suburbs that are strategic locations for further urbanization. The correlation between public transport (PT) and property values will be explored. How will the PT scenarios that are suggested here increase the value of real estate in the regional focal points? How can the financial winners by this improvement be prepared to take part in financing the PT solutions? Denna uppsats syftar till att fastställa de ekonomiska fördelarna av förbättrad kollektivtrafik i norra Stockholmsregionen. Det kommer att undersökas i vilken utsträckning det föreligger ett samband mellan tillgänglighet till kollektivtrafik och fastighetsvärden. Hur kan de olika kollektivtrafiklösningarna komma att påverka fastighetsvärdena i de regionala kärnorna? Hur skulle nyttotagarna av en sådan investering kunna vara med att finansiera den?