Objetivo: Analisar relações entre testes referidos e observacionais. Métodos: Estudo transversal, idosos institucionalizados, de 60 anos ou mais, independentes e estado cognitivo íntegro. Aplicou-se questionário sócio-demográfico, questões referidas (subir escadas e abaixar/ajoelhar-se) e dois instrumentos observacionais (caminhar rápido e de habilidade para levantar/ sentar). Resultados: Convidados 92 idosos, oito recusaram e um desistiu durante o teste. Amostra com 83 idosos, predomínio do sexo feminino (58%), media e mediana de idade 78 anos, e desvio padrão de 8,4 anos. As limitações referidas são bastante próximas (71% e 65%) e nas observadas, detectamos um valor menor para caminhar rápido (54%). Convergência entre os instrumentos referidos e medida observada, habilidade para levantar de uma cadeira, foram encontradas. Identificou-se o mecanismo fisiológico ligado à predominância da força muscular dos membros inferiores. Diferenças entre os instrumentos referidos e a medida observada caminhar rápido foram observadas porque caminhar rápido exige também equilíbrio, além de força, que é de diferente intensidade daquela para subir escadas ou abaixar. Discutiu-se a possibilidade de complementariedade entre as abordagens referidas e observacionais. Conclusão: Na comparação de testes observacionais e referidos, a concordância favorece a interpretação, desde que se consiga identificar explicação fisiológica. A constatação de resultados divergentes requer uma análise mais complexa, pois incluiu a possibilidade de complementariedade entre testes / Objective: To analyse the relationships between the results of tests referred and observational. Methods: Study sectional, institutionalized elderly, of 60 years or older, who are independent and cognitive status intact. Applied to be a socio-demographic questionnaire, referred questions (to climb stairs and lower/kneeling up) and two observational instruments (to fast walk and ability to lift/sit down). Results: 92 elderly were invited, eight declined and one withdrew during the test. The sample was 83 elderly, and the predominance was female (58%). The ages ranged from 61 to 98 years with mean and median of 78 years. The referred limitations are very close (71% and 65%). Already in observed, there is a smaller value to fast walk (54%). Associations between referred instruments and observed measurement ability to lift and sit down were found. Identifying the physiological mechanism linked to the prevalence of muscular strength of the lower limbs. Differences between the referred instruments and the observed measurement to fast walk was observed, this because the fast walk also requires balance, and strength, which is different from that intensity to climb ladders or down. Conclusion: In comparison to observational tests and said, the agreement favors the interpretation provided they can identify physiological explanation. The finding of divergent results requires a more complex

Objetivo: Analisar relações entre testes referidos e observacionais. Métodos: Estudo transversal, idosos institucionalizados, de 60 anos ou mais, independentes e estado cognitivo íntegro. Aplicou-se questionário sócio-demográfico, questões referidas (subir escadas e abaixar/ajoelhar-se) e dois instrumentos observacionais (caminhar rápido e de habilidade para levantar/ sentar). Resultados: Convidados 92 idosos, oito recusaram e um desistiu durante o teste. Amostra com 83 idosos, predomínio do sexo feminino (58%), media e mediana de idade 78 anos, e desvio padrão de 8,4 anos. As limitações referidas são bastante próximas (71% e 65%) e nas observadas, detectamos um valor menor para caminhar rápido (54%). Convergência entre os instrumentos referidos e medida observada, habilidade para levantar de uma cadeira, foram encontradas. Identificou-se o mecanismo fisiológico ligado à predominância da força muscular dos membros inferiores. Diferenças entre os instrumentos referidos e a medida observada caminhar rápido foram observadas porque caminhar rápido exige também equilíbrio, além de força, que é de diferente intensidade daquela para subir escadas ou abaixar. Discutiu-se a possibilidade de complementariedade entre as abordagens referidas e observacionais. Conclusão: Na comparação de testes observacionais e referidos, a concordância favorece a interpretação, desde que se consiga identificar explicação fisiológica. A constatação de resultados divergentes requer uma análise mais complexa, pois incluiu a possibilidade de complementariedade entre testes / Objective: To analyse the relationships between the results of tests referred and observational. Methods: Study sectional, institutionalized elderly, of 60 years or older, who are independent and cognitive status intact. Applied to be a socio-demographic questionnaire, referred questions (to climb stairs and lower/kneeling up) and two observational instruments (to fast walk and ability to lift/sit down). Results: 92 elderly were invited, eight declined and one withdrew during the test. The sample was 83 elderly, and the predominance was female (58%). The ages ranged from 61 to 98 years with mean and median of 78 years. The referred limitations are very close (71% and 65%). Already in observed, there is a smaller value to fast walk (54%). Associations between referred instruments and observed measurement ability to lift and sit down were found. Identifying the physiological mechanism linked to the prevalence of muscular strength of the lower limbs. Differences between the referred instruments and the observed measurement to fast walk was observed, this because the fast walk also requires balance, and strength, which is different from that intensity to climb ladders or down. Conclusion: In comparison to observational tests and said, the agreement favors the interpretation provided they can identify physiological explanation. The finding of divergent results requires a more complex

L’objectif général de ce travail doctoral était d’étudier les effets de la fatigue (physique et mentale) sur le contrôle postural. Tout d’abord, les effets de la fatigue musculaire du quadriceps fémoral induite par des contractions volontaires et des contractions électro-induites ont été comparés. Les résultats ont montré que des contractions volontaires altéraient davantage le contrôle postural que des contractions électro-induites pour une perte de force musculaire équivalente. Ceci s’expliquerait par la présence d’une fatigue centrale après les contractions volontaires, ainsi qu’une sollicitation différente des fibres musculaires entre les deux modalités de contraction. Des mécanismes compensatoires seraient mis en œuvre après ces deux modalités de contractions fatigantes, mais de façon plus prononcée pour les contractions volontaires. Concernant la fatigue mentale, les effets d’une tâche cognitive exigeante et prolongée sur ordinateur (induisant un état de fatigue mentale) et d’un visionnage de documentaire (tâche contrôle) sur le contrôle postural ont été comparés. De prime abord, la fatigue mentale affecterait le contrôle postural en condition de privation visuelle, en réduisant l’efficacité des stratégies d’attention associatives. De façon surprenante, visionner un documentaire conduirait également à une altération du contrôle postural, potentiellement en raison du maintien prolongé d’une posture assise affaissée. La posture assise pourrait ainsi constituer un facteur confondant dans les protocoles expérimentaux comportant une évaluation posturale. Une analyse statistique de classification en cluster hiérarchique a permis de mettre en évidence des sensibilités différentes au sein des individus à l’égard de la tâche mentalement fatigante. Le niveau de fatigue mentale serait associé au niveau de dégradation du contrôle postural sur un support stable avec les yeux ouverts. La réalisation d’une tâche cognitive prolongée exigeant une attention visuelle soutenue face à un écran d’ordinateur provoquerait une fatigue visuelle. Cette fatigue visuelle affecterait différemment les individus. Elle toucherait plus particulièrement les sujets les plus dépendants des informations visuelles, pour lesquels le contrôle postural se dégraderait davantage que les autres individus. / The overall objective of this doctoral work was to study the effects of fatigue (physical and mental) on postural control. First, the effects of femoral quadriceps muscle fatigue induced by voluntary contractions and electro-induced contractions were compared. The results showed that voluntary contractions affected postural control more than electro-induced contractions for an equivalent loss of muscle strength. This could be explained by the presence of central fatigue after voluntary contractions, as well as a different strain on muscle fibres between the two modes of contraction. Compensatory mechanisms would be implemented after these two modes of tiresome contractions, but more pronounced for voluntary contractions. With regard to mental fatigue, the effects of demanding and prolonged cognitive computer work (inducing mental fatigue) and documentary viewing (task control) on postural control were compared. At first glance, mental fatigue would affect postural control in conditions of visual deprivation, reducing the effectiveness of associative attention strategies. Surprisingly, viewing a documentary would also lead to an alteration in postural control, potentially due to the prolonged maintenance of a collapsed sitting posture. Sitting posture could thus be a confounding factor in experimental protocols involving postural evaluation. A statistical analysis of hierarchical cluster classification revealed different sensitivities within individuals towards the mentally demanding task. The level of mental fatigue would be associated with the level of degradation of postural control on a stable support with eyes open. Performing a prolonged cognitive task requiring sustained visual attention to a computer screen would cause visual fatigue. This visual fatigue would affect individuals differently. It would particularly affect the subjects most dependent on visual information, for which postural control would be more degraded than other individuals.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-09T15:24:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCZO.pdf: 1359694 bytes, checksum: 90de19ac8dc5ae4c2ad7e286ab945d9b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T17:18:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCZO.pdf: 1359694 bytes, checksum: 90de19ac8dc5ae4c2ad7e286ab945d9b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T17:18:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCZO.pdf: 1359694 bytes, checksum: 90de19ac8dc5ae4c2ad7e286ab945d9b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T17:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCZO.pdf: 1359694 bytes, checksum: 90de19ac8dc5ae4c2ad7e286ab945d9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / When a group of patients is monitored until a pre-established date for observation of the recurrence time of an event, it is possible that, at the end of the monitoring period, a parcel of such group has not yet suffered the event of interest. When that happens, even if the period is extended, there is evidence that an appropriate model for the theoretical survival function of the time until the event occurs would be one model able to bear this kind of data. This class of long duration models will be defined because the form presented by the nonparametric estimation of hazard function in this type of study indicates that the model should be flexible to allow such function to be increasing, decreasing, constant or U-shaped. In this report, we present the long duration modified Weibull model (LDMW) as a proposal to contemplate the issues in the medicine area. The LDMW model has a flexible hazard curve, which enables adjustment when the hazard is decreasing, increasing, U-shaped, unimodal, initially decreasing and posteriorly unimodal and constant. The report also particularizes models already known in the literature that contemplate long duration, such as the long duration Weibull (LDW), long duration Exponential (LDE) and short duration models, such as the modified Weibull (MW), Weibull and Exponential. The simulations showed that the odds of coverage reach the nominal probability of 95% for moderately to big sized samples, that the LDMW p model parameters estimation is costless when compared to the MW and that the selection criteria of the AIC and BIC models are not adequate to discriminate the LDMW model adjustment when compared to the LDW model adjustment for small or moderately sized samples. The LDMW model and its particular cases were adjusted into two sets of real data considering the Classic and Bayesian Inference. The first data set is about the time until the seroreversion of children born from HIV-positive mothers and the second data set is about the recurrence time of breast cancer in women. / Quando um grupo de pacientes é seguido até uma data pré-estabelecida, para a observação do tempo até a ocorrência de um evento, pode acontecer que, na data de término do acompanhamento, uma parcela do grupo não tenha sofrido o evento de interesse. Quando ocorre, ainda que se estenda o prazo, existem indícios de que um modelo adequado para a função de sobrevivência teórica do tempo até a ocorrência do evento seja um modelo que comporte esse tipo de dados. Será definida essa classe de modelos de longa duração, pois a forma apresentada pela estimativa não paramétrica da função de risco, nesse tipo de estudo, indica que o modelo deve ser flexível no sentido de permitir que a função de risco seja uma função crescente, decrescente, constante ou em forma de U. Nesta dissertação, apresenta-se o modelo Weibull modificado de longa duração (WMLD) como proposta para contemplar os problemas na área médica. O modelo WMLD possui curva de risco flexível, possibilitando o ajuste quando há o risco decrescente, crescente, forma de U, unimodal, inicialmente decrescente e, posteriormente, descrevendo forma unimodal e constante. Particulariza modelos já conhecidos na literatura que contemplam a longa duração como o Weibull de longa duração (WLD), exponencial de longa duração (ELD) e modelos de curta duração, como Weibull modificado (WM), Weibull e exponencial. As simulações feitas mostraram que as probabilidades de cobertura atingem a probabilidade nominal de 95% para amostras moderadas a grandes, que não existe custo de estimação do parâmetro p do modelo WMLD, quando comparado com o WLD, e que os critérios de seleção de modelos AIC e BIC não são adequados para discriminar o ajuste do modelo WMLD comparado com o ajuste do modelo WLD, para tamanhos de amostras pequenos ou moderados. Ajustou-se o modelo WMLD e seus casos particulares em dois conjuntos de dados reais, considerando a inferência clássica e a bayesiana. O primeiro conjunto de dados trata-se do tempo até a sororreversão de crianças que nasceram de mães portadoras do vírus HIV e o segundo trata-se do tempo até a recidiva em mulheres com câncer de mama.

No description available.

Zum gesellschaftlich relevanten Thema des Arbeitsmarktes findet sich kaum arbeitspsychologische Empirie. Erste Hinweise auf ein die Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger gefährdendes Potenzial einer schlechten Arbeitsmarktlage geben Studien aus den Bereichen der Freiwilligkeit in der Erwerbsarbeit und der Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit. Alle diese Studien sind jedoch Befragungen mit dem methodenimmanenten Interpretationsproblem der gemeinsamen Methodenvarianz. Unter Ausschluss dieses Methodenproblems wird zunächst ein Beitrag zur Klärung der Bedeutung der Arbeitsmarktsituation für die psychische Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger geleistet. In einem zweiten Schritt werden empirisch bewährte Merkmale der Arbeitssituation in die Analysen einbezogen. Den theoretischen Rahmen der Arbeit bilden das Belastungs-Beanspruchungs-Konzept (BBK) und ein spezifiziertes Zwei-Ebenen-Modell. Sekundäranalytisch werden zweier branchenspezifische Gelegenheitsstichproben (N1 = 183; N2 = 314) und die repräsentative BIBB/IAB-Strukturerhebung von 1998/1999 (N3 = 34.343) ausgewertet. Es liegt ein ex-post-facto-Design vor. Das Merkmal der Arbeitsmarktsituation wird als Risiko langzeitarbeitslos zu werden operationalisiert und dokumentenanalytisch generiert. Diese Operationalisierung erweist sich als valide. Die anderen Merkmale werden mittels schriftlicher Befragungen erhoben. Die Datenauswertung erfolgt mit Methoden des ALM. Die globalen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Arbeitsmarktsituation und der psychischen Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger sind marginal. Bei Betrachtung der mit Hilfe des BBK gebildeten Subgruppen zeigen sich jedoch hypothesenkonform veränderte Zusammenhänge. Dieses Ergebnismuster kann im Sinne des sozialepidemiologischen Risikofaktorenmodells als Beleg für das Belastungspotenzial einer schlechten Arbeitsmarktsituation angesehen werden. Zentral für die Vorhersage der psychischen Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger sind jedoch die Merkmale der Arbeitssituation: Auch in Zeiten mit einer problematischen Arbeitsmarktsituation reicht es nicht aus, einfach nur Arbeit zu haben. Die konkrete Arbeitssituation bleibt zentral. / Within the field of occupational psychology there is very little empirical research on the socially highly relevant topic of the labor market. Studies on voluntariness within gainful occupation and on job insecurity have provided initial evidence that a poor labor market situation poses a potential risk to employees’ health. However, all of these studies can be criticized for having the method-immanent interpretation problem of shared method variance. Excluding this methodological problem, the present study, first, contributes to clarifying the role of the labor market situation for employees’ mental health. In a second step, empirically established characteristics of the personal job situation are included in the analyses. The theoretical framework for this research is the stress-strain concept (SSC) and a more specific two-level model. Secondary analyses are conducted with two sectoral convenience samples (N1 = 183; N2 = 314) and the representative BIBB/IAB data set of 1998/1999 (N3 = 34.343). An ex-post-facto design is used. The characteristic of the labor market situation was operationalized as the risk for long-term unemployment, which was generated through document analyses. This operationalization proves to be valid. Other characteristics were assessed with questionnaires. Data analyses were conducted with methods of the GLM. The overall relations between the labor market situation and mental health are marginal. However, when studying subgroups that were formed utilizing the SSC the observed relations vary as hypothesized. These findings can be interpreted within the social-epidemiological risk-factor model as a demonstration of the stress potential of poor labor market conditions. Nevertheless, the central predictors of employees’ mental health are characteristics of the personal job situation: Even in times of a problematic labor market situation just being employed it is not sufficient to ensure good mental health. The person’s specific job situation remains central.

The dissertation analyzes the personnel management system in healthcare facilities with after-care and long-term care in the Czech Republic, focusing on the implementation of certain personnel activities. The main focus is on the characteristics of health facilities and the subsequent long-term care in the Czech Republic, staffing and elements that influence the work of personnel in such organizations. The individual personnel activities in healthcare facilities with after-care and long-term care in the Czech Republic are put into a structure. The thesis includes a qualitative research survey of the level of personnel management in healthcare facilities with after-care and long-term care in the Czech Republic established by both public and private sector, having different legal structures. The research survey focuses on learning about the form of personnel management in healthcare facilities with after-care and long-term care in the Czech Republic, it tracks personnel management as a complex system of partial personnel activities.

Zum gesellschaftlich relevanten Thema des Arbeitsmarktes findet sich kaum arbeitspsychologische Empirie. Erste Hinweise auf ein die Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger gefährdendes Potenzial einer schlechten Arbeitsmarktlage geben Studien aus den Bereichen der Freiwilligkeit in der Erwerbsarbeit und der Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit. Alle diese Studien sind jedoch Befragungen mit dem methodenimmanenten Interpretationsproblem der gemeinsamen Methodenvarianz. Unter Ausschluss dieses Methodenproblems wird zunächst ein Beitrag zur Klärung der Bedeutung der Arbeitsmarktsituation für die psychische Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger geleistet. In einem zweiten Schritt werden empirisch bewährte Merkmale der Arbeitssituation in die Analysen einbezogen. Den theoretischen Rahmen der Arbeit bilden das Belastungs-Beanspruchungs-Konzept (BBK) und ein spezifiziertes Zwei-Ebenen-Modell. Sekundäranalytisch werden zweier branchenspezifische Gelegenheitsstichproben (N1 = 183; N2 = 314) und die repräsentative BIBB/IAB-Strukturerhebung von 1998/1999 (N3 = 34.343) ausgewertet. Es liegt ein ex-post-facto-Design vor. Das Merkmal der Arbeitsmarktsituation wird als Risiko langzeitarbeitslos zu werden operationalisiert und dokumentenanalytisch generiert. Diese Operationalisierung erweist sich als valide. Die anderen Merkmale werden mittels schriftlicher Befragungen erhoben. Die Datenauswertung erfolgt mit Methoden des ALM. Die globalen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Arbeitsmarktsituation und der psychischen Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger sind marginal. Bei Betrachtung der mit Hilfe des BBK gebildeten Subgruppen zeigen sich jedoch hypothesenkonform veränderte Zusammenhänge. Dieses Ergebnismuster kann im Sinne des sozialepidemiologischen Risikofaktorenmodells als Beleg für das Belastungspotenzial einer schlechten Arbeitsmarktsituation angesehen werden. Zentral für die Vorhersage der psychischen Gesundheit Erwerbstätiger sind jedoch die Merkmale der Arbeitssituation: Auch in Zeiten mit einer problematischen Arbeitsmarktsituation reicht es nicht aus, einfach nur Arbeit zu haben. Die konkrete Arbeitssituation bleibt zentral. / Within the field of occupational psychology there is very little empirical research on the socially highly relevant topic of the labor market. Studies on voluntariness within gainful occupation and on job insecurity have provided initial evidence that a poor labor market situation poses a potential risk to employees’ health. However, all of these studies can be criticized for having the method-immanent interpretation problem of shared method variance. Excluding this methodological problem, the present study, first, contributes to clarifying the role of the labor market situation for employees’ mental health. In a second step, empirically established characteristics of the personal job situation are included in the analyses. The theoretical framework for this research is the stress-strain concept (SSC) and a more specific two-level model. Secondary analyses are conducted with two sectoral convenience samples (N1 = 183; N2 = 314) and the representative BIBB/IAB data set of 1998/1999 (N3 = 34.343). An ex-post-facto design is used. The characteristic of the labor market situation was operationalized as the risk for long-term unemployment, which was generated through document analyses. This operationalization proves to be valid. Other characteristics were assessed with questionnaires. Data analyses were conducted with methods of the GLM. The overall relations between the labor market situation and mental health are marginal. However, when studying subgroups that were formed utilizing the SSC the observed relations vary as hypothesized. These findings can be interpreted within the social-epidemiological risk-factor model as a demonstration of the stress potential of poor labor market conditions. Nevertheless, the central predictors of employees’ mental health are characteristics of the personal job situation: Even in times of a problematic labor market situation just being employed it is not sufficient to ensure good mental health. The person’s specific job situation remains central.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In the study below, the phenomenon of "maximum security prisons" is described as it is applied in various parts of the world, according to capita selecta. The phenomenon is described as it occurs in four countries, namely Australia, the United States of America, England and South Africa. The primary aim of this study is to obtain the Magister Artium degree. Secondly, it will shed more light on the treatment of prisoners who have to be detained in maximum security conditions as a result of their type of offence, length of sentence and conduct. The philosopical framework for the detention of maximum security prisoners is taken into account, while certain generic aspects unique to prisons are examined as well. This study is of universal importance because long-term prison sentences are on the increase, in spite of the fact that other punitive measures exist. / In die hieropvolgende studie word die verskynsel "maksimum sekuriteitsgevangenisse" soos wat dit in verskeie werelddele toepassing vind aan die hand van capita selecta beskryf. Die verskynsel word ten opsigte van vier lande, naamlik Australie, die V erenigde State van Amerika, Engeland en Suid-Afrika beskryf. Die beskrywing het in die eerste plek ten doel om die graad Magister Artium te verwerf. Ten tweede werp dit meer lig op die bantering van gevangenes wat weens hul tipe oortreding, vonnislengte en gedrag in maksimum sekuriteitsomstandighede aangehou moet word. Die filosofiese raamwerk vir aanhouding van maksimumgevangenes word in oenskou geneem, maar daar word ook na verskeie generiese aspekte eie aan gevangenisse gekyk. Die studie is van globale belang weens die feit dat langtermyngevangenisstraf besig is om toe te neem, ten spyte daarvan dat alternatiewe vorme van straf bestaan. / Penology / M.A. (Penologie)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In the study below, the phenomenon of "maximum security prisons" is described as it is applied in various parts of the world, according to capita selecta. The phenomenon is described as it occurs in four countries, namely Australia, the United States of America, England and South Africa. The primary aim of this study is to obtain the Magister Artium degree. Secondly, it will shed more light on the treatment of prisoners who have to be detained in maximum security conditions as a result of their type of offence, length of sentence and conduct. The philosopical framework for the detention of maximum security prisoners is taken into account, while certain generic aspects unique to prisons are examined as well. This study is of universal importance because long-term prison sentences are on the increase, in spite of the fact that other punitive measures exist. / In die hieropvolgende studie word die verskynsel "maksimum sekuriteitsgevangenisse" soos wat dit in verskeie werelddele toepassing vind aan die hand van capita selecta beskryf. Die verskynsel word ten opsigte van vier lande, naamlik Australie, die V erenigde State van Amerika, Engeland en Suid-Afrika beskryf. Die beskrywing het in die eerste plek ten doel om die graad Magister Artium te verwerf. Ten tweede werp dit meer lig op die bantering van gevangenes wat weens hul tipe oortreding, vonnislengte en gedrag in maksimum sekuriteitsomstandighede aangehou moet word. Die filosofiese raamwerk vir aanhouding van maksimumgevangenes word in oenskou geneem, maar daar word ook na verskeie generiese aspekte eie aan gevangenisse gekyk. Die studie is van globale belang weens die feit dat langtermyngevangenisstraf besig is om toe te neem, ten spyte daarvan dat alternatiewe vorme van straf bestaan. / Penology / M.A. (Penologie)