O comércio ilegal de medicamentos é um problema mundial que afeta milhões de pessoas todos os anos. A inclusão digital contribui para a ascensão das vendas, transformando-se no principal veículo de comércio de medicamentos falsificados no mundo. No Brasil, o número de medicamentos contrabandeados apreendidos pela Polícia Federal aumentou nos últimos anos, principalmente, nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. Sendo que grande parte destes, entraram pelo país pelo Paraguai. Os medicamentos falsificados que predominam no Brasil são para tratamento de disfunção erétil e para perda de peso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar amostras de sibutramina de origens distintas a fim de detectar falsificações e agrupar amostras com propriedades semelhantes, através da quantificação por Cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CL-EM); da identificação por espectroscopia de infravermelho (IV) e do perfil físico (determinação do peso médio e exames físicos dos pós e cápsulas). Fez-se previamente o perfil físico das amostras, no qual foi possível identificar grupos com características semelhantes, mas adquiridos por diferentes vias. No entanto, o perfil físico sozinho não é definitivo para determinar uma falsificação e muito menos determinar uma origem comum para a mesma. Na espectroscopia de IV observou-se que quase todas as amostras apresentaram sinais nas regiões características dos grupamentos químicos da sibutramina. Nesta análise, foi possível identificar quatro grupos distintos. Em relação ao método de CL-EM validado, ele se mostrou específico, linear, exato, preciso e robusto. Os resultados da análise por CL-EM revelaram que apenas uma das amostras ilegais da faixa de 90-110%. Duas amostras apresentaram teor acima e sete abaixo. Por fim, das doze amostras analisadas, apenas as duas originais e uma das ilegas apresentaram teor adequado. Assim, pudemos verificar que é muito fácil obter sibutramina de fontes ilegais e que estes medicamentos não têm qualidade. A divulgação destes resultados é a melhor maneira de desencorajar as pessoas a não utilizarem estas fontes para a obtenção de medicamentos. / The illegal trade in drugs is a global problem that affects millions of people every year. Digital inclusion contributes to the rise of the sale of these drugs, making internet the main option in the world. In Brazil, the number of smuggled drugs seized by the Federal Police increased in recent years, mainly in the South and Southeast regions. Since most of them have entered Brazil via Paraguay. Counterfeit drugs that predominate in Brazil are those used to treat erectile dysfunction and to promote weight loss. The objective of this study was to compare samples of sibutramine with different origins in order to detect counterfeits and grouping samples with similar properties through quantification by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in previously developed and validated method; identification by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and physical profile (determination of average weight and physical examinations powders and capsules). In order to do so, 12 samples were examined, two original products acquired from local pharmacies and 10 from internet and street vendors. Based on visual examination at least three potential sources of capsules were identified, but acquired from different sources. However, the physical profile alone cannot be used to identify counterfeit drugs. Using infrared spectroscopy we found out that almost all samples showed signals that could be attributed to sibutramine functional groups. Based on IR spectra, four groups were identified, with six, three, two and one brand. Regarding the LC-MS method validated, it proved to be showed specific, linear, accurate, precise and robust. The results of LC-MS analysis revealed that only one of the illegally acquired samples were within the 90-110%. Two samples were above and the other seven were bellows those limits. Overall we found out that is very easy to buy sibutramine in the informal market and most of them are of poor quality and maybe the publication of these data coulb be the best way to discourage people to seek these sources.

Availability of digital cameras in various forms and user-friendly image editing softwares has enabled people to create and manipulate digital images easily. While image editing can be used for enhancing the quality of the images, it can also be used to tamper the images for malicious purposes. In this context, it is important to question the originality of digital images. Digital image forensics deals with the development of algorithms and systems to detect tampering in digital images. This thesis presents some simple algorithms which can be used to detect tampering in digital images. Out of the various kinds of image forgeries possible, the discussion is restricted to photo compositing (Photo montaging) and copy-paste forgeries. While creating photomontage, it is very likely that one of the images needs to be resampled and hence there will be an inconsistency in some of its underlying characteristics. So, detection of resampling in an image will give a clue to decide whether the image is tampered or not. Two pixel domain techniques to detect resampling have been presented. The rest of them exploits the property of periodic zeros that occur in the second divergences due to interpolation during resembling. It requires a special condition on the resembling factor to be met. The second technique is based on the periodic zero-crossings that occur in the second divergences, which does not require any special condition on the resembling factor. It has been noted that this is an important property of revamping and hence the decay of this technique against mild counter attacks such as JPEG compression and additive noise has been studied. This property has been repeatedly used throughout this thesis. It is a well known fact that interpolation is essentially low-pass filtering. In case of photomontage image which consists of resample and non resample portions, there will be an in consistency in the high-frequency content of the image. This can be demonstrated by a simple high-pass filtering of the image. This fact has also been exploited to detect photomontaging. One approach involves performing block wise DCT and reconstructing the image using only a few high-frequency coercions. Another elegant approach is to decompose the image using wavelets and reconstruct the image using only the diagonal detail coefficients. In both the cases mere visual inspection will reveal the forgery. The second part of the thesis is related to tamper detection in colour filter array (CFA) interpolated images. Digital cameras employ Bayer filters to efficiently capture the RGB components of an image. The output of Bayer filter are sub-sampled versions of R, G and B components and they are completed by using demosaicing algorithms. It has been shown that demos icing of the color components is equivalent to resembling the image by a factor of two. Hence, CFA interpolated images contain periodic zero-crossings in its second differences. Experimental demonstration of the presence of periodic zero-crossings in images captured using four digital cameras of deferent brands has been done. When such an image is tampered, these periodic zero-crossings are destroyed and hence the tampering can be detected. The utility of zero-crossings in detecting various kinds of forgeries on CFA interpolated images has been discussed. The next part of the thesis is a technique to detect copy-paste forgery in images. Generally, while an object or a portion if an image has to be erased from an image, the easiest way to do it is to copy a portion of background from the same image and paste it over the object. In such a case, there are two pixel wise identical regions in the same image, which when detected can serve as a clue of tampering. The use of Scale-Invariant-Feature-Transform (SIFT) in detecting this kind of forgery has been studied. Also certain modifications that can to be done to the image in order to get the SIFT working effectively has been proposed. Throughout the thesis, the importance of human intervention in making the final decision about the authenticity of an image has been highlighted and it has been concluded that the techniques presented in the thesis can effectively help the decision making process.

While many have investigated media constructions of newsworthy crimes, the overwhelming focus of these analyses has been upon violent crime in its myriad forms. In marked contrast, this thesis examines the Canadian print media's construction of art fraud - the offence, its victims and offenders - and, in particular, its response to acclaimed artist Norval Morrisseau's reports of victimization. It finds that, just as art fraud is not thought of as normal crime news and is bracketed away elsewhere, the victims of art fraud tend not to be regarded as ideal victims. The Canadian print media rarely framed art fraud as a crime against culture; more commonly, it was depicted as a low-risk crime that pays, with its perpetrators cast as charming rogues or artful dodgers and the most notorious depicted as heroes. This curious portrayal may promote schadenfreude, have incentive effects for some and discourage others from reporting experiences of criminal victimization.

Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Handwritten signature verification (HSV) is the process through which handwritten signatures are analysed in an attempt to determine whether the person who made the signature is who he claims to be. Banks and other financial institutions lose billions of rands annually to cheque fraud and other crimes that are preventable with the aid of good signature verification techniques. Unfortunately, the volume of cheques that are processed precludes a thorough HSV process done in the traditional manner by human operators. It is the aim of this research to investigate new methods to compare signatures automatically, to eventually speed up the HSV process and improve on the accuracy of existing systems. The new technology that is investigated is the use of the so-called hidden Markov models (HMMs). It is only quite recently that the computing power has become commonly available to make the real-time use of HMMs in pattern recognition a possibility. Two demonstration programs, SigGrab and Securitlheque, have been developed that make use of this technology, and show excellent improvements over other techniques and competing products. HSV accuracies in excess of99% can be attained. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Handgeskrewe handtekening verifikasie (HHV) is die proses waardeur handgeskrewe handtekeninge ondersoek word in 'n poging om te bevestig of die persoon wat die handtekening gemaak het werklik is wie hy voorgee om te wees. Banke en ander finansiele instansies verloor jaarliks biljoene rande aan tjekbedrog en ander misdrywe wat voorkom sou kon word indien goeie metodes van handtekening verifikasie daargestel kon word. Ongelukkig is die volume van tjeks wat hanteer word so groot, dat tradisionele HHV deur menslike operateurs 'n onbegonne taak is. Dit is die doel van hierdie navorsmg om nuwe metodes te ondersoek om handtekeninge outomaties te kan vergelyk en so die HHV proses te bespoedig en ook te verbeter op die akkuraatheid van bestaande stelsels. Die nuwe tegnologie wat ondersoek is is die gebruik van die sogenaamde verskuilde Markov modelle (VMMs). Dit is eers redelik onlangs dat die rekenaar verwerkingskrag algemeen beskikbaar geraak het om die intydse gebruik van VMMs in patroonherkenning prakties moontlik te maak. Twee demonstrasieprogramme, SigGrab en SecuriCheque, is ontwikkel wat gebruik maak van hierdie tegnologie en toon uitstekende verbeterings teenoor ander tegnieke en kompeterende produkte. 'n Akkuraatheid van 99% of hoer word tipies verkry.

O romance The Recognitions (Os Reconhecimentos) do escritor norte-americano William Gaddis é um texto auto—reflexivo que retrata a trajetória de Wyatt Gwyon da infância à maturidade, na medida em que ele rejeita e busca a originalidade. O presente trabalho analisa The Recognitions enfocando a problematização dos conceitos de originalidade e autoria propostos pelo romance através de debates sobre a falsificação e o plágio, que remetem a duas noções maiores e mais importantes: autoria e originalidade. O romance questiona a presente demanda por originalidade e discute a possibilidade de ser original. Ele formula uma estética baseada em reconhecimentos que é defendida no romance e usada pelo autor na tessitura do texto. A fim de atingir seus objetivos, este trabalho apresenta os diferentes conceitos associados aos termos originalidade e original, assim como alguns das principais violações relacionadas a eles na sociedade contemporânea. Também oferece um histórico do desenvolvimento dos conceitos de originalidade e autoria na sociedade ocidental, mostrando a crescente importância da figura do autor e o desenvolvimento paralelo dos conceitos de plágio e direito autoral. Os capítulos seguintes dedicam-se a tentar fornecer um relato do romance enfocando os principais personagens, todos artistas, e também uma análise do romance à luz do background histórico e teórico apresentado nos dois primeiros capítulos. O primeiro desses capítulos de análise enfoca a trajetória de Wyatt e suas concepções artísticas. O segundo os reflexos de Wyatt na narrativa, que reforçam a estrutura auto-reflexiva do romance. E o terceiro exemplifica e analisa a estética de Wyatt baseada na noção de reconhecimento, que nada mais é do que a própria estética usada por Gaddis na composição de sua ficção. / William Gaddis’s The Recognitions (1955) is a selfreflexive novel that portrays Wyatt Gwyon’s trajectory from childhood to maturity, as he rejects and searches for originality. The present work bestows an analysis of William Gaddis’s The Recognitions focusing on the problematization of originality and authorship proposed by the novel by means of the central issues of forgery and plagiarism, which bring with them two larger and more important sister-notions: authorship and originality. The novel questions the prevailing demand for originality and discusses the possibility of being original. It formulates an aesthetics of recognitions defended in the novel and used by the author in the making of this text. In order to do that, this work provides a view on the different concepts associated with the terms originality and original, as well as some of the main infringements related to them in contemporary society. It also offers an account of the development of the concepts of originality and authorship in Western society, showing the growing importance of the figure of the author and the parallel development of the concepts of plagiarism and copyright. The next three chapters are dedicated to attempt to provide an account of William Gaddis’s The Recognitions focusing on the main artist characters and an analysis of the novel in the light of the theoretical and historical background provided. The first of these chapters focuses on Wyatt’s trajectory and his visions of art. The second identifies and analyses Wyatt’s mirrors in the narrative, which reinforce the self-reflective structure of the novel. And the third chapter exemplifies and analyses Wyatt’s aesthetics of recognitions, which turns out to be Gaddis’s own aesthetics in the making of his fiction.

This diploma thesis is divided into two main parts - the teoretical and practical part. The teoretical part deals with the topic of paraphrase in the classical art, surveys the creation of paraphrases in the context of art evolution from the 16th century to the present time and tries to find the answers to the questions which relate to reasons of their creation. It tries to answer the questions what reason the artist of the paraphrases had and what made the artist create a paraphrase of a piece of art which was made a long time before. The teoretical part is a negligible glossary whose meaning is to show a range of different attitudes. The practical part is focused on authorial paraphrases which were made on the basis of the teoretical part and use different views and approaches to the process which the phenomenon of the paraphrase offers.

O comércio ilegal de medicamentos é um problema mundial que afeta milhões de pessoas todos os anos. A inclusão digital contribui para a ascensão das vendas, transformando-se no principal veículo de comércio de medicamentos falsificados no mundo. No Brasil, o número de medicamentos contrabandeados apreendidos pela Polícia Federal aumentou nos últimos anos, principalmente, nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. Sendo que grande parte destes, entraram pelo país pelo Paraguai. Os medicamentos falsificados que predominam no Brasil são para tratamento de disfunção erétil e para perda de peso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar amostras de sibutramina de origens distintas a fim de detectar falsificações e agrupar amostras com propriedades semelhantes, através da quantificação por Cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CL-EM); da identificação por espectroscopia de infravermelho (IV) e do perfil físico (determinação do peso médio e exames físicos dos pós e cápsulas). Fez-se previamente o perfil físico das amostras, no qual foi possível identificar grupos com características semelhantes, mas adquiridos por diferentes vias. No entanto, o perfil físico sozinho não é definitivo para determinar uma falsificação e muito menos determinar uma origem comum para a mesma. Na espectroscopia de IV observou-se que quase todas as amostras apresentaram sinais nas regiões características dos grupamentos químicos da sibutramina. Nesta análise, foi possível identificar quatro grupos distintos. Em relação ao método de CL-EM validado, ele se mostrou específico, linear, exato, preciso e robusto. Os resultados da análise por CL-EM revelaram que apenas uma das amostras ilegais da faixa de 90-110%. Duas amostras apresentaram teor acima e sete abaixo. Por fim, das doze amostras analisadas, apenas as duas originais e uma das ilegas apresentaram teor adequado. Assim, pudemos verificar que é muito fácil obter sibutramina de fontes ilegais e que estes medicamentos não têm qualidade. A divulgação destes resultados é a melhor maneira de desencorajar as pessoas a não utilizarem estas fontes para a obtenção de medicamentos. / The illegal trade in drugs is a global problem that affects millions of people every year. Digital inclusion contributes to the rise of the sale of these drugs, making internet the main option in the world. In Brazil, the number of smuggled drugs seized by the Federal Police increased in recent years, mainly in the South and Southeast regions. Since most of them have entered Brazil via Paraguay. Counterfeit drugs that predominate in Brazil are those used to treat erectile dysfunction and to promote weight loss. The objective of this study was to compare samples of sibutramine with different origins in order to detect counterfeits and grouping samples with similar properties through quantification by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in previously developed and validated method; identification by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and physical profile (determination of average weight and physical examinations powders and capsules). In order to do so, 12 samples were examined, two original products acquired from local pharmacies and 10 from internet and street vendors. Based on visual examination at least three potential sources of capsules were identified, but acquired from different sources. However, the physical profile alone cannot be used to identify counterfeit drugs. Using infrared spectroscopy we found out that almost all samples showed signals that could be attributed to sibutramine functional groups. Based on IR spectra, four groups were identified, with six, three, two and one brand. Regarding the LC-MS method validated, it proved to be showed specific, linear, accurate, precise and robust. The results of LC-MS analysis revealed that only one of the illegally acquired samples were within the 90-110%. Two samples were above and the other seven were bellows those limits. Overall we found out that is very easy to buy sibutramine in the informal market and most of them are of poor quality and maybe the publication of these data coulb be the best way to discourage people to seek these sources.

O romance The Recognitions (Os Reconhecimentos) do escritor norte-americano William Gaddis é um texto auto—reflexivo que retrata a trajetória de Wyatt Gwyon da infância à maturidade, na medida em que ele rejeita e busca a originalidade. O presente trabalho analisa The Recognitions enfocando a problematização dos conceitos de originalidade e autoria propostos pelo romance através de debates sobre a falsificação e o plágio, que remetem a duas noções maiores e mais importantes: autoria e originalidade. O romance questiona a presente demanda por originalidade e discute a possibilidade de ser original. Ele formula uma estética baseada em reconhecimentos que é defendida no romance e usada pelo autor na tessitura do texto. A fim de atingir seus objetivos, este trabalho apresenta os diferentes conceitos associados aos termos originalidade e original, assim como alguns das principais violações relacionadas a eles na sociedade contemporânea. Também oferece um histórico do desenvolvimento dos conceitos de originalidade e autoria na sociedade ocidental, mostrando a crescente importância da figura do autor e o desenvolvimento paralelo dos conceitos de plágio e direito autoral. Os capítulos seguintes dedicam-se a tentar fornecer um relato do romance enfocando os principais personagens, todos artistas, e também uma análise do romance à luz do background histórico e teórico apresentado nos dois primeiros capítulos. O primeiro desses capítulos de análise enfoca a trajetória de Wyatt e suas concepções artísticas. O segundo os reflexos de Wyatt na narrativa, que reforçam a estrutura auto-reflexiva do romance. E o terceiro exemplifica e analisa a estética de Wyatt baseada na noção de reconhecimento, que nada mais é do que a própria estética usada por Gaddis na composição de sua ficção. / William Gaddis’s The Recognitions (1955) is a selfreflexive novel that portrays Wyatt Gwyon’s trajectory from childhood to maturity, as he rejects and searches for originality. The present work bestows an analysis of William Gaddis’s The Recognitions focusing on the problematization of originality and authorship proposed by the novel by means of the central issues of forgery and plagiarism, which bring with them two larger and more important sister-notions: authorship and originality. The novel questions the prevailing demand for originality and discusses the possibility of being original. It formulates an aesthetics of recognitions defended in the novel and used by the author in the making of this text. In order to do that, this work provides a view on the different concepts associated with the terms originality and original, as well as some of the main infringements related to them in contemporary society. It also offers an account of the development of the concepts of originality and authorship in Western society, showing the growing importance of the figure of the author and the parallel development of the concepts of plagiarism and copyright. The next three chapters are dedicated to attempt to provide an account of William Gaddis’s The Recognitions focusing on the main artist characters and an analysis of the novel in the light of the theoretical and historical background provided. The first of these chapters focuses on Wyatt’s trajectory and his visions of art. The second identifies and analyses Wyatt’s mirrors in the narrative, which reinforce the self-reflective structure of the novel. And the third chapter exemplifies and analyses Wyatt’s aesthetics of recognitions, which turns out to be Gaddis’s own aesthetics in the making of his fiction.

O comércio ilegal de medicamentos é um problema mundial que afeta milhões de pessoas todos os anos. A inclusão digital contribui para a ascensão das vendas, transformando-se no principal veículo de comércio de medicamentos falsificados no mundo. No Brasil, o número de medicamentos contrabandeados apreendidos pela Polícia Federal aumentou nos últimos anos, principalmente, nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. Sendo que grande parte destes, entraram pelo país pelo Paraguai. Os medicamentos falsificados que predominam no Brasil são para tratamento de disfunção erétil e para perda de peso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar amostras de sibutramina de origens distintas a fim de detectar falsificações e agrupar amostras com propriedades semelhantes, através da quantificação por Cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CL-EM); da identificação por espectroscopia de infravermelho (IV) e do perfil físico (determinação do peso médio e exames físicos dos pós e cápsulas). Fez-se previamente o perfil físico das amostras, no qual foi possível identificar grupos com características semelhantes, mas adquiridos por diferentes vias. No entanto, o perfil físico sozinho não é definitivo para determinar uma falsificação e muito menos determinar uma origem comum para a mesma. Na espectroscopia de IV observou-se que quase todas as amostras apresentaram sinais nas regiões características dos grupamentos químicos da sibutramina. Nesta análise, foi possível identificar quatro grupos distintos. Em relação ao método de CL-EM validado, ele se mostrou específico, linear, exato, preciso e robusto. Os resultados da análise por CL-EM revelaram que apenas uma das amostras ilegais da faixa de 90-110%. Duas amostras apresentaram teor acima e sete abaixo. Por fim, das doze amostras analisadas, apenas as duas originais e uma das ilegas apresentaram teor adequado. Assim, pudemos verificar que é muito fácil obter sibutramina de fontes ilegais e que estes medicamentos não têm qualidade. A divulgação destes resultados é a melhor maneira de desencorajar as pessoas a não utilizarem estas fontes para a obtenção de medicamentos. / The illegal trade in drugs is a global problem that affects millions of people every year. Digital inclusion contributes to the rise of the sale of these drugs, making internet the main option in the world. In Brazil, the number of smuggled drugs seized by the Federal Police increased in recent years, mainly in the South and Southeast regions. Since most of them have entered Brazil via Paraguay. Counterfeit drugs that predominate in Brazil are those used to treat erectile dysfunction and to promote weight loss. The objective of this study was to compare samples of sibutramine with different origins in order to detect counterfeits and grouping samples with similar properties through quantification by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in previously developed and validated method; identification by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and physical profile (determination of average weight and physical examinations powders and capsules). In order to do so, 12 samples were examined, two original products acquired from local pharmacies and 10 from internet and street vendors. Based on visual examination at least three potential sources of capsules were identified, but acquired from different sources. However, the physical profile alone cannot be used to identify counterfeit drugs. Using infrared spectroscopy we found out that almost all samples showed signals that could be attributed to sibutramine functional groups. Based on IR spectra, four groups were identified, with six, three, two and one brand. Regarding the LC-MS method validated, it proved to be showed specific, linear, accurate, precise and robust. The results of LC-MS analysis revealed that only one of the illegally acquired samples were within the 90-110%. Two samples were above and the other seven were bellows those limits. Overall we found out that is very easy to buy sibutramine in the informal market and most of them are of poor quality and maybe the publication of these data coulb be the best way to discourage people to seek these sources.

Bien que non méconnue du droit, l'imitation est comprise traditionnellement en matière pénale comme la copie ressemblante d'une chose. Toutefois, elle n'est pas à proprement parlé une notion juridique et ne fait pas l'objet de définition claire et précise. Dans le langage courant, l’imitation désigne l'action de reproduire l'allure, le comportement, le mouvement ou le bruit d'une personne ou d'un animal. Elle renvoie donc aussi bien au comportement lui-même qu’à son résultat. Plus encore, elle est l’expression comportementale d’un processus complexe que l'on nomme la mimésis sociale.En explorant les différentes contributions des sciences classiques, humaines et sociales, nous avons pu proposer une première définition de l’imitation comportementale afin d’élaborer une théorisation du concept d'imitation en droit pénal. Cette étude tend à démontrer que l'imitation peut être le fait d'une seule volonté – elle est unilatérale – ou de deux volontés – elle est plurilatérale. Dans le premier cas, l’imitation comportementale peut être constitutive d’infractions. Dans le second cas, en tant qu’expression d'une mimésis sociale, elle permet une nouvelle compréhension des infractions commises par une pluralité ou une multitude d’individus. Le concept d'imitation élargit le champ de réflexion sur la responsabilité pénale des individus engagés dans certaines formes de criminalité. / If the concept of imitation is not strictly speaking a legal notion, criminal law does not ignore it. Imitation is regulated in a restrictive manner and conceived only as the copy of a thing, and does not have a clear and precise definition. This term also refers to the reproduction of the pace, behavior, movement or sound of someone or of an animal. Thus imitation refers both to the behavior itself and to its result. Moreover, imitation results of a more complex process called social mimesis. Exploring the different contributions of the classical, human and social sciences, this study proposes a multidisciplinary definition of this concept –– to build a legal definition. This work allowed us to theorize the concept of imitation, in its behavioral slope, in criminal law. This study aims to demonstrate that the concept of imitation can be the result of a unilateral will or a plurilateral one. In the first case, behavioral imitation is constitutive of offenses. In the second case, seen as the expression of an social mimesis, it determines the sanction of offenses committed by a plurality or a multitude of individuals. Thereby, the concept of imitation extends the field of reflection on the criminal responsibility of individuals engaged in certain forms of crime.