<p>The dissertation <i>What to do and how to be</i> reflects upon the professional skills needed by unit managers and nursing staff within the institutions of eldercare. Throughout the study, three conceptions are essential: formal education and training, professional skills, and individual competence. In order to understand the professional skills within its proper context, an activity perspective has been applied.</p><p>The study is based on empirical materials, historical and present national and municipal documents, interviews with and observations of unit managers as well as questionnaires filled in by nursing staff members.</p><p>A main result is the stress the respondents put on the importance of individual competence among unit managers and nursing staff members. “How to be” is more important than formal training and professional skills. To work with – and develop – individual competence therefore becomes momentous both to job activities and to education. The result shows a discrepancy between the way professional skills are discussed and the actual work performance. A lot of tasks carried out by unit managers and nursing stuff are never mentioned in connection with professional skills. The unit manager’s task is to lead both unit operations and staff work. Such responsibilities demand basic knowledge in social sciences, an overall understanding of the work activities from political management, job conditions and duties of the nursing staff.</p><p>The professional skills given priority are those present in organisations and leadership. Problematic are economic and budget tasks which may sometimes cause unit managers to give up their economic responsibility, favouring client – directed over economy – directed care.</p><p>The main task of the nursing staff is the care of elderly. It calls for social, caring, medical and housekeeping skills. For this one needs an upper secondary level education supplying the students with solid knowledge within social science as well as basic medicine and an overall understanding of the situation and needs of the elderly. Throughout the study, knowledge of the demented and of other mental disorders is emphasized as well as treatment of elderly persons suffering from those disorders. Units still have a long way to go before reaching the goal that every nursing staff member be given a formal education. Some municipalities already offer employees shorter nursing staff training. As to the rest, the educational development is neglected.</p>

The dissertation What to do and how to be reflects upon the professional skills needed by unit managers and nursing staff within the institutions of eldercare. Throughout the study, three conceptions are essential: formal education and training, professional skills, and individual competence. In order to understand the professional skills within its proper context, an activity perspective has been applied. The study is based on empirical materials, historical and present national and municipal documents, interviews with and observations of unit managers as well as questionnaires filled in by nursing staff members. A main result is the stress the respondents put on the importance of individual competence among unit managers and nursing staff members. “How to be” is more important than formal training and professional skills. To work with – and develop – individual competence therefore becomes momentous both to job activities and to education. The result shows a discrepancy between the way professional skills are discussed and the actual work performance. A lot of tasks carried out by unit managers and nursing stuff are never mentioned in connection with professional skills. The unit manager’s task is to lead both unit operations and staff work. Such responsibilities demand basic knowledge in social sciences, an overall understanding of the work activities from political management, job conditions and duties of the nursing staff. The professional skills given priority are those present in organisations and leadership. Problematic are economic and budget tasks which may sometimes cause unit managers to give up their economic responsibility, favouring client – directed over economy – directed care. The main task of the nursing staff is the care of elderly. It calls for social, caring, medical and housekeeping skills. For this one needs an upper secondary level education supplying the students with solid knowledge within social science as well as basic medicine and an overall understanding of the situation and needs of the elderly. Throughout the study, knowledge of the demented and of other mental disorders is emphasized as well as treatment of elderly persons suffering from those disorders. Units still have a long way to go before reaching the goal that every nursing staff member be given a formal education. Some municipalities already offer employees shorter nursing staff training. As to the rest, the educational development is neglected.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka barnskötares och blivande psykoterapeuters perspektiv på lärande i spänningsfältet mellan formell utbildning och informellt lärande i praktiken. För detta syfte ska barnskötare som utbildar sig till förskollärare och blivande psykoterapeuter undersökas. De fyra forskningsfrågorna är följande; (1) Hur värderar och upplever barnskötare och blivande psykoterapeuter relationen mellan formell utbildning och informellt lärande i praktiken? (2) Hur värderar och upplever barnskötare och blivande psykoterapeuter att deras lärande förändrats över tid? (3) Hur värderar barnskötare och blivande psykoterapeuter sitt lärande i relation till olika personer omkring dem? (4) Vilka skillnader och gemensamma drag finns det mellan barnskötare och blivande psykoterapeuter? Studiens empiriska insamling grundas på en enkätundersökning och urvalet omfattar totalt 11 barnskötare från Stockholms universitet och 43 blivande psykoterapeuter vid Stockholms universitet samt Uppsala universitet. Studien analyseras genom Ellströms teori om kognitivt- och kontextuellt perspektiv på lärande, anpassnings- och utvecklingsinriktat lärande samt Bertells teori om lärande på första- och andrahands arenan. Studieprocessen visar att det finns mycket lite tidigare forskning angående de undersökta professionerna och deras lärande under vidareutbildning, därför är studien ett viktigt bidrag till kunskapsfältet. Den data som agerar grund för analyserna i studien är insamlade genom en webbenkät. Mätningarna utförs via programvaran PSPP. Ur studiens resultat framgår det att de två professionerna var likartade i sin inställning som behandlade relationen mellan formell utbildning och informellt lärande i praktiken. Det går även att utläsa att respondenternas inställning indikerar på att de nu närmar sig eller befinner sig i det utvecklingsinriktat lärande, vilket har behandlats i förändring av lärande över tid. Samt att studiens resultat indikerar på att respondenternas lärande i relation med andra varierar beroende på profession och relation. Den största skillnaden mellan professionerna i studien visar sig när de ska värdera i vilken utsträckning de diskuterar nya kunskaper de lärt sig med sin chef. Gemensamma drag går att se i att de gärna diskuterar nya kunskaper de lärt sig med sina kurskamrater. Studien resulterar i slutsatser med hänsyn till semiformella relationer. Där kurskamraternas roll i respondenternas lärande ifrågasätt och visas i ett annan dimension. Detta med hjälp av en relativt ny teoretisk utgångpunkt. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the nurse and intended psychotherapists perspective on learning in the field between formal learning and informal learning in practice. For this purpose, the nurses that educate further to preschool teachers and intended psychotherapists is examined. The four research questions are as follows; (1) How does the nurses and the intended psychotherapists valuate and experience the relation between formal education and informal learning in practice? (2) How does the nurses and the prospective psychotherapists valuate and experience that their learning changes over time? (3) How does the nurses and the prospective psychotherapists valuate their learning in relation to different persons around them? What differences and common attribute is there between a nurse and a prospective psychotherapist? The empirical collection of the study is based on a survey and the selection covers in total 11 nurses from Stockholm university and 43 intended psychotherapists at Stockholm university and Uppsala university. The study is analyzed through Ellströms theory about cognitive- and contextual perspective on learning, adaptions- and development-minded learning and Bertells theory about learning at the first- and secondhand arena. The study process shows that there are less research made earlier about the investigated professions and their learning during further education, therefore the study is an important contribution to the field of knowledge. The data that the analyzes is founded on in the study is gathered through a web survey. Measures are executed through the software PSPP. It is clear that from the result of the study that the two professions where similar in its positions that treated the relations between formal education and informal learning in practice. It is also possible to interpret that the attitude of the respondents indicates that they are approaching or found themselves in the development-minded learning, which have been addressed in the change of learning over time. Furthermore the result of the study indicates that the respondents learning in relation to others varieties depending on profession and relation. The biggest difference between professions in the study shows when they are to assess in what extent they discuss new knowledge they have learned with their manager. Common features to be seen is that they willingly discuss the new knowledge they learned with their classmates. The study leads to conclusions in respect to semiformal relations. Where the classmates role in the respondents learning is questioned and shown in a another dimension. This with the help of a relative new theoretically point of view.

Användarutbildning är en viktig faktor vid affärssystemsimplementation, eftersomdet kan bidra till att företag når önskade fördelar med sitt nya affärssystem. Därför är användarutbildning en betydande faktor under hela affärssystemsimplementationen från pre-implementationen till post-implementationen. Trots användarutbildningens betydelse vid affärssystemsimplementation är den användarutbildning som genomförs bristande, då den inte skapar förutsättningar för användaren att effektivt och självständigt nyttja affärssystemet efter att utbildningen avslutats. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur användarutbildning genomförs under affärssystemsimplementation och identifiera utmaningar som beställarorganisationer ställs inför i samband med användarutbildning. Studien utgick från en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Resultatet indikerar att den användarutbildning som genomförs pre-implementation skiljer sig från den som sker under post-implementation. Den huvudsakliga delen av utbildningen genomförs pre-implementation och består av formella utbildningsmetoder. Under post-implementationen genomförs ingen eller lite formell utbildning, men visst informellt lärande sker. Att genomföra användarutbildning under affärssystemsimplementation kan innebära utmaningar. Studien visar att följande utmaningar kan identifieras för beställarorganisationer i samband med användarutbildning “otydlig ansvarsfördelning gällande användarutbildning”, “ansvarsåtagande i rollen som nyckelanvändare”, “användarens ansvar för lärande” samt “användarens motivation och engagemang”. / End User Training (EUT) is an important part of the implementation of an Enterprise Resource Planning system (ERP system), since it is a prerequisite for companies to reach the expected benefits of their new ERP system. Therefore, EUT is an important factor during the whole ERP implementation, from pre-implementation to post-implementation. Despite the importance of EUT during ERP implementation the conducted EUT is inadequate since it does not create conditions for the users to effectively and independently use the ERP after the completion of training. The purpose of this study is to examine how EUT is conducted during ERP implementation and to identify challenges that client organizations face in connection with EUT. This study was based on a qualitative approach in which semistructured interviews were conducted. The result indicates that the EUT provided pre-implementation differs from that which occurs during post-implementation. The main part of the EUT is conducted pre-implementation and consists of formal training methods. During post-implementation, none or little formal training is performed, but some informal learning takes place. To conduct EUT during ERP implementation can entail challenges. In this study, following challenges can be identified for clientorganizations connected to EUT: "unclear responsibility for EUT", "responsibility in the role of key user", "user responsibility for learning," and "user motivation andcommitment".