Com a publicação das normas NBR 14323:1999 Dimensionamento de estruturas de aço de edifícios em situação de incêndio e NBR 14432:2000 Exigências de resistência ao fogo de elementos construtivos de edificações, despertou-se, ainda mais, a preocupação com o dimensionamento das estruturas em caso de incêndio. Quando o aço é exposto a altas temperaturas apresenta reduções na resistência ao escoamento e no módulo de elasticidade. Em função dessas reduções, a NBR 14432:2000 apresenta tempos requeridos de resistência ao fogo, com os quais, pode-se optar pelo dimensionamento da estrutura, apresentado na NBR 14323:1999, ou pelo revestimento térmico. No entanto, essa última norma não permite a utilização do método simplificado de dimensionamento para perfis formados a frio. Quanto aos revestimentos térmicos, o mais utilizado no Brasil é a argamassa projetada, não adequada aos perfis formados a frio. O presente trabalho faz um breve histórico sobre estruturas de aço em situação de incêndio, sobre perfis formados a frio em temperatura ambiente e em situação de incêndio, além de apresentar tipos de revestimentos térmicos e suas aplicações. Finalmente sugere uma possível maneira de dimensionamento por meio da NBR 14762:2001 Dimensionamento de estruturas de aço constituídas por perfis formados a frio com adaptações para situação de incêndio e de proteção desses perfis em situação de incêndio. / The interest in design of steel structures in fire situation carried out in consequence of publication of Brazilians codes ABNT/NBR 14323:1999 named \"Steel structures fire design - Procedure\" and ABNT/NBR 14432:2000 \"Fire-resistance requirements for building construction elements - Procedure\". When the steel is exposed to elevated temperatures (for example, fire situation) reductions in the strength and deformation properties must be considered. In this sense, the code ABNT/NBR 14432:2000 prescribes values of parameter TRRF (Fire strength required time), with are used for design of steel structures using a simplified method prescribed in ABNT/NBR 14323:1999, or specifying fireproofing. However, this last code doesn\'t prescribe a simplified method for cold-formed steel in fire condition, and the fireproofing materials largely used in Brazil are the sprays, which are not appropriate to cold-formed profiles. In this sense, the main goal of the present work is show a brief context about steel structures in fire conditions, in special cold-formed profiles in room temperature and fire situation, and many types of fire protection materials used in steel structures and its applications. Finally, is suggested a design method to cold-formed profiles in fire, adopting the code ABNT/NBR 14762:2001 \"Design of cold-formed steel structures\", in which appropriate adaptations are considered, as well as a protection procedure to this profiles in fire conditions.

Envolto ao já conhecido comportamento de cantoneiras esbeltas de abas iguais, questões aparentemente contraditórias tem sido reportadas em estudos experimentais de diversos autores, entre elas a ocorrência de modos de instabilidade em desacordo com aqueles obtidos via análise de estabilidade elástica, e forças axiais resistentes muito diferentes dos resultados teóricos (em geral, conservadoramente). Nestas condições, este trabalho procura analisar a fundo o comportamento das cantoneiras esbeltas de abas iguais, de modo a contribuir com o entendimento dos fenômenos que dificultam a interpretação dos resultados experimentais, dentre os quais, o afastamento longitudinal entre a rótula e a extremidade das barras (no caso de barras com extremidades rotuladas), e o sentido da imperfeição global de flexão em torno do eixo de menor inércia, o qual mostrou-se um fator chave na determinação do comportamento das cantoneiras, especialmente para comprimentos próximos da transição entre os dois modos globais de instabilidade elástica. Para esta faixa de comprimentos, diferentes níveis de interação entre os dois modos globais podem ser obtidos. Ademais, estudos experimentais realizados por diversos autores, aqui complementados por uma série de ensaios realizados em cantoneiras com extremidades engastadas, formam um vasto banco de resultados, que é utilizado para (além de comparações nos estudos teóricos) avaliar diversos procedimentos de previsão teórica sugeridos por diferentes autores, ou advindos de interpretações a partir do procedimento normativo, à luz do comportamento teórico estudado na primeira etapa do trabalho. Assim, destes procedimentos, apenas um baseado no Método da Resistência Direta, e dois baseados no Método das Larguras Efetivas demonstraram bons resultados, sendo que todos eles, desconsiderando o modo de flexo-torção como um modo global de instabilidade. Ao fim, comenta-se da necessidade de se expandir alguns estudos específicos, pois ao adotar-se um procedimento baseado somente no modo global de flexão, apesar de se mostrar estatisticamente mais eficiente, verifica-se a possível ocorrência de resultados demasiadamente contra a segurança. / On the well known behavior of equal-leg angle columns, some questions apparently paradoxical have been reported in experimental results from several authors, including the occurrence of different instability modes from the expected by the elastic stability analysis, and maximum axial compressive load expressly different (generally conservative) from theoretical previsions. Therefore, the aim of this work is to improve the knowledge about the equal-leg angle columns behavior, contributing to the understanding of the features that complicate the interpretation of experimental results, among which, the longitudinal distance between the end sections and the center of hinges (pin-ended columns), and also the direction of the minor-axis flexural initial imperfection, which proved to play a key role in the post-critical column behavior, specially for column lengths near of the transition between global buckling modes (major-axis flexural-torsional and minor-axis flexural modes). On this range of lengths, different modal interaction amplitudes can be obtained, only with the direction of the minor-axis flexural initial imperfection (i.e., the amplitude of this imperfection plays a negligible influence on the column behavior). Furthermore, putting together a fairly large column ultimate strength data bank comprising experimental test results performed by several authors, collected from the available literature, and new experimental results on fixed-ended angle columns performed in this work, important comparisons with theoretical studies can be showed as well as evaluation of several ultimate strength theoretical prevision procedures, either those suggested by another authors as those arising from interpretations of normative procedures in the light of theoretical behavior verified in the first stage of labor. In conclusion, only one procedure based on Direct Strength Method and two procedures based on Effective Width Method exhibited accurate results, all of which neglecting the flexural-torsional mode as a global mode. Thus, it is important to mention that some additional studies are needed, because if adopted a procedure based only in the minor-axis flexural mode, despite being statistically advantageous, it is verified the possibility to occurs quite unconservative results.

O emprego de parafusos auto-atarraxantes em ligações metálicas, nos últimos anos, têm aumentado de forma significativa, principalmente como dispositivo de ligação entre componentes leves da construção metálica, como por exemplo, nas ligações entre telhas metálicas e terças. Tais ligações apresentam modos de falha diferentes dos observados para as ligações parafusadas convencionais, em função do tipo de parafuso e das reduzidas espessuras dos elementos conectados, definidos como \"pull-out\" e \"pull-over\". No Brasil, a carência de estudos específicos nesse tema foi uma das razões da omissão da recente norma brasileira de dimensionamento de estruturas de aço constituídas por perfis formados a frio - NBR 14762:2001, quanto a procedimentos específicos para o projeto de ligações com parafusos auto-atarraxantes. Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido um estudo abrangente sobre as ligações metálicas com parafusos auto-atarraxantes, com ênfase na ligação telha-terça, onde são apresentados os procedimentos e as recomendações das principais normas estrangeiras, bem como os ensaios padronizados para caracterização dos parafusos e avaliação do comportamento estrutural e resistência de ligações. São apresentados também os resultados de uma investigação experimental, com base no ensaio padrão do AISI (1996) (American Iron and Steel Institute), em 27 corpos-de-prova com variação no diâmetro do parafuso e espessura dos componentes da ligação (terça e telha), com o objetivo principal de avaliar as expressões das AISI (2001b e 1996) para dimensionamento. Como conclusão, são relatadas as dificuldades associadas ao ensaio padrão, que apesar de sua concepção simples, conduz à elevada variabilidade nos resultados, indicando a necessidade da adoção de ensaios mais representativos e confiáveis. / The use of screws in steel connections has increased significantly in recent years, mainly as connecting devices between light-gage components in steel construction, as, for example, in joints between metal roofing and purlins. These connections exhibit different failure modes from those displayed by conventional bolted connections, due to the type of fastener and the reduced thicknesses of the connected elements, defined as pull-out and pull-over. In Brazil, the lack of specific studies of this theme was one of the reasons for the omission of specific procedures for the design of screw connections from the new edition of the brazilian code for cold-formed steel members - NBR 14762:2001. The work reported here involved a comprehensive study of steel connections using screws, with emphasis on the sheating-purlin connection. A presentation is made of the procedures and recommendations of the main foreign codes, as well as of standardized tests for characterizing screws and evaluating the structural behavior and strength of connections. Also presented are the results of an experimental investigation based on the standard test of the AISI (1996) (American Iron and Steel Institute) applied to 27 test specimens with varying screw diameters and connector component thicknesses (purlin and sheeting), whose main purpose was to evaluate the AISI\'s design equations (2001b e 1996). To conclude, a report is made of the difficulties associated with the standard test, which, despite its simple conception, leads to considerably variable results, indicating the need for the adoption of more representative and reliable tests.

Este trabalho apresenta a proposta de recuperação estrutural de uma edificação histórica no município de Uberaba por meio de perfis formados a frio. Para o dimensionamento e cálculo dos elementos estruturais foi utilizado o projeto de norma brasileira de dimensionamento de estruturas de aço constituídas por perfis formados a frio. São apresentados os critérios e procedimentos para a recuperação de estruturas em geral e especificamente para as edificações antigas ou históricas. É feita uma análise da viabilidade técnica, da utilização de perfis formados a frio na recuperação estrutural de obras históricas. / This work presents the proposal of structural recovery of a historical construction in Uberaba city, by means of cold-formed sections. It was used the steel structures increasing brazilian norm project, composed of cold-formed sections. It is presented the criteria and procedures for the general structural recovery to the old or historical constructions. It is also made an analysis of technical viability of cold-formed sections utilization in structural recovery of historical works.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vilma Franca Monteiro.pdf: 2260410 bytes, checksum: f8bcbca2598f2aaf7b700c53a7bae20c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-28 / This work deals with theoretical and experimental study of timber beams and timber/cold formed steel plates composed beams, submitted to the bending. A combination of different materials aims to the exploitation the advantages of each material, of manner to have a viable set, in constructive terms, structural and economic. For the accomplish of the research, three beams wooden with dimensions 40mm x 120mm x 1050mm, six hardened beams wooden in the superior face with metallic profile in the dimensions 50mm x 25mm x 2mm and six beams of wooden stiffeners in faces inferior and superior with the same profile metallic had been assayed. The spacing between the connectors had been of 100mm, 200mm and 300mm. With the objective to supply given necessary the sizing, a theoretical formularization for the determination of the internal moment and for the estimative of the deflection was presented. For this, the mechanical properties of the wood, the steel and the connectors had been determined. With the results of the assays of characterization of the materials, the simple and mixing beams had been assayed to the bending, for reading of the deformations and maximum vertical displacements of the landslide in the extremities inferior and superior. Such values had been gotten by means of electric strain gauges and comparing clocks. They had been determined still: the tensions in the elements of the beams and the curves load versus displacement. It was observed that, in relation to the wooden simple beam, it had average increase at the ultimate load, for the beams with parts hardened in the compressed face, of 20%, and of 49 when placed stiffeners in the faces compressed and tensioned. In the value of the deflections it had average reduction of 15% when used stiffener in the superior face and of 49% in the parts with stiffeners in the faces was used compressed and tension. The biggest reduction in the deflections happened in the parts with lesser spacing between connectors, indicating that the influence of the interaction is bigger in relation to the displacements that in relation to the bending moment. In stress distribution diagram in the transversal sections it was adopted, in all the cases, the triangular form for the wood and for the profile it was adopted a rectangular form. It was obtained results that differ from the experimental values in 17% for the simple beams, in 16% for the parts hardened with profile in superior face and 21% for the parts hardened with profile in the faces upper/lower indicating that the formularization proposal can be applied with safety. In the calculation of the deflections the geometric properties of the mixing section, in elastic regimen, had been gotten with the homogenized section. An equation for the determination ofthe factor of correction of the estimated deflection, for the studied cases is presented. / Este trabalho trata de estudo teórico e experimental de vigas de madeira e vigas mistas, compostas de madeira e chapa dobrada, submetidas à flexão simples. A combinação de materiais diferentes visa ao aproveitamento das vantagens de cada material, de forma a se ter um conjunto viável, em termos construtivos, estruturais e econômicos. Para a efetivação da pesquisa, foram ensaiadas três vigas de madeira com dimensões aproximadas de 40mm x 120mm x 1050mm, seis vigas de madeira enrijecidas na face superior com perfil de chapa dobrada em U, nas dimensões 50mm x 25mm x 2mm e seis vigas de madeira enrijecidas nas faces inferior e superior, com o mesmo perfil metálico. Os espaçamentos entre os conectores foram de 100mm, 200mm e 300mm. Com o objetivo de fornecer dados necessários para o dimensionamento, foi apresentada uma formulação teórica para a determinação do momento interno e para a estimativa das flechas. Para tanto, foram determinadas as propriedades mecânicas da madeira, do aço e dos conectores. De posse dos resultados dos ensaios de caracterização dos materiais, foram ensaiadas à flexão as vigas simples e mistas, para leitura das deformações e deslocamentos verticais máximos e do deslizamento nas extremidades inferior e superior. Tais valores foram obtidos por meio de extensômetros elétricos e relógios comparadores. Determinaram-se ainda as tensões nos elementos das vigas e as curvas força x deslocamento. Observou-se que, em relação à viga simples de madeira, houve aumento médio no valor da força de ruptura, para as peças enrijecidas na parte comprimida, de 20%, e de 49% quando colocados enrijecedores nas faces comprimida e tracionada. No valor das flechas houve redução média de 15% quando se utilizou enrijecedor na face superior e de 49% nas peças com enrijecedores nas faces comprimida e tracionada. A maior redução nas flechas aconteceu nas peças com espaçamento menor entre onectores, indicando que a influência da interação é maior em relação aos deslocamentos do que em relação ao momento fletor. No diagrama de distribuição das tensões nas seções transversais adotou-se, em todos os casos, a forma triangular para a madeira e retangular para o perfil e chegou-se a resultados que diferem dos valores experimentais em 17% para as vigas simples, 16% para as peças enrijecidas com perfil na face superior e 21% para as peças enrijecidas com perfil nas faces superior e inferior indicando que a formulação proposta pode ser aplicada com segurança. No cálculo das flechas, as propriedades geométricas da seção mista, em regime elástico, foram obtidas com a seção homogeneizada. Apresenta-se uma equação para a determinação do fator de correção da flecha estimada, para os casos onde houve enrijecimento.

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Cold-formed steel purlin systems are widely used in modem building construction, for supporting the roof and floor structures. The rotational behaviour of beam-to-beam bolted connections, which are used between the sections, significantly affects the performance of purlin systems and is hard to predict. The behaviour models currently available for the connections only offer linear or multilinear predictions with low levels of accuracy. The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to develop and propose a nonlinear, more accurate behaviour model for the sleeved modified Z bolted connections, by means of experimental and numerical analysis. Finite element models are presented for the single-bolt, single-lap connection, sleeved modified Z connections in the simply supported arrangement, and a six-span purlin system. Based on the numerical results that have been validated by the experiments, a nonlinear behaviour model is proposed for the sleeved modified Z connections. In the model, the behaviour of the connections is divided into four stages, based on the dominant mechanism that provides the resistance to the rotation. Different formulas are used in different stages to determine the behaviour of the connection, boundary conditions, and magnitudes of bolt forces. The new model reflects well the true behaviour of the connections, and provides a good understanding of what happens inside the connections. The model reveals the failure pattern of the connections and enables optimization in the design of purl in systems, for improving efficiency in material usage.

The main objective of this research is to extend the “Direct strength method” for determining the web crippling strength of cold-formed steel C and Z sections subjected to End one flange loading and Interior one flange loading conditions. Direct strength method is applied for designing the columns and beams earlier. The existing specifications equation for calculating the web crippling strength of cold-formed steels designed by American Institute of Iron and Steel is very old method and it is based on the extensive experimental investigations conducted at different universities. Calculating the web crippling strength of cold-formed steels using direct strength method is a new technique. In the present research the web crippling strength of cold-formed steels were calculated using Direct Strength Method. The experimental data is collected from the tests that were conducted at different universities. The critical buckling strength of the members were calculated using Abaqus. Microsoft excel is used to generate the equations. The safety and resistance factors for the designed equations were calculated using “Load and resistance factor design” and “Allowable strength design” from North American Cold-Formed Steel Specification, 2012 edition book.

In the cold-formed steel construction, the oriented strand board is a common material for shear wall sheathing. an OSB is made by using wood chips as raw materials that undergo high temperature pressing to create a multi-larger structure material. Due to the OSB having a high strength in shear, it is an important material used in the construction field. the thesis is trying to verify published nominal shear strength in AISI-213-07 in the first part. This objective has two parts: the first part is to verify nominal shear strength (Rn) for wind and other in-plane loads for shear wall. the second part is to verify nominal shear strength (Rn) for seismic and other in-plane loads for shear wall. Secondly, the thesis verifies the design deflection equation for nominal shear strength of CFS shear walls with OSB sheathing. the test specimens were divided into eight groups which trying to verify the design deflection equation that was published in AISI-213-07 standard.

The shaped charges on the market today ranges from about 20 to 200 mm in diameter but there is a need of smaller sizes for example in applications where a small projectile with a high speed is needed or to equip or take out drones with. The objective of this thesis work was to develop a miniaturized shaped charge with dimensions smaller than those available today and preferably with a diameter down to 10 mm. The project was conducted at Karlstad University in collaboration with Saab Dynamics AB. The process used during this project was to start with a feasibility study to obtain information about the limits on dimensions in order to investigate how small dimensions can be used for the casing and liner with respect to manufacturability. The feasibility study was conducted by studying academic literature, contacting companies with expertise within the field of manufacturing. A previously used shaped charge was used as a starting point and the dimensions was scaled in accordance with the objective. The influence of the design parameters was examined using the γSPH module in IMPETUS Afea. The liner material used was restricted to oxygen-free high thermal conductivity copper and different materials for the casing was tested. Two material selections for the casing were made with the aid of Granta Edupack. It has been concluded that it is possible to manufacture a miniaturized shaped charge with dimensions down to about ten mm. Both a design for a jet forming shaped charge and an explosively formed penetrator was developed during the project. The resulting projectile for the explosively formed penetrator had a velocity of 2450 m/s, a total length of 7.3 mm and 3.5 mm in diameter, and the jet forming shaped charge had a jet tip velocity of 7060 m/s and was able to penetrate 38-mm into an AISI 4340 steel target according to the models used in IMPETUS Afea. A prototype was planned but due to cost restrictions, it is left as future work. / Riktad sprängverkan (RSV)-laddningarna som finns på marknaden idag sträcker sig från ungefär 20 till 200 mm i diameter. Det finns dock ett behov för storlekar mindre än detta, till exempel i tillämpningar där en liten projektil med hög fart krävs, alternativt att utrusta eller sänka drönare med. Målet med detta examensarbete var att utveckla en miniatyriserad RSV-laddning med dimensioner mindre än vad som finns tillgängligt idag och helst med en diameter neråt tio mm. Projektet utfördes på Karlstads universitet i samarbete med Saab Dynamics AB. Processen som användes under detta projekt gick ut på att börja med en förstudie for att erhålla information om gränserna för mått för att undersöka hur små dimensioner som kan användas för höljet och linern med avseende på tillverkningsbarhet. Förstudien genomfördes genom att studera akademisk litteratur och kontakta företag med expertis inom tillverkningsområdet. En tidigare använd RSV-laddning användes som startpunkt och dimensionerna justerades i enlighet med målet. Påverkan av parametrar på prestanda undersöktes genom att använda γSPH modulen i IMPETUS Afea. Det använda materialet för linern begränsades till OFHC koppar och olika material för höljet testades. Två materialval gjordes för höljet med hjälp av Granta Edupack. Slutsatsen som kan dras utifrån arbetet är att det är möjligt att tillverka miniatyriserade RSV-laddningar med dimensioner neråt tio mm. Både en design för en strålbildande RSV-laddning och en projektilbildande RSV-laddning utvecklades under projektet. Den resulterande projektilen för den projektilbilande RSV-laddningen hade en fart på 2450 m/s, en längd av totalt 7.3 mm och 3.5 mm i diameter och den strålbildande RSV-laddningen hade en spetsfart på 7060 km/s och kunde penetrera 38 mm AISI 4340 stål enligt modellen som användes i IMPETUS Afea. En prototyp planerades men på grund av kostnadsrestriktioner lämnades det som framtida arbete.