South Africa has a long history of linguistic imbalances in senior secondary schools. In the past, learners in township schools were made to use English for teaching and learning, instead of their indigenous home languages. There are 11 official home languages in South Africa. In order to redress these past injustices in educational provision, the government developed the Language In Education Policy to work as a guideline for the formulation and implementation of school language policy in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. The government indicated that school governing bodies (SGBs) should establish language committees in an attempt to solve the language policy issues in schools and redress past inequities. However, to date there has been no common practice by school language policy developers and implementers that indicates a common understanding of this activity and recognition of the national School Language Policy documents. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-11-23T17:13:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS MP. Nanci Salles. 2014.pdf: 1621385 bytes, checksum: 95c8926dccbbf2e75b8ce1cd5eb0d231 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-11-23T17:41:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS MP. Nanci Salles. 2014.pdf: 1621385 bytes, checksum: 95c8926dccbbf2e75b8ce1cd5eb0d231 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-23T17:41:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS MP. Nanci Salles. 2014.pdf: 1621385 bytes, checksum: 95c8926dccbbf2e75b8ce1cd5eb0d231 (MD5) / As Comissões Intergestores Bipartite (CIB) foram instituídas com a NOB 93 para contribuir com a operacionalização do SUS. Com a sanção da Lei nº 12.466 e o Decreto nº 7508 que legalizaram a existência destas instâncias foi ratificado dentre as atribuições destas comissões, pactuar os aspectos operacionais do SUS, sendo a formulação de políticas de saúde um mecanismo possível de operacionalização deste Sistema. Entendendo a CIB como instância capaz de democratizar o processo de formulação das políticas, analisar como se deu o processo de negociação, pactuação e decisão intergestores na formulação da Política Estadual da Atenção Básica, atinente à esfera municipal, no período 2007-2013, pode proporcionar o suprimento de uma lacuna de conhecimento sobre a sua participação nesse processo. Portanto, trata-se de um Estudo descritivo, qualitativo sobre a CIB – BA, no período de 2007-2013, o qual utilizou a Análise Documental de Atas e Resoluções aprovadas nas Reuniões da CIB e reuniões do COSEMS no período supracitado. Para tanto, foi feita a análise de conteúdo destas Atas, à luz das Portarias da Atenção Básica, nas suas duas versões nacionais e a versão estadual, dos Regimentos da CIB e dos instrumentos de Planejamento – Plano Estadual de Saúde dos dois períodos. Buscou-se observar com isso como se deu o processo de negociação, pactuação e decisão da CIB para a formulação da Política da Atenção Básica, tendo como pano de fundo a Teoria do Jogo Social de Carlos Matus, identificando as situações de conflito e cooperação em momentos do processo decisório. Este estudo permitiu observar que estes momentos do processo decisório foram marcados por situações significativas de cooperação entre os representantes dos entes federados, município e estado, valendo ressaltar que tal movimento pode ter sido fruto de momentos de negociação em grupos de trabalho Bipartite e nas reuniões do COSEMS, que antecederam as reuniões da CIB. Tendo em vista as limitações do método adotado, a importância do aprofundamento da reflexão sobre os resultados apontados e a ponderação sobre os avanços da Política da Atenção Básica no Estado da Bahia, sugerimos a realização de outros estudos para maior avaliação sobre a formulação e implantação desta Política no estado, bem como, apresentamos proposta de desenvolvimento de Grupo Focal para promoção deste processo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 franco_ckb_me_jabo.pdf: 1145317 bytes, checksum: 6baff4dc9419d049931f91e06de21723 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Para a cultura da goiabeira esse estudo é de grande interesse, visto que não existem nematicidas registrados. As práticas de manejo desse nematóide visam possibilitar a convivência com a doença. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a capacidade de parasitismo de ovos de Meloidogyne mayaguensis pelos fungos Pochonia clamydosporia Goddard, isolados FCAV-1 e FCAV-2, Paecilomyces lilacinus Thom., isolados FCAV-1, FCAV-2 e FCAV-3; avaliar a capacidade predatória de juvenis de segundo estádio desse nematóide pelos fungos Arthrobotrys musiformis Drechsler, Arthrobotrys sp., Dactylella leptospora Grove e Monacrosporium elegans Oudem, in vitro; avaliar a resistência de plantas de cobertura como milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), amendoim rasteiro (Arachis pintoi) e crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis), em casa de vegetação; avaliar a eficácia de fungos nematófagos, adubo organomineral e as mencionadas culturas de cobertura, isoladas e em combinação no controle de M. mayaguensis, em pomar de goiabeiras e estudar a flutuação populacional desse nematoide no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2009, em pomar de goiabeira irrigado e não irrigado. No presente estudo confirmou-se que a utilização combinada de culturas de cobertura resistentes a M. mayaguensis e fungos nematófagos reduziu significativamente a densidade de população de M. mayaguensis em pomar de goiabeira, e a curva de tendência da flutuação da população de M. mayaguensis em goiabeira, no Estado de São Paulo, exibe picos de população nos meses quentes e chuvosos do ano (fevereiro a dezembro) / This study is of great interest for the culture of guava, since there are no nematicides registered. Management practices are designed to allow these nematodes to living with the disease. The research aimed at evaluating the ability of egg parasitism of Meloidogyne mayaguensis fungi Pochonia clamydosporia Goddard, isolate FCAV-1 and FCAV-2, Paecilomyces lilacinus Thom., Isolate FCAV-1, FCAV-2 and FCAV- 3; evaluate the predatory ability of the fungi Arthrobotrys musiformis Drechsler, Arthrobotrys sp. Dactylella leptospora Grove and Monacrosporium elegans Oudem to second stage juveniles of this nematode, in vitro, evaluate the resistance of cover crops such as millet (Pennisetum glaucum), peanut crop (Arachis pintoi) and (Crotalaria spectabilis) under greenhouse conditions and to evaluate the efficacy of nematophagous fungi, organic mineral fertilizer and the aforementioned cover crops, alone and in combination to control M. mayaguensis, in an orchard of guava trees; and study population dynamics of nematodes in the period from February to December 2009 a the guava orchard with and without irrigation. In the present study it was confirmed that the combined use of cover crops resistant to M. mayaguensis and nematophagous fungi significantly reduced the population density of M. mayaguensis in guava trees, the trend line of population fluctuations of M. mayaguensis in guava in São Paulo, displays peak population in the hot and rainy months of the year (February- December)

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are frequently prepared for delivery to the lung for local topical treatment of diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma, or for systemic delivery. One of the most commonly used devices for this purpose is the pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) whereby drugs are formulated in a volatile propellant held under pressure. The compound is aerosolised to a respirably sized dose on actuation, subsequently breathed in by the user. The use of hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) in pMDIs since the Montreal Protocol initiated a move away from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) based devices has resulted in better performing products, with increased lung deposition and a concomitant reduction in oropharyngeal deposition. The physical properties of HFA propellants are however poorly understood and their capacity for solubilising inhaled pharmaceutical products (IPPs) and excipients used historically in CFCs differ significantly. There is therefore a drive to establish methodologies to study these systems in-situ and post actuation to adequately direct formulation strategies for the production of stable and efficacious suspension and solution based products. Characterisation methods have been applied to pMDI dosage systems to gain insight into solubility in HFAs and to determine forms of solid deposits after actuation. A novel quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance method to investigate the physical chemistry of IPPs in these preparations has formed the centrepiece to these studies, accessing solubility data in-situ and at pressure for the first time in HFA propellants. Variable temperature NMR has provided thermodynamic data through van’t Hoff approaches. The methods have been developed and validated using budesonide to provide limits of determination as low as 1 μg/mL and extended to 11 IPPs chosen to represent currently prescribed inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), β2-adrenoagonists and antimuscarinic bronchodilators, and have highlighted solubility variations between the classes of compounds with lipophilic ICSs showing the highest, and hydrophilic β2- agonist/antimuscarinics showing the lowest solubilities from the compounds under study. To determine solid forms on deposition, a series of methods are also described using modified impaction methods in combination with analytical approaches including spectroscopy (μ-Raman), X-ray diffraction, SEM, chromatography and thermal analysis. Their application has ascertained (i) physical form/morphology data on commercial pMDI formulations of the ICS beclomethasone dipropionate (QVAR®/Sanasthmax®, Chiesi) and (ii) distribution assessment in-vitro of ICS/β2-agonist compounds from combination pMDIs confirming co-deposition (Seretide®/Symbicort®, GlaxoSmithKline/AstraZeneca). In combination, these methods provide a platform for development of new formulations based on HFA propellants. The methods have been applied to a number of ‘real’ systems incorporating derivatised cyclodextrins and the co-solvent ethanol, and provide a basis for a comprehensive study of solubilisation of the ICS budesonide in HFA134a using two approaches: mixed solvents and complexation. These new systems provide a novel approach to deliver to the lung, with reduced aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) potentially accessing areas suitable for delivery to peripheral areas of the lung (ICS) or to promote systemic delivery.

The interpretation and modelling of the dielectric response of thermosetting materials during cure was the main focus of this study. The equivalence of complex permittivity and complex impedance in terms of information content was outlined in a series of case studies covering the separate effects of dipolar movements and charge migration as well as the combined effect of the two polarisation mechanisms. Equivalent electrical circuits were used in order to model the evolution of the complex impedance during cure. A numerical method that can model consecutive spectra throughout the cure was developed. The method is based on Genetic Algorithms and requires only input from the modelling of the initial spectra. Complex impedance spectra were collected during the cure of a commercial epoxy resin formulation under isothermal and dynamic heating conditions. The spectra were analysed and modelled. The modelling was successful over the whole frequency range of the measurements (1 Hz – 1 MHz). The analysis of the estimated model parameters showed that charge migration dominates the dielectric response in a wide frequency range. In addition, the modelling algorithm also distinguished between the effects of electrode polarisation and dipolar movements in the signal. A new equivalent circuit was used in order to map the frequency regions where the each one of the three phenomena that together comprise the dielectric signal can be monitored most effectively. A chemical cure kinetics model was developed for the studied system. A correlation between the maximum point of the imaginary impedance spectrum and the reaction conversion was established. A mathematical model, based on a simple linear dependence of the dielectric signal on conversion and temperature, was built. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data. The aim of simplifying the interpretation of the dielectric signals led to the development of a new experimental technique. Temperature Modulated Dielectric Analysis employs temperature modulations superimposed on an underlying thermal profile in order to separate the influence on the signal of the temperature alone from that of the cure reaction. The early study carried out here shows that such measurements are feasible and reveals important issues for its further development.

Purpose: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to test key predictions of the widely-studied ‘paranoia as defence’ model (more formally known as the ‘attribution–self-representation cycle’) proposed by Bentall, Corcoran, Howard, Blackwood, and Kinderman (2001), as applied to people with psychosis with persecutory delusions. A novel case series was also conducted to examine the feasibility and acceptability of collaborative psychological assessment and formulation of impaired treatment decision-making capacity (TDMC) among patients with psychosis, and produce preliminary data on safety and efficacy. Methods: With regard to the systematic review and meta-analysis, people with psychosis with persecutory delusions were compared to healthy controls, people with depression and people with psychosis without persecutory delusions (and, if specified, grandiose delusions) on a number of outcomes: externalising attributional bias, explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Correlations between paranoia severity and each of these outcomes and self-esteem instability were also examined. In regards to the case series, a formulation of impaired TDMC for 5 patient participants was developed and shared with 13 clinician participants. Acceptability, utility, working alliance and safety were assessed through pre and post self-report and interview measures. Results: Sixty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis and systematic review, of which 33, 36, 10, 10 and 4 were used to test hypotheses on externalising attributional bias, explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem, implicit-explicit self-esteem discrepancy and selfesteem instability, respectively. Key model-consistent findings included the following: people with psychosis with persecutory delusions had a greater externalising attributional bias compared to all the other groups and a greater implicit-explicit self-esteem discrepancy than people with depression, and paranoia severity was positively correlated with externalising attributional bias and self-esteem instability. Key model-inconsistent findings included the following: people with psychosis with persecutory delusions had lower explicit self-esteem than healthy controls, and paranoia severity was negatively correlated with explicit self-esteem. There were also some model-inconclusive findings. Regarding the case series, 3 of the patient participants collaborated in the development of their formulation. They found the intervention safe and acceptable, following which they provided a much richer understanding of the factors that may impair their TDMC (Cohen’s d = 2.16). Two patient participants only partially adhered to the intervention protocol, but a psychological formulation was still feasible to produce and no adverse effects were reported. Clinician participants provided a much richer understanding of the factors that may impair the patient participants’ TDMC (Cohen’s d = 1.36; 95% CI = 0.63 to 2.07) after the presentation of the case formulations. Increases in knowledge, confidence and positive attitudes regarding supporting the TDMC of patients were observed. They strongly believed that the formulations cohered with their knowledge of the patient participants and were comprehensive and accurate. Conclusions: The findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis support a ‘weak’ version of the paranoia as defence model, which suggests persecutory delusions are only partially effective at protecting low implicit self-esteem from reaching awareness. The findings of the case series suggest that patients with psychosis, and their clinicians, can be engaged in a collaborative psychological assessment and formulation of factors that may impair their TDMC. Initial data from the case series also suggests this process is acceptable, safe and helpful.

Nanocápsulas poliméricas têm sido propostas como carreadores para filtros solares com o objetivo de prolongar o tempo de resistência desses no estrato córneo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar comparativamente a permeação cutânea in vitro da benzofenona-3 (BZ3) a partir de nanocápsulas poliméricas incorporadas em diferentes formulações semi-sólidas. Primeiramente, suspensões de nanocápsulas contendo concentrações crescentes de BZ3 foram preparadas, caracterizadas físico-quimicamente e sua estabilidade foi determinada. A suspensão contendo 5 mg/mL de BZ3 apresentou diâmetro médio de 247 ± 4 nm, potencial zeta de -9,50 ± 1,02 mV, pH de 6,6 ± 0,1, teor e taxa de associação próximos a 100 % e foi selecionada para a continuidade do estudo. Na segunda etapa do trabalho a suspensão de nanocápsulas contendo 5 mg/mL de BZ3 foi incorporada em diferentes formulações semi-sólidas, hidrogel (HGNCBZ3), creme-gel (CGNCBZ3) e emulsão água em silicone (SNCBZ3). Estas formulações semi-sólidas foram caracterizadas segundo teor, pH, diâmetro médio das nanocápsulas incorporadas e comportamento reológico. As formulações semi-sólidas apresentaram pH adequado para aplicação cutânea, teores experimentais próximos aos valores teóricos e comportamento reológico não-newtoniano pseudoplástico. A permeação cutânea do filtro solar foi avaliada através de células de difusão de Franz e as formulações contendo BZ3 nanoencapsulada apresentaram maior quantidade e tempo de resistência do filtro no estrato córneo, comparando com as formulações contendo o ativo livre. A SNCBZ3 apresentou maior quantidade da BZ3 no estrato córneo quando comparada ao HGNCBZ3 e ao CGNCBZ3. Em uma última etapa do trabalho avaliou-se a fotoestabilidade da BZ3 nanoencapsulada e livre frente à irradiação por UVA e concluiu-se que a nanoencapsulação aumenta a fotoestabilidade da BZ3. Também foi avaliada a alergenicidade do filtro solar químico e observou-se que, nem o filtro nanoencapsulado ou livre, nem as nanocápsulas sem o ativo, apresentaram sensibilização cutânea. Em conclusão, o conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra que estas formulações são sistemas promissores para a aplicação cutânea de filtros solares. / Polymeric nanocapsules have been proposed as carriers for sunscreens in order to prolong the residence time of these substances in the stratum corneum. The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro the skin permeation of benzophenone-3 (BZ3) from polymeric nanocapsules incorporated in different semi-solid formulations. Nanocapsule suspensions containing different concentrations of BZ3 were prepared, physico-chemically characterized and their stability was determinated. The suspension containing 5 mg/mL of the BZ3 presented average size of 247 ± 4 nm, zeta potential of - 9,50 ± 1,02 mV and pH values of 6,6 ± 0,1. This sample showed an amount of BZ3 and drug entrapment of 100 %. The nanocapsule suspension containing 5 mg/mL was incorporated in different semi-solid formulations, hydrogel (HGNCBZ3), cream-gel (CGNCBZ3) and emulsion water in silicon (SNCBZ3). The amount of BZ3, pH, average size and rheological properties of these formulations were evaluated. The formulations presented pH adequate for skin application and content of BZ3 close to 100 %. All semi-solid formulations showed pseudoplastic reological behavior. The skin permeation of BZ3 was evaluated by Franz diffusion cells and the formulation containing nanoencapsulated BZ3 showed an increase in the residence time of sunscreen in the stratum corneum and high amount of BZ3 compared to the formulations containing the free sunscreen. SNCBZ3 presented greater BZ3 quantity in the stratum corneum compared to HGNCBZ3 and CGNCBZ3. Finally, the photostability of free and nanoencapsulated BZ3 under UVA irradiation was evaluated and the results indicated that the nanoencapsulation increased the BZ3 photostability. The allergenicity of free and nanoencapsulated BZ3 was also determinated. Nanoencapsulated or free BZ3, and empty nanocapsules, did not present skin sensibilization. In conclusion, the results indicated that these formulations are promising delivery systems for the cutaneous applications of sunscreens.

O objetivo deste trabalho é, através do estudo de diversas tecnologias, desenvolver o protótipo de uma ferramenta capaz de oferecer suporte ao usuário na formulacdo de uma consulta a MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System On Line). A MEDLINE é um sistema de recuperação de informações bibliográficas, na área da biomedicina, desenvolvida pela National Library of Medicine. Ela é uma ferramenta cuja utilizando tem sido ampliada nesta área em decorrência do aumento da utilizando de literatura, disponível eletronicamente, por profissionais da área da saúde. As pessoas, em geral, buscam informação e esperam encontrá-la exatamente de acordo com as suas expectativas, de forma ágil e utilizando todas as fontes de recursos disponíveis. Foi com este propósito que surgiram os primeiros Sistema de Recuperação de Informação (SRI) onde, de forma simplificada, um usuário constrói uma consulta, a qual expressa sua necessidade de informação, em seguida o sistema a processa e os resultados obtidas através dela retornam ao usuário. Grande parte dos usuários encontram dificuldades em representar a sua necessidade de informação de forma a obter resultados satisfatórios em um SRI. Os termos que o usuário escolhe para compor a consulta nem sempre são os mesmos que o sistema reconhece. A fim de que um usuário seja bem sucedido na definição dos termos que compõem a sua consulta é aconselhável que ele conheça a terminologia que foi empregada na indexação dos itens que ele deseja recuperar ou que possa contar com um intermediário que possua esse conhecimento. Em situações em que nenhuma dessas possibilidades seja verdadeira recursos que viabilizem uma consulta bem sucedida se fazem necessários. Este trabalho, inicialmente, apresenta um estudo geral sobre os Sistemas de Recuperação de Informações (SRI), enfocando todos os processos envolvidos e relacionados ao armazenamento, organização e a própria recuperação. Posteriormente, são destacados aspectos relacionados aos vocabulários e classificações medicas em uso, os quais serão Úteis para uma maior compreensão das dificuldades encontradas pelos usuários durante a interação com um sistema com esta finalidade. E, finalmente, é apresentado o protótipo do Sistema para Formulação de Consultas a MEDLINE, bem como seus componentes e funcionalidades. O Sistema para Formulação de Consultas a MEDLINE foi desenvolvido com o intuito de permitir que o usuário utilize qualquer termo na formulação de uma consulta destinada a MEDLINE. Ele possibilita a integração de diferentes terminologias médicas, originárias de vocabulários e classificações disponíveis em língua portuguesa e atualmente em uso. Esta abordagem permite a criação de uma terminologia biomédica mais completa, sendo que cada termo mantém relacionamentos, os quais descrevem a sua semântica, com outros. / The goal of this work is, through the study of many technologies, to develop the prototype of a tool able to offer support to the user in query formulation to the MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System On Line). The MEDLINE is a bibliographical information retrieval system in the biomedicine area developed by National Library of Medicine. It is a tool whose usefulness has been amplifyed in this area by the increase of literature utilization, eletronically available, by health care profissionals. People, in general, look for information and are interested in finding it exactly like their expectations, in an agile way and using every single information source available. With this purpouse the first Information Retrieval System (IRS ) emerged, where in a simplifyed way, a user defines a query, that expresses an information necessity and, one step ahead, the system processes it and returns to the user answers from the query. Most of the users think is difficult to represent their information necessity in order to be succesful in searching an IRS. The terms that the user selects to compose the query are not always the same that the system recognizes. In order to be successfull in the definition of the terms that will compose his/her query is advisable that the user know the terminology that was employed in the indexing process of the wanted items or that he/she can have an intermediary person who knows about it. In many situations where no one of these possibilities can be true, resources that make a successfull query possible will be needed. This work, firstly, presents a general study on IRS focusing all the process involved and related to the storage, organization and retrieval. Lately, aspects related to the medical classifications and vocabulary are emphasized, which will be usefull for a largest comprehension of the difficulties found by users during interaction with a system like this. And, finally, the prototype of the Query Formulation System to MEDLINE is presented, as well as its components and funcionalities. The Query Formulation System to MEDLINE was developed with the intention of allowing the user to use any term in the formulation of a query to the MEDLINE. It allows the integration of different medical terminologies originated from classifications and vocabulary available in Portuguese language and in use today. This approach permits the creation of a more complete biomedical terminology in which each term maintains relationships that describe its semantic.

O avanço no estudo da simulação numérica somado ao crescimento da capacidade computacional tem possibilitado a solução numérica de problemas de engenharia cada vez mais complexos. Modelos numéricos mais acurados e robustos têm sido desenvolvidos, aproximando os resultados numéricos dos experimentais. Neste caminho, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise numérica comparada a dados experimentais de ondas de pressão na admissão de ar de um motor de combustão interna, se utilizando do método dos volumes finitos. Para isso, utilizou-se a pressão colhida experimentalmente na porta da válvula como condição de contorno e obteve-se a pressão nos pontos de monitoramento ao longo do domínio. Esta situação física trouxe diversos problemas a serem solucionados ao longo da história, sendo então resolvido no presente trabalho se utilizando do esquema de Runge-Kutta para integração explícita no tempo fictício e do esquema Three-Point Backward Difference (BDF2) para integração implícita no tempo físico. Isto é, se utiliza do Dual Time-Stepping (DTS) na integração temporal, pois usa a matriz de pré-condicionamento para condicionar a solução do problema para escoamentos compressíveis e incompressíveis em todas as velocidades, e esta matriz deteriora a acuracidade temporal que é devolvida pelo DTS. O tratamento dos fluxos invíscidos foi baseado no método da separação dos fluxos de Roe, através do pacote computacional Star CCM+. Percebeu-se que o método se encaixa muito bem na situação estudada, modelando o comportamento físico realisticamente. A velocidade de propagação das ondas de pressão e suas amplitudes são muito próximas dos valores experimentais, tendo os gráficos de seu comportamento em todos os pontos de monitoramento, boa concordância com os gráficos gerados experimentalmente. / The advance in the field of numerical simulation added to the growth of computational capability has enabled the numerical solution of engineering problems become more and more complex. More accurate and robust numerical models have been developed, approximating the numerical and experimental results. In this way, this work aims at the numerical analysis compared to experimental data of pressure waves in the air intake of an internal combustion engine, using the Finite Volumes Method. The pressure is experimentally measured in the valve port and inserted as a boundary condition to obtain the pressure in the monitoring points along the domain. This physical situation has brought many problems to be solved throughout history. The present work applied the Runge-Kutta explicit integration in pseudo-time and Three-Point Backward Difference (BDF2) for implicit integration in physical-time. It is used the Dual-Time Stepping (DTS) for temporal integration, and the preconditioning for incompressible and compressible flows at all speeds deteriorates the temporal accuracy which is returned by DTS. The treatment of inviscid flows was based on the Flux Difference Splitting scheme of Roe, through the computational package Star CCM+. The method fits very well the situation under study, modeling the physical behavior realistically. The speed of propagation of pressure waves and their amplitudes are very close to the experimental values, and the graphs of their behavior present at all monitoring points, good agreement with the experimentally generated graphics.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar formulações tópicas semi-sólidas, utilizando como substância ativa a nimesulida, associando-a a sistemas coloidais (nanoesferas, nanocápsulas ou nanoemulsões). Os parâmetros de liberação, penetração transcutânea e retenção cutânea do antiinflamatório veículado aos sistemas nanoestruturados foram estudados através de metodologia “in vitro”, empregando pele humana como membrana. Os métodos de nanoprecipitação e nanodispersão foram utilizados e possibilitaram a obtenção de nanocápsulas, nanoesferas e nanoemulsões de nimesulida. A análise das características físico-químicas dos sistemas estudados demonstrou que os diâmetros médios obtidos foram em torno de 300 nm. As taxas de associação situaram-se próximas a 99 % e os valores de pH entre 5,1-5,3. As suspensões contendo nimesulida foram incorporadas em géis de Carbopol 940®, apresentando leve coloração amarelada e características organolépticas satisfatórias, após a incorporação das mesmas. As taxas de recuperação e os valores de pH para os géis contendo nanocápsulas, nanoesferas e nanoemulsão de nimesulida, mantiveramse estáveis durante o período de armazenagem (120 dias). Todas as formulações de géis foram caracterizadas como sistemas não-newtonianos apresentando comportamento pseudoplástico (shear thinning), sendo os reogramas ajustados pelo modelo de Ostwald (coeficiente de regressão>0,99). Experimentalmente, nenhum fenômeno de tixotropia foi detectado para as formulações testadas e a incorporação dos nanocarreadores não modificou o tipo de fluxo apresentado por estes sistemas. Os diferentes sistemas nanocarreadores incorporados nos géis hidrofílicos, foram investigados em função do potencial de liberação do fármaco na pele, usando célula de difusão tipo Franz e técnica de tape stripping em pele humana. O fármaco foi detectado no estrato córneo para o gel contendo nanocápsulas (GNM-NC) e para o gel contendo nanoesferas (GNM-NS) de nimesulida, não havendo diferença significativa entre estes dois valores. Por outro lado, o fármaco não foi detectado no estrato córneo para o gel contendo nanoemulsão de nimesulida, sendo permeado diretamente para a derme. A presença da nimesulida na epiderme/derme foi significativamente maior para o gel contendo nanocápsulas (GNM-NC) do que para o gel contendo nanoesferas (GNM-NS) ou nanoemulsão (GNM-NE). Os géis contendo nimesulida incorporada em nanocarreadores (GNM-NC, GNM-NS e GNM-NE) foram capazes de promover a penetração do fármaco no estrato córneo e/ou na camada de pele viável, com relação ao fármaco livre na mesma concentração. Estes estudos comparativos demonstraram a influência da presença do polímero e do tipo de nanocarreador na penetração do fármaco em pele humana. / The objective of this work was to develop and characterize semisolid topical formulations containing nimesulide-loaded nanospheres, nanocapsules or nanoemulsion. In order to study the in vitro percutaneous penetration of nimesulide from semi-solid topical formulations containing nanocarriers, an in vitro methodology using human skin was employed. The nanoprecipitation and the spontaneous emulsification methods were used to prepare the colloidal suspensions and nanoemulsion. For all formulation the diameters are in the sub 300 nm ranges. The encapsulation efficiencies were close to 99 % in all cases and pH values ranged between 5.1 and 5.3. Each drug-loaded nanocarrier formulation was incorporated in Carbopol 940® gels. The semisolid dosage forms showed yellowish, glossy and homogeneous aspect after the incorporation of the colloidal suspensions and nanoemulsion. The recovery of nimesulide and the pH values for the gels containing nanoemulsion, nanospheres or nanocapsules remained constant during storage (120 days). For all formulations, the rheograms exhibited a non-Newtonian behavior presenting pseudoplastic characteristics and shear thinning. The rheograms were adjusted to Ostwald’s model showing regression coefficients higher than 0.9900. None thixotropic phenomenon was experimentally detected under the test conditions for all formulations. The ability of delivering the drug into the human skin was investigated using stripping technique and Franz-type diffusion cells. The gel containing nanocapsules (GNM-NC) and the gel containing nanospheres (GNM-NS) released the nimesulide in the same extension into the stratum corneum (SC). On the other hand, for the gel containing nanoemulsion (GNM-NE), the nimesulide was not quantified in SC, but it has been directly permeated for the dermis. The penetration of the nimesulide using the gel containing nanocapsules (GNM-NC) was larger in the deeper skin than using the gel containing nanospheres (GNM-NS) or the one containing nanoemulsion (GNM-NE). The gels containing nanocarriers (GNM-NC, GNM-NS and GNM-NE) were able to release the drug in the viable layer of the skin, comparing to a non-particulated nimesulide-loaded formulation at the same concentration. For the first time, this comparative study showed the influence of the presence of the polymer and of the type of nanocarrier on the permeation of a drug through the human skin.