As subsidiárias de corporações multinacionais sofrem pressões do ambiente interno e externo. Internamente competem por recursos e reconhecimento da matriz, externamente precisam se preocupar com os concorrentes e demais forças do mercado, de maneira que para desenvolver-se a subsidiária deve explorar as oportunidades de mercado e mostrar o potencial empreendedor que possui. Essas oportunidades podem estar num produto ou processo novo ou substancialmente aprimorado no qual a subsidiária teve o auxílio de um parceiro da rede em que está inserida. Particularmente, essa pesquisa analisa as inovações desenvolvidas localmente (dentro do país hospedeiro) através das subsidiárias instaladas no país, essas inovações são passíveis de serem transferidas para as suas matrizes e então utilizadas pelas demais subsidiárias espalhadas pelo mundo, tornando-se inovações globais. O foco principal deste estudo está em compreender a influência do empreendedorismo e das redes de empresas sobre o desenvolvimento e transferência dessas inovações. Para tanto, o presente estudo analisa uma amostra de 172 subsidiárias estrangeiras que operam no Brasil, a qual foi modelada utilizando-se a técnica de equações estruturais para o teste das hipóteses, mensuração do efeito mediador e comparação multigrupos visando avaliar o efeito moderador referente ao porte das subsidiárias. Os resultados sugerem que o empreendedorismo da subsidiária exerce influência significativa sobre o desenvolvimento das parcerias e consequente enraizamento da subsidiária na rede de empresas do mercado emergente, esse enraizamento na rede é um fator determinante para o desenvolvimento de inovações na subsidiária as quais podem ser transferidas para a matriz e então tornarem-se inovações globais. A partir desses resultados, a pesquisa contribui para um maior entendimento dos direcionadores de inovação nas subsidiárias e aprofunda a discussão sobre o desenvolvimento de inovações globais, particularmente àquelas provenientes de mercados emergentes. / The subsidiaries of multinational corporations are under pressure from internal and external environment. Internally compete for resources and recognition of the headquarters, externally have to worry about competitors and other market forces, so that to develop the subsidiary should explore market opportunities and show the potential entrepreneur has. These opportunities may be a product or new or substantially improved process in which the subsidiary had the help of a partner network in which it operates. In particular, this research analyzes the locally developed innovations (within the host country) through subsidiaries established in the country, these innovations are likely to be transferred to their headquarters and then used by other subsidiaries around the world, becoming global innovations. The main focus of this study is to understand the influence of entrepreneurship and business networks on the development and transfer of these innovations. Thus, the present study analyzes a sample of 172 foreign subsidiaries operating in Brazil, which was modeled using the technique of structural equation for the test case, measurement of the mediating effect and multi-groups comparison to assess the moderating effect regarding the size of the subsidiaries. The results suggest that entrepreneurship subsidiary has significant influence on the development of partnerships and consequent rooting subsidiary network of emerging market companies that rooting is a determining factor for the development of innovations in the subsidiary which can be transferred to the headquarter and become global innovation. From these results, the research contributes to a better understanding of the innovation drivers in subsidiaries and deepen the discussion on the development of global innovations, particularly those from emerging markets.

Abstract not available

The study addresses the outward cross-border linking of the Swedish economy and its most important transnational corporations during the 20th century. It explores the aggregate level of Swedish industry, and most importantly, the firm level of a group of eight long-standing transnational corporations, which during the post-1945 period represented roughly half of Sweden’s foreign industrial activity in terms of employment, e.g., Alfa Laval, ASEA, Ericsson, Sandvik, SKF, AGA, Electrolux and Atlas Copco. Since most of these corporations existed already a century ago it was possible to explore their historical trajectories within the general process of globalization. Hence, the study contributes to the testing of the globalization thesis with a small, open, developed economy as the point of reference. Based on aggregate national data and data on levels of foreign activity of Swedish transnational corporations the study presents a phase model of globalization, identifying first an ‘initial phase’ of globalization from ca 1871 to 1929, second a ‘stagnation phase’ (1930-1949), then a third ‘expansion phase’ (1950-1979) and finally, a ‘highlight of globalization’ phase, beginning in 1980 and continuing into the 21st century. In order to gain deeper insights into the historical process of Sweden’s outward economic linking it then looked in more detail at the eight firms mentioned above. Employing a quantitative formal model of foreign corporate activity, the study focusses on changes in the relative magnitude of foreign employment and sales (‘intensity’) and on the geographical distribution of foreign subsidiaries (‘extensity’). The two former categories are combined into an ‘index of transnationality’, which serves as a principal analytical tool for uncovering long-term change. The study concludes that for Swedish industry and its largest transnational corporations the term globalization represents more of a historical, continuous long-term trend than an exclusively contemporary development. In fact, the only period in time when we see a general stagnation in the positive trends was 1930-1945. Moreover, the study found at least two periods of rapid outward linking on the part of some of the most important Swedish corporations, apart from the current one, that is, the decade and a half preceding World War I and the 1960s. Nevertheless, levels of relative magnitude of activity abroad and of geographical spread attained by Swedish industry and its transnational corporations during the last two decades, were in many respects unprecedented. Findings on the variations in the actual pace of globalization during the whole 20th century demonstrated firstly, that positive change in geographical spread of the group of long-standing transnational corporations proceeded at an increasing pace when calculated in absolute terms. For the 1960-1999 period, the existence of positive long-term trends in the magnitude of both foreign sales and foreign employment were discovered. Also, there was an acceleration of the pace at which foreign sales increased over time, when calculated in absolute terms.

Background: Companies often invest in foreign subsidiaries and that gives rise to translation exposure. Translation exposure arises with the consolidation of the foreign subsidiary and depends on the rate of exchange that are used for translation of the foreign subsidiary. In time several different methods of translation and recommendations has been developed. Companies listed on OM Stockholmsbörsen shall follow RR8. According to RR8 a classification of foreign subsidiaries as indipendent or integral to the parent company determines which method of translation that should be used. Therefore it is important that the classification is made correct. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to examen how the classification of foreign subsidiaries as independent or integral to the parent company is done, what criteria that are being used and if RR8 has had any influence on the classification. This should answer the question of whether RR8 is being observed or if there is a need of further explanations within the field. Demarcations: Only companies listed on OM Stockholmsbörsen are included. Branches are not included and not special recommendations for foreign subsidiaries in countries with high rate of inflation. Accomplishments: A questionnaire to 75 companies. Before that a small study of ten annual reports was carried out. Results: RR8 is not being observed and there is a big spread in how the indicators in RR8 is being used. The companies do not consider the concequences of the classification. Only a few companies have reclassified their foregn subsidiaries since RR8 came into force. The companies do not seem to give any importance to the classification and therefore the effectiveness of RR8 can be questioned.

¢Ûanufacturing industry is leaning toward globalization. After year 2000, traditional manufacturing industry has gained some experience toward foreign operations. Consequently, continual investment toward foreign subsidiaries should be studied carefully according to the following three methods: sole ownership, cooperative ownership while retaining control, and investment without majority control of the foreign subsidiary. Careful study of each method is required for multinational corporations in order to avoid wasting time and resource on management. Potential pitfalls include, but are not limited to, losing control of the foreign subsidiary, disagreements between shareholders, inappropriate levels of management. This study is an analysis and discussion of the three different methods. This study for the international netting manufacturer is focussing on ¡§Human Resource Management Utilizing Strategy and Control Model¡¨. This method should be helpful in watching over the operations of the foreign subsidiary. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to help the business manager, who may be located at the headquarters, to manage the foreign subsidiary in a highly competitive and unpredictable global economy. ¡§Human Resource Management Utilizing Strategy and Control Model¡¨ will also help the manager at foreign subsidiary to evaluate production output, organizational behavior, and local hiring practices. One of the prerequisites for using ¡§Human Resource Management Utilizing Strategy and Control Model¡¨ is the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). Using the AHP as a tool to cross compare different key factors, the process will arrive at a conclusion for the most effective way to manage the foreign subsidiary. One of the outcomes from the AHP process is a map for the top manager at headquarters. The manager will need to keep the map in mind at all times and follow through in the office. Whenever AHP is used as part of the practice, the manager can effectively implement ¡§Human Resource Management Utilizing Strategy and Control Model¡¨. The study arrives at the conclusion that global economy is an unstoppable future trend. Formulating a simple management system for multinational corporations can be beneficial for the netting manufacturer. With the simplified management system, distance, cultural, and language barriers can be overcome. With AHP process, a complex problem can be reduced systematically into solvable simple problems. The management system is flexible enough, that the managers using the system can redefine and synthesize new definitions to suit the particular business. Using top-down approach, if both headquarters and foreign subsidiaries use the same ¡§Human Resource Management Utilizing Strategy and Control Model¡¨ thoroughly, the multinational corporation can be come more competitive in all aspects.

<p>Background: Companies often invest in foreign subsidiaries and that gives rise to translation exposure. Translation exposure arises with the consolidation of the foreign subsidiary and depends on the rate of exchange that are used for translation of the foreign subsidiary. In time several different methods of translation and recommendations has been developed. Companies listed on OM Stockholmsbörsen shall follow RR8. According to RR8 a classification of foreign subsidiaries as indipendent or integral to the parent company determines which method of translation that should be used. Therefore it is important that the classification is made correct. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to examen how the classification of foreign subsidiaries as independent or integral to the parent company is done, what criteria that are being used and if RR8 has had any influence on the classification. This should answer the question of whether RR8 is being observed or if there is a need of further explanations within the field. </p><p>Demarcations: Only companies listed on OM Stockholmsbörsen are included. Branches are not included and not special recommendations for foreign subsidiaries in countries with high rate of inflation. </p><p>Accomplishments: A questionnaire to 75 companies. Before that a small study of ten annual reports was carried out. </p><p>Results: RR8 is not being observed and there is a big spread in how the indicators in RR8 is being used. The companies do not consider the concequences of the classification. Only a few companies have reclassified their foregn subsidiaries since RR8 came into force. The companies do not seem to give any importance to the classification and therefore the effectiveness of RR8 can be questioned.</p>

I denna studie har jämförelser gjorts mellan redovisningsregelverket K3 och IFRS för att finna skillnader i regelverken. Syftet med studien var att belysa de skillnader som har störst betydelse vid upprättande av koncernredovisning för onoterade företag som har utländska dotterbolag och ett exempelföretag som befinner sig i denna situation användes. Problemet som studien har utgått ifrån är översättningen av utländska dotterbolags redovisning. Sedan 1 januari 2005 ska IFRS användas av samtliga noterade företag av EU:s medlemsländer vid upprättande av koncernredovisning. Nationella regler ska följas i onoterade företag och i Sverige ska K2 eller K3 väljas. Dock tillåts att frivilligt kliva upp till att koncernredovisa enligt IFRS. IFRS har en högre grad av öppenhet i redovisningen än nationella regelverk har. Detta leder till att en högre kvalitet samt mer jämförbar ekonomisk information presenteras i de finansiella rapporter som upprättas i enlighet med IFRS. Dessa kvaliteter har även lett till att enklare få utländska finansierare. Samtidigt kan IFRS i praktiken kännas svår och därmed onödig att använda för mindre företag. Höga kostnader har även tagits upp som argument emot en frivillig övergång. K3 har även visats utge större möjligheter till resultatmanipulation. Den empiriska undersökningen gjordes genom ett kvalitativt synsätt med induktiv ansats eftersom studiens resultat skulle utformas före teoriavsnittet. Komparativa analyser gjordes av olika principer som valdes ut i regelverken. En skillnad som uppkom i resultatet är begreppsskillnaden av bestämmande inflytande. Denna skillnad påvisar att syftet med IFRS är att gynna investerare medan betydelsen i K3 tyder på högre anpassning till mindre onoterade bolag. Andra viktiga skillnader som påträffades ansluter sig till värderingsalternativ och det visade sig att IFRS oftare än K3 tillåter olika värderingsmetoder. Fler noggranna bedömningar har även fastställts behövas i IFRS. I denna studie har detta lett till tolkningen att IFRS möjliggör en mer rättvisande redovisning än vad K3 gör. Uppställningen av principerna visade sig skilja sig ifrån varandra då K3 tolkats vara enklare att följa. IFRS är mer detaljrik och kan därför verka krångligare. I K3 finns ofta fler valmöjligheter över hur kostnader ska redovisas. Det har tolkats som att de möjliggör resultatmanipulation i högre grad än vad IFRS gör / In this study, comparisons have been made between the accounting regulatory K3 and IFRS in order to find differences in the regulations. The aim of the study was to highlight the differences that are most important in preparing the consolidated financial statements for unlisted companies with foreign subsidiaries and an example company that are in this situation were used. The study was directed against a company that find themselves in this situation and is used as an example in the study. The study is based on the problems with the translation of financial statements of foreign subsidiaries. Since 1 January 2005 IFRS shall be used by all listed companies of the EU member countries on consolidation. National regulations should be followed in unlisted companies and in Sweden K2 or K3 should be selected. However, a voluntary step up to consolidated financial statements under IFRS is permitted. IFRS has a higher degree of transparency of accounting than national regulations have. This leads to a higher quality and more comparable financial information presented in the financial statements that are prepared in accordance with IFRS. These qualities have also led to easier access to foreign financiers. Meanwhile, the IFRS in practice can seem difficult and therefore unnecessary to use for smaller companies.High costs have also been raised as an argument against a voluntary transition. K3 also has been shown to pay greater opportunities for earnings manipulation. The empirical study was conducted through a qualitative inductive approach because the results of the study would be designed before the theory section. Comparative analyzes were made of various principles that were selected in the regulations. One difference that emerged in the results is conceptual difference of control. This difference indicates that the purpose of IFRS is to benefit investors, while the significance of the concept in the K3 indicates higher adaptation to smaller private companies. Other significant differences that were found are related to the valuation option, and it turned out that IFRS often than K3 allows different valuation methods. More careful assessments have also identified required by IFRS. For this study, this has led to the interpretation that IFRS allows for more accurate reporting than K3 does. The statement of principles was found to differ from each other and the K3 interpreted to be easier to follow. IFRS is more detailed, and therefore can seem complicated. In the K3 there are often more options over how costs should be reported. It has been interpreted that this enables earnings manipulation of a greater degree than IFRS do

O presente estudo procurou compreender a transferência, o desenvolvimento e o reconhecimento das competências das subsidiárias. O objetivo principal foi entender o modelo de gestão da corporação, determinante para o fenômeno da transferência, desenvolvimento e reconhecimento das competências. O modelo proposto abordou a importância das diretrizes estratégicas da matriz na relação com as subsidiárias (autonomia, integração, orientação empreendedora), a gestão da subsidiária (iniciativa própria) e a gestão da relação da subsidiária com o ambiente externo (contexto competitivo e a rede externa). Serviu de base para a elaboração desses pressupostos a teoria da visão baseada em recursos e capacidades dinâmicas; os modelos estratégicos das multinacionais em conjunto com a teoria evolucionária do papel das subsidiárias; e as teorias recentes acerca das multinacionais emergentes. Para testar os pressupostos foi conduzido um survey com as subsidiárias de multinacionais brasileiras. De 46 empresas multinacionais brasileiras identificadas, 29 aceitaram participar da pesquisa. Estas multinacionais tinham 93 subsidiárias para as quais foram enviados questionários, retornando a resposta de 66 subsidiárias. De modo geral os resultados mostram a importância das variáveis ambiente externo para a transferência, desenvolvimento e reconhecimento de competências. Deve ser salientada a necessidade de iniciativas das subsidiárias para a criação de competências não-locais em contraposição às competências específicas e locais. Os resultados mostram também como diferentes modelos de gestão refletem na presença de diferentes tipos de competências nas subsidiárias. Conclui-se que a transferência, desenvolvimento e reconhecimento de competências das subsidiárias figuram como um dos fatores essenciais para a competitividade das multinacionais brasileiras. Isso implica que as multinacionais brasileiras devem enxergar as subsidiárias como fonte de competências superado o fato da empresa ter nascido no país errado e exaltando os modelos da estratégia transnacional e metanacional como guias para os seus modelos de gestão. / The current study tried to understand the transference, the development and the recognition of the competences of the subsidiaries. The main objective was to understand the model of management of the corporation, important for the phenomenon of the transference, development and recognition of the competences. The related model approached the importance of the strategic lines of direction of the headquarters in the relation with the subsidiary (autonomy, integration, entrepreneurial orientation), the management of subsidiary (initiatives) and the management of the relation of the subsidiary with the external environment (competitive context and the business network). The dynamic theory of the resource based view was considered as base for the elaboration of these purposes; the strategic models of the multinationals together with the evolutionary theory of the role of the subsidiaries; and the recent theories concerning the emerging multinationals. In order to test the purposes, a survey was conducted with the subsidiaries of the Brazilian multinationals. Twenty nine out of forty six identified Brazilian multinational companies, accepted to participate in the survey. These multinational companies had 93 subsidiaries for which questionnaires were sent, and from which 66 were answered. In general, the results show an the importance of the variable external environment for the transference, development and recognition of competences. The necessity of initiatives of the subsidiaries for the creation of non-local competences in contraposition to the specific and local competences must be pointed out. The results also show how different models of management reflect in the presence of different types of competences in the subsidiaries. As a conclusion, the transference, development and recognition of competences of the subsidiaries appear as one of the essential factors for the competitiveness of the Brazilian multinationals. This implies that the Brazilian multinationals must see the subsidiaries as source of competences considering the fact of the company has been born in the wrong country and emphasizing the models of the transnational and metanational strategy as guides for its models of management.

As subsidiárias de corporações multinacionais sofrem pressões do ambiente interno e externo. Internamente competem por recursos e reconhecimento da matriz, externamente precisam se preocupar com os concorrentes e demais forças do mercado, de maneira que para desenvolver-se a subsidiária deve explorar as oportunidades de mercado e mostrar o potencial empreendedor que possui. Essas oportunidades podem estar num produto ou processo novo ou substancialmente aprimorado no qual a subsidiária teve o auxílio de um parceiro da rede em que está inserida. Particularmente, essa pesquisa analisa as inovações desenvolvidas localmente (dentro do país hospedeiro) através das subsidiárias instaladas no país, essas inovações são passíveis de serem transferidas para as suas matrizes e então utilizadas pelas demais subsidiárias espalhadas pelo mundo, tornando-se inovações globais. O foco principal deste estudo está em compreender a influência do empreendedorismo e das redes de empresas sobre o desenvolvimento e transferência dessas inovações. Para tanto, o presente estudo analisa uma amostra de 172 subsidiárias estrangeiras que operam no Brasil, a qual foi modelada utilizando-se a técnica de equações estruturais para o teste das hipóteses, mensuração do efeito mediador e comparação multigrupos visando avaliar o efeito moderador referente ao porte das subsidiárias. Os resultados sugerem que o empreendedorismo da subsidiária exerce influência significativa sobre o desenvolvimento das parcerias e consequente enraizamento da subsidiária na rede de empresas do mercado emergente, esse enraizamento na rede é um fator determinante para o desenvolvimento de inovações na subsidiária as quais podem ser transferidas para a matriz e então tornarem-se inovações globais. A partir desses resultados, a pesquisa contribui para um maior entendimento dos direcionadores de inovação nas subsidiárias e aprofunda a discussão sobre o desenvolvimento de inovações globais, particularmente àquelas provenientes de mercados emergentes. / The subsidiaries of multinational corporations are under pressure from internal and external environment. Internally compete for resources and recognition of the headquarters, externally have to worry about competitors and other market forces, so that to develop the subsidiary should explore market opportunities and show the potential entrepreneur has. These opportunities may be a product or new or substantially improved process in which the subsidiary had the help of a partner network in which it operates. In particular, this research analyzes the locally developed innovations (within the host country) through subsidiaries established in the country, these innovations are likely to be transferred to their headquarters and then used by other subsidiaries around the world, becoming global innovations. The main focus of this study is to understand the influence of entrepreneurship and business networks on the development and transfer of these innovations. Thus, the present study analyzes a sample of 172 foreign subsidiaries operating in Brazil, which was modeled using the technique of structural equation for the test case, measurement of the mediating effect and multi-groups comparison to assess the moderating effect regarding the size of the subsidiaries. The results suggest that entrepreneurship subsidiary has significant influence on the development of partnerships and consequent rooting subsidiary network of emerging market companies that rooting is a determining factor for the development of innovations in the subsidiary which can be transferred to the headquarter and become global innovation. From these results, the research contributes to a better understanding of the innovation drivers in subsidiaries and deepen the discussion on the development of global innovations, particularly those from emerging markets.

Face au phénomène de désindustrialisation de certains territoires français, accompagné par des mouvements de délocalisation, et dans un contexte de concurrence mondiale exacerbée, la question de l'attractivité des territoires infranationaux se pose avec acuité. Cette thèse porte sur l'attractivité territoriale entendue comme la capacité à retenir des activités économiques étrangères de sorte à favoriser le développement territorial. Ainsi, ces travaux de recherche posent la question du lien théorique et empirique entre action publique locale et ancrage territorial des filiales étrangères / The question of attractiveness of subnational territories is particularly raised due to the fact that some French territories are facing the phenomenon of deindustrialization accompanied with movements of relocation in a context of worldwide competition. This thesis will focus on the territorial attractiveness intended as the capacity to retain foreign economic activities so that favoring local development. Thus, the research works raise the question of the theoretical and empirical link between local public action and the territorial anchoring of foreign subsidiaries. The idea is to understand what this anchoring consists of in terms of local public action, and the way it affects it