The concept of “creating tone” indicates the relationship that Beethoven wanted with his main instrument, the fortepiano, and symbolizes his desire for expression when performing on the instrument. The story of Beethoven’s evolving pianistic writing unfolds in tandem with his changing instrument preferences; there is a constant feedback loop between innovations in piano construction and his piano music. This study investigates how Beethoven “created” his own tone when faced with the new Erard and Streicher instrument models in the first decade of the nineteenth century. The first chapter outlines the context of Beethoven’s involvement with contemporary instruments up to the early nineteenth century. His progressive tendencies in relation to the Stein vs. Walter actions and his interest in the English school of playing demonstrate this perspective. His eventual purchase of an Erard instrument in 1803 is an example of his desire to be on the forefront of instrument building developments in his time. The influence of Beethoven’s Erard piano on his pianistic output is assessed in chapter two by examining several compositions written during this period that reflect characteristics of French pianism and instrument building. Many of Beethoven’s pianistic innovations can be understood in the context of this new model. Pianistic devices include the use of register as a compositional dimension; vocal melodic style; textural innovations to enhance the Harmonie of the instrument, such as the tremolo effect; and the use of multiple, colourful pedals. The link between Beethoven and the instruments of the Streicher firm is the subject of the third chapter. The resultant merging of Viennese, English, and French features in piano construction led to the creation of an instrument that was reported as fully “orchestral” in sonority. Pianistic devices of this period include the return to a rapid “Viennese” touch; sustained lyricism; and, in concerto writing, scoring for the piano as an equal to the orchestra. Many of the musical elements that we embrace as characteristically Beethovenian may have their origin in these organologically-inspired pianistic effects.

Johann Gottfried Eckard was a self-trained composer and keyboardist studying with Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach’s Versuch while he lived in Augsburg. Eckard traveled to Paris with the keyboard instrument builder, Johann Andreas Stein, in 1758 and settled in France for the rest of his life. Eckard only composed eight keyboard sonatas and a set of variations on the Menuet d’Exaudet. He published his works during the transitional period from harpsichord to fortepiano. The eight keyboard sonatas incorporated variations of musical styles which included Italian sonata, galant, and empfindsamer stil. His keyboard sonatas influenced his contemporaries including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Johann Schobert. Eckard was one of the early fortepiano composers in France and tried to promote the new instrument, but wrote in the Foreword of six sonatas (op.1), that they were suitable for the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the fortepiano. The six sonatas of op.1 were published in 1763, two years after fortepiano was advertised for sale in the local newspaper. In 1768, the fortepiano was used in a public concert for the first time in Paris. In the aspect of performance practice, both harpsichord and fortepiano used juxtapose during the transitional period, even though the music would sound better on the fortepiano especially the slow movements in Eckard’s sonatas. The early stage of French fortepiano building was influenced by German keyboard instrument builders. In addition to building harpsichords, French builders, Taskin and Goermann, also started building fortepianos. Eckard was highly respected as both a composer and a performer from music critics in his time.

In my master's thesis I will focus on the harpsichord. This instrument is usually classified as a baroque instrument, but in Bohemia the harpsichord experienced its greatest prosperity in Classicism. I will focus on the characteristics of the instrument and differences between the harpsichord and the piano. I will also try to characterize the classical work for harpsichord, the form of a classical solo concerto and the specifics of the interpretation of compositions on harpsichord and piano. Than I will examine the work for harpsichord by Jan Křtitel Vaňhal, put the composition in the context of the author's concert work and determine the diferences between the concerto for harpsichord and the piano concerto in Classicism in Bohemia. Finally, I will comment on the new complete score of Jan Křtitel Vaňhal's Harpsichord Concerto in C major, which I will compare with his Piano Concerto in A major. I also want to create a theoretical basis for the attached new completation of full score of Concerto in C major by J. K. Vaňhal. KEYWORDS Harpsichord, Fortepiano, Jan Křtitel Vaňhal, solo concert, classical period

Trotz der bahnbrechenden Analyse von Heinrich Schenker, der beeindruckenden Untersuchung der Skizzen durch William Drabkin und der jüngsten analytischen Übersichten von William Kinderman ist der Variationssatz von Beethovens Klaviersonate Nr. 32 in c-Moll, Opus 111, nach wie vor nur teilweise verstanden. Eine erneute Untersuchung dieses Werks im Hinblick auf klangliche Effekte, die auf dem Originalinstrument, für das es komponiert wurde, hörbar sind, legt eine insgesamt dreiteilige dramatische Aufteilung nahe, die der Form eines Auferstehungsdramas entspricht, in dem ein Thema lebt, stirbt und in der Apotheose wiederkehrt. Diese Schlussfolgerung stützt sich auf Tonaufnahmen, die auf Beethovens originalem Broadwood-Fortepiano in Budapest und ähnlichen Instrumenten in Bonn und Kalifornien gemacht wurden. Recherchen in Beethovens Manuskripten und Skizzen stützen die in diesem Aufsatz dargelegten Schlussfolgerungen. / Despite Heinrich Schenker’s groundbreaking analysis, William Drabkin’s impressive examination of the sketches and recent analytical overviews by William Kinderman, the variation movement of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 32 in c minor, Opus 111 remains only partially understood. A re-examination of this work in terms of timbral effects audible on the original instrument for which it was composed suggests an overall three-part dramatic division corresponding to the form of a resurrection drama where a theme lives, dies and returns in apotheosis. This conclusion is based upon sound recordings made on Beethoven’s original Broadwood fortepiano located in Budapest and similar instruments in Bonn and California. Research into Beethoven‘s manuscripts and sketches support the conclusions presented in this paper.

[ES] Este trabajo tiene como propósito principal analizar desde una perspectiva sistémica, global e integradora los distintos procesos técnicos, comerciales, artístico-culturales y sociológicos que propiciaron el arraigo, desarrollo y consolidación del pianoforte y su uso en la ciudad de València durante un lapso temporal que abarca desde 1790 a 1856. Cada parte comprende cuatro áreas sincrónicas de investigación: la construcción de instrumentos (desde el comienzo de producción local en talleres hasta el establecimiento y desarrollo de fábricas); el mercado de compraventa de pianos y su tipología; el mercado de música para piano; y, por último, el uso social que tuvo el piano en València y cuál fue el repertorio utilizado. La primera analiza el proceso de especialización efectuado por carpinteros y guitarreros locales hasta adquirir conocimientos necesarios, inicialmente, para reparar y, finalmente, para construir pianos por sí mismos. Se dan a conocer las características que tuvieron los primeros talleres que se aventuraron a renovarse y se documenta a sus propietarios; también se informa sobre los primeros constructores foráneos llegados a la ciudad que, estableciendo relaciones laborales, comerciales y sociales con la manufactura local, lograron hacer avanzar ese proceso de conversión/especialización de antiguos talleres de construcción de instrumentos musicales autóctonos en las llamadas «primeras fábricas» de pianos valencianas, aparecidas en 1830c; proceso que culminó con el éxito empresarial logrado a partir de 1840 por el fabricante de pianos local Pedro Gómez y otros industriales que habían permanecido en el anonimato hasta la fecha. La segunda área comprende un estudio estadístico de los anuncios de compraventa de pianos en València y, a partir de él, un análisis de la irrupción, afianzamiento e impulso en el mercado del nuevo instrumento, su inserción en el tejido social urbano y la consecuente o coadyuvante caída en desuso de otros instrumentos como el salterio hasta el momento muy utilizado en el entorno de estamentos medio-burgueses y entre las clases pudientes cuya comercialización desapareció prácticamente entre 1790c y 1820c con la llegada del nuevo instrumento. En la segunda parte de este estudio se detallan las líneas de distribución nacional e internacional implantadas en la ciudad, la apertura de negocios exclusivos de venta de pianos locales y a los compradores/as particulares de pianos, resultado del cotejo exhaustivo de anuncios en prensa con los padrones de habitantes de València que han permitido obtener interesantes conclusiones sobre el grupo social valenciano que propició el arraigo del uso del piano en la ciudad. En tercer lugar, se procede a documentar, identificar y clasificar el repertorio literario de música específicamente pianística impresa y manuscrita para este instrumento utilizada y comercializada en València durante el segmento temporal analizado, centrándose en el ámbito secular urbano. Para ello se han estudiado anuncios locales y foráneos de compraventa de literatura musical pianística, catalogando por periodos históricos la información recabada y vinculándola a establecimientos o negocios de distribución. También se recopila información novedosa sobre los primeros almacenes destinados en exclusiva a la venta de partituras en València, se recuperan algunas de partituras originales vendidas por dichos establecimientos y se incorpora un estudio de caso sobre el Cuaderno de Música para Pianoforte (València, 1805) de Francisco Ximeno. En cuarto lugar, se aborda el uso social del instrumento durante el periodo estudiado, tanto público (conciertos, audiciones, intérpretes), como privado (enseñanza general y específica, generaciones de maestros/as y alumnos/as de piano), poniendo el foco, especialmente, en el papel de la mujer ante el piano durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, protagonista indefectible de la difusión del instrumento y de su literatura. / [CA] Aquest treball té com a propòsit principal analitzar des d'una perspectiva sistèmica, global i integradora els diferents processos tècnics, comercials, artístic-culturals i sociològics que van propiciar l'arrelament, desenvolupament i consolidació del pianoforte i el seu ús a la ciutat de València durant un lapse temporal que abasta des de 1790 a 1856. Cada part comprén quatre àrees sincròniques d'investigació: la construcció d'instruments (des del començament de producció local en tallers fins a l'establiment i desenvolupament de fàbriques); el mercat de compravenda de pianos i la seua tipologia; el mercat de música per a piano; i, finalment, l'ús social que va tindre el piano a València i quin va ser el repertori utilitzat. La primera analitza el procés d'especialització efectuat per fusters i guitarrers locals fins a adquirir coneixements necessaris, inicialment, per a reparar i, finalment, per a construir pianos per si mateixos. Es donen a conéixer les característiques que van tindre els primers tallers que es van aventurar a renovar-se i es documenta als seus propietaris; també s'informa sobre els primers constructors forans arribats a la ciutat que, establint relacions laborals, comercials i socials amb la manufactura local, van aconseguir fer avançar aqueix procés de conversió/especialització d'antics tallers de construcció d'instruments musicals autòctons en les anomenades «primeres fàbriques» de pianos valencianes, aparegudes en 1830c; procés que va culminar amb l'èxit empresarial aconseguit a partir de 1840 pel fabricant de pianos local Pedro Gómez i altres industrials que havien romàs en l'anonimat fins hui. La segona àrea comprén un estudi estadístic dels anuncis de compravenda de pianos a València i, a partir d'ell, una anàlisi de la irrupció, fiançament i impuls en el mercat del nou instrument, la seua inserció en el teixit social urbà i la conseqüent o coadjuvant caiguda en desús d'altres instruments com el saltiri fins al moment molt utilitzat a l'entorn d'estaments mig-burgesos i entre les classes riques la comercialització de les quals va desaparéixer pràcticament entre 1790c i 1820c amb l'arribada del nou instrument. En la segona part d'aquest estudi es detallen les línies de distribució nacional i internacional implantades a la ciutat, l'obertura de negocis exclusius de venda de pianos locals i als compradors/as particulars de pianos, resultat de l'acarament exhaustiu d'anuncis en premsa amb els padrons d'habitants de València que han permés obtindre interessants conclusions sobre el grup social valencià que va propiciar l'arrelament de l'ús del piano a la ciutat. En tercer lloc, es procedeix a documentar, identificar i classificar el repertori literari de música específicament pianística impresa i manuscrita per a aquest instrument utilitzada i comercialitzada a València durant el segment temporal analitzat, centrant-se en l'àmbit secular urbà. Per a això s'han estudiat anuncis locals i forans de compravenda de literatura musical pianística, catalogant per períodes històrics la informació recaptada i vinculant-la a establiments o negocis de distribució. També es recopila informació nova sobre els primers magatzems destinats en exclusiva a la venda de partitures a València, es recuperen algunes de partitures originals venudes per aquests establiments i s'incorpora un estudi de cas sobre el Quadern de Música per a Pianoforte (València, 1805) de Francisco Ximeno. En quart lloc, s'aborda l'ús social de l'instrument durant el període estudiat, tant públic (concerts, audicions, intèrprets), com a privat (ensenyament general i específic, generacions de mestres/as i alumnes/as de piano), posant el focus, especialment, en el paper de la dona davant el piano durant la primera meitat del segle XIX, protagonista indefectible de la difusió de l'instrument i de la seua literatura. / [EN] The main purpose of this work is to analyze from a systemic, global, and integrative perspective the different technical, commercial, artistic-cultural, and sociological processes that led to the establishment, development and consolidation of the pianoforte and its use in the city of Valencia during a period of time that spans from 1790 to 1856. Each part comprises four synchronous areas of research: instrument construction (from the beginning of local production in workshops to the establishment and development of factories); the piano buying and selling market and its typology; the piano music market; and, finally, the social use that the piano had in Valencia and what was the repertoire used. The first area shows the specialization process carried out by local carpenters and guitar makers until they acquired the necessary knowledge, initially, to repair and, finally, to build pianos for themselves. The characteristics of the first workshops that ventured to renew themselves are made known and their owners are documented; It is also reported on the first foreign builders who arrived in the city who, by establishing labor, commercial and social relations with local manufacturing, managed to advance this process of conversion/specialization of old workshops for the construction of native musical instruments in the so-called 'first factories' of Valencian pianos, appearing in 1830c; process that culminated in the business success achieved from 1840 onwards by the local piano manufacturer Pedro Gómez and other industrialists who had remained anonymous to date. The second area includes a statistical study of piano sales and purchase advertisements in Valencia and, based on it, an analysis of the emergence, consolidation and momentum in the market of the new instrument, its insertion into the urban social fabric and the consequent or contributory fall into disuse of other instruments such as the psaltery until now widely used in the environment of middle-bourgeois classes and among the wealthy classes whose commercialization practically disappeared between 1790c and 1820c with the arrival of the new instrument. The second part of this study details the national and international distribution lines implemented in the city, the opening of exclusive businesses selling local pianos and to private piano buyers, the result of an exhaustive comparison of press advertisements with the registers of inhabitants of Valencia that have allowed us to obtain interesting conclusions about the Valencian social group that led to the establishment of the use of the piano in the city. Thirdly, we proceed to document, identify, and classify the literary repertoire of specifically printed and handwritten piano music for this instrument used and marketed in Valencia during the analyzed time segment, focusing on the secular urban environment. To this end, local and foreign advertisements for the purchase and sale of piano musical literature have been studied, cataloging the information collected by historical periods and linking it to distribution establishments or businesses. New information is also compiled about the first stores dedicated exclusively to the sale of sheet music in València, some of the original scores sold by these establishments are recovered and a case study on the Pianoforte Music Notebook (València, 1805) by Francisco Ximeno. Fourthly, the social use of the instrument during the period studied is addressed, both public (concerts, auditions, performers), and private (general and specific teaching, generations of piano teachers and students), focusing on, especially in the role of women at the piano during the first half of the 19th century, an unfailing protagonist in the dissemination of the instrument and its literature. / Guaita Gabaldón, JG. (2023). El piano en València (1790-1856): construcción, mercado y uso social [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/201559

This thesis examines the effects of a multi-methodological approach (theory, history, practice) to piano studies. The aim was to see how a deeper and more structured study would improve my piano playing. The study process was based on two specific compositions: Fantaisie-Impromptu, op.post.66 by the Polish composer Fryderyk Chopin and Clair de Lune, from Suite bergamasque by the French composer Claude Debussy. The compositions were executed and recorded in the first part of this project before the academic year 2020/2021, once from the middle part and twice from the final part of the project, spring 2021. Four recordings were done between June 2020 and the final concert in June 2021 and are all uploaded on the same YouTube channel, Pianist Sven. As a result, an improved efficiency and structure during piano practice sessions and when stud- ying theoretical aspects, has been obtained. Musically speaking, I got a better understanding of rhythm and tonality. The practical and theoretical studies carried out has helped me to create a methodological map to applicate in the future and to develop further.During the study of the specific subject, I created two handwritten paper posters. For achieving an increased readability of the thesis, images were uploaded on an own created website, called Chopin-vs-Debussy. I have conducted an interview with pianist and teacher, Giulio Biddau and inserted as part of the thesis (5.1.4) and of the website as well.