The problem with which this investigation is concerned addresses the question of the proper role of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union in the Soviet state. The political leadership has two alternatives in seeking a remedy to this civil-military question. They may either control the military establishment by granting strict professional autonomy or by integrating the armed forces into the civil structure.

Literature on entrepreneurship has been criticised on several grounds including a strong bias to examine masculine traits, being deeply rooted in the private sector, limited to economics, conceptualised as a specialist skill pertinent only to non-public entities, overly positivist, single causal and with a tendency to downplay the relevance of both the social and human sciences. The relatively few studies of female entrepreneurs in the public sector have been criticised on the grounds of privileging structure over agency and for ignoring new research perspectives. The literature calls for the generation of alternative viewpoints on entrepreneurship and specifically towards those that pay greater attention to the level of the individual within an institutional setting and that embraces like interaction with multiple sociological variables. To generate research outside these biases, a dynamic relational model consisting of four interactive variables (structure, agency, networks and context) was developed and then used to guide a case study on women entrepreneurs within a male dominated institution - the United Kingdom’s (UK) Armed Forces. A critical realist research methodology was used. Interviews were conducted with a stratified sample of 52 female, uniformed officers drawn from all three services (Navy, Army, Airforce). The findings revealed how women use structure, agency, networks and context to create the necessary leverage to bring about entrepreneurial institutional change based on individual goal realisation strategies. The originality of this research is threefold. Firstly, it examines female entrepreneurs in a male dominated public sector institution. Secondly, it uses a critical realist research methodology. Finally, the research develops a dynamic relational model that has wider utility. The overall net result of this research approach is to provide a richer understanding of the complex, multi-causal nature of public sector entrepreneurship that has the potential for far broader application.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Actuellement la connaissance objectif de dispositifs magnétomécaniques est achevée par diverses approches complémentaires . D'une part l'approche physique avec ses formulations mathématiques des forces magnétiques. D'autre part, les approches multiphysiques afin d'aboutir à une connaissance plus fine, et plus réelle, des phénomènes physiques associés aux interactions qui agissent dans le dispositifs. Et finalement, l'approche interdisciplinaire qui tiendrait en compte le cycle de vie du produit, l'éco-conception. Une conception d'un micromoteur ultra rapide à aimantation induite et flux axial est présentée dans ce mémoire avec l'approche physique montrant les limites de celle-ci . Partant donc de l'approche physique, une nouvelle méthode tensorielle générale est développée comme apport à une modélisation multiphysique de dispositifs magnétomécaniques, regroupant ainsi les diverses formulations numériques de forces magnétiques. Une caractérisation du nouveau tenseur est présentée et appliquée pour le calcul des forces sur des milieux en contact. / Currently the goal of knowledge magnetomechanical devices is completed by means of several complementary approaches. On one hand the physical approach with mathematical formulations of magnetic forces. On the other hand, multiphysics approaches to achieve a deeper insight and more real, physical phenomena associated with interactions that act in the devices. And finally, the interdisciplinary approach that takes into account the lifecycle of the product, so called eco-design. A design of a ultra fast micromotor with induced magnetization and axial flux is presented in this paper with the physical approach showing the restrictions thereof. Accordingly therefore, the physical approach, a new tensor method is developed as a general contribution to a multiphysics modeling of magnetomechanical devices, bringing together the various numerical formulations of magnetic forces. A characterization of the new tensor is presented and applied to calculate the forces on bodies in contact.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This thesis is a description of the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) with an emphasis on its informational and educational aspectso The thesis opens with a history of AFRTS, tracing its development from the early days of World War II through Korea to today's service of over 300 radio and television outlets in all areas of the world where American servicemen are stationed. The concept of operations of AFRTS is also discussed, describing the radio networks and the television distribution systems. Policies governing programming on AFRTS are also discussed in detail. Special emphasis is given to the operating philosophy of AFRTS. This is followed by a description of some of the various kinds of programs available on AFRTS. Examples are used only to indicate the range of programming available to the individual serviceman overseas. Audience reaction to AFRTS by both the American and foreign audience is examined. The American military man overseas finds AFRTS to be an essential serviceo AFRTS is found to serve five major functions for the foreign audience: Emergency Alerting; Taste Setting (fashion and music); English Learning; Source of Credible Information about the United States. This thesis concludes that AFRTS is a potent education force and morale booster for the individual service member, keeping him informed about the world of events and his responsibilities as an American fighting man. / 2031-01-01

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

In three complementary essays, this dissertation analyzes the causes of violent conflict and the impact of third-party interventions that seek to reduce violence and generate post-conflict political stability. In the first essay, I analyze how regimes in fragile states cultivate strong but loyal armies. Drawing on an original survey conducted with members of the Congolese army operating in North Kivu, the largest operational theater in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the epicenter of one of the most violent conflicts in Africa, I show that regime elites withhold payments in order to distinguish loyalty and evidence that this screening strategy drives high levels of civilian abuse. In the second essay, I assess the impact of ``Eyes on Darfur'', the first-ever satellite intervention implemented by Amnesty International USA amidst a brutal genocide with the objective of reducing violence. Using a high-frequency, sub-national dataset on genocidal violence, I show that this intervention resulted in pernicious and persistent effects: monitored areas experienced increases in violence during the program as well as in subsequent years, as did neighboring areas. In the third essay, and in collaboration with Lauren Young, we assess how peacekeepers cultivate cooperation with local populations in Haiti. Using a novel survey, we find that exposure to security and relief activities are associated with increases in cooperation whereas exposure to peacekeeper abuse undermines cooperative behavior. Together, these essays articulate a set of causes for violence against civilians rooted in the political economy of state institutions, analyze how human rights interventions are mediated by the underlying institutional dynamics in the countries in which they are launched, and examine how keeping the peace stems from altering the cooperative incentives local populations face.

Effective theories have applications in many areas of physics, from Newtonian mechanics through to condensed matter physics. In this thesis we discuss effective field theories in the context of constructing nucleon-nucleon interactions in a systematic and model-independent way. We start with the examination of the spin-singlet P-wave, by using distorted wave methods to remove the effects of long-range pion-exchange forces from the empirical 1P1 phase shift. The divergence appearing in this channel is renormalised using a counterterm that is provided by the relevant (Weinberg) power counting. This leaves an effective interaction strength that can be analysed, and from which one can extract an approximate scale for the underlying physics. We determine this scale to be close to the delta-resonance. We then turn to coupled (spin-triplet) waves, focussing predominantly on the 3S1-3D1 wave that contains the deuteron - an important system to understand in the context of nuclear forces. Starting with the 3S1-3D1 scattered waves, we again remove long-range pion-exchange forces from the empirical phase shifts, and extract an effective interaction matrix. The element that suffers from a divergence can be renormalised using counterterms provided by a renormalisation group analysis. Switching to negative energies we look for the deuteron boundstate, which is loosely bound and so pion physics plays an important role. Using the counterterms provided at positive energies, we extrapolate to the boundstate and treat this, two-pion-exchange and recoil one-pion-exchange as a combined perturbation to the system. We then use perturbation theory techniques to calculate the first-order correction to the energy and wave function, from which we calculate some deuteron observables.