Cette présente thèse, organisée en trois chapitres, traite de problématiques liées à la culture, la famille et le développement en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les deux premiers chapitres traitent du confiage des enfants en Afrique. Dans le chapitre 1, que j’ai co-écrit avec Irène Dohouin, nous examinons les déterminants du confiage des enfants et les caractéristiques de l’enfant confié. À cet effet, nous utilisons les données d’une enquête que nous avons organisée et réalisée au Benin en 2022 dans le cadre d’un projet portant sur les conditions de vie dans l’enfance et la qualité de vie a l’âge adulte. Les analyses montrent que le niveau d’éducation des parents et la perte d’un parent pendant l’enfance sont associés au confiage des enfants. En ce qui concerne le choix de l’enfant confié, les résultats montrent que les filles sont généralement les plus confiées et la probabilité d’être confié décroît strictement avec l’ordre de naissance de l’enfant dans la fratrie. Nous trouvons aussi qu’il existe une différence importante dans les raisons de confiage entre les filles et les garçons. En effet, les filles sont confiées en général pour aider dans les travaux domestiques tandis que les garçons sont confiés pour aller à l’école. Le chapitre 2 est co-écrit avec Irène Dohouin, Raphael Godefroy et Joshua Lewis. Nous y analysons les effets de long terme du confiage des enfants. En utilisant les données collectées dans le cadre de l’enquête évoquée précédemment, nous montrons que les per- sonnes adultes qui ont été confiées dans leur enfance sont moins susceptibles de fréquenter une école comparativement à leurs frères et sœurs non confiés. Nous montrons que cette différence du niveau d’ éducation s’est accrue après la réforme du système éducatif dans les années 1990 au Bénin. Toutefois, nous n’avons trouvé aucune évidence que le confiage a des effets négatifs à l’âge adulte. Au contraire, les résultats semblent montrer que les personnes confiées performent mieux sur le marché du travail relativement à leurs frères et sœurs non confiés. Nos résultats suggèrent que les coûts à long terme du placement des enfants peuvent être considérablement attenues grâce à des transferts compensatoires. Dans le troisième chapitre, je m’intéresse à la compréhension du rôle de la culture dans l’assimilation économique des peuples africains en général, et des femmes en particulier. Pour ce faire, j’analyse la contribution de la langue parlée, une composante essentielle de la culture, à l’assimilation économique des femmes sur le marché du travail, et le cas échéant, la persistance de cette contribution dans les temps modernes. Pour répondre à cette question, je combine les données sur l’emploi des femmes provenant des Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé (EDS), avec les données sur les langues et les ethnies africaines dans une régression par les Moindres Carrés Ordinaires (MCO). Les résultats montrent qu’il existe une association positive entre la similarité linguistique et l’assimilation économique des femmes sur le marché du travail dans les temps anciens (avant la colonisation). Toutefois, cette contribution historique de la similarité linguistique a disparu avec le temps. Les résultats montrent que c’est plutôt la qualité des institutions qui jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l’assimilation économique des femmes de nos jours. / This thesis, organized into three chapters, addresses issues related to culture, family and development in sub-Saharan Africa. The first two chapters deal with childhood fostering in Africa. In chapter 1, co- authored with Irene Dohouin, we examine the determinants of child fostering across and within family in Bénin. In this purpose, we rely on a dataset that comes from a unique survey that we designed and conducted in Bénin in 2022 as part of a project on child- hood living conditions and well-being in adulthood. We find that parental education is associated with child fostering. Indeed, less educated parents are more likely to foster one of their children. The fostered child is chosen according to his gender and his birth order, with daughters facing a high risk of fostering during childhood. Also, children who lost one of their parents during childhood are have a higher probability of being fostered than their other biological siblings. Importantly, we find an important gender difference in reasons of child fostering as boys are fostered for schooling whereas girls are fostered to help in domestic tasks. Furthermore, the probability to be fostered during childhood is steady decline by birth order. Chapter 2, co-authored with Irene Dohouin, Joshua Lewis and Raphael Godefroy, studies the long run effect of childhood fostering. Using a dataset derived from the survey that I mentioned above, we estimate that adults who were fostered during childhood are significantly less likely to have attended school than their biological siblings. We show that this difference in education achievement increased after the launch of an education reform in the 1990s. Nevertheless, along a range of socioeconomic outcomes, we find no evidence that childhood fostering had lasting negative impacts into adulthood. Indeed, we find some evidence that fostered siblings enjoyed slightly better labor market outcomes than their non-fostered siblings. Our results suggest that the long-term costs of childhood fostering may be substantially mitigated through compensating transfers. The third chapter aims to understand the role of culture in the economic assimilation of African people in general, and for women in particular. Especially, I study the association between linguistic proximity and ethnic proximity in women labor market participation and I investigate whether this association persisted over a long period of times. By taking advantage of three different datasets and an OLS estimates that ac- count for the geography of ethnic group’s homeland, I find that linguistic proximity is strongly and significantly associated to the ethnic proximity in women historical labor market participation. I find also that there is no association between linguistic proximity and ethnic proximity in women labor market participation in modern days. This finding suggests that the historical relationship does not persist until today. Furthermore, I show evidence that ethnic group pairs inhabiting a high rule of law country are associated with a high degree of proximity in women labor market participation today. This last finding is suggestive of the important role of national institutions in driving economic assimilation across Africa.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:17:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janete Aparecida Giorgetti Valente.pdf: 608289 bytes, checksum: 6c082d4d6b83d1f30f38c2156ee8fa71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Brazil has a history of 500 years of institutionalization of children and adolescents. Since 1990, with the implantation of the Child and Adolescent Statute, a constant effort has been effectuated to guarantee the right to family and community life to this segment. The importance of family and community life for children and adolescents is recognized in the Federal Constitution and in the Child and Adolescent Statute, as well as in other national and international regulations. An important and democratic proposal has been introduced in Brazil in 2006, with a broad participation of national segments: the National Plan for the Promotion, Protection and Defense of the Right of Children and Adolescents to Family and Community Life. This Plan proposes to prioritize this theme, motivating the conceptualization and implementation of public policies to ensure this right, constituting a landmark to the standing up to the culture of institutionalization of children and adolescents in Brazil. Some initiatives of family fostering attempt to offer care alternatives to children and adolescents that need to be temporarily separated from their families. There are also municipalities that have set forth, as a public policy, a Foster Family Program, as the alternative for children and adolescents in need of this kind of protection. This analysis is an offspring of the experience of the SAPECA Program, run by the Municipal Secretary of Social Assistance of the Municipal Administration of Campinas, SP. SAPECA is a family assignation program defined by Art. 90 of the Child and Adolescent Statute, and its objective is to assist in foster families children and adolescents victimized by domestic violence, offering vitalization conditions for their family and community networks, with possibilities of access to social services networks and psychological and social counseling for the family and community groups / O Brasil tem uma história de mais de quinhentos anos de institucionalização de crianças e adolescentes. Desde 1990, com a implantação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, através da lei tem sido realizado um esforço constante para a implementação de programas de proteção que garantam o direito à convivência familiar e comunitária a esse segmento. A importância da convivência familiar e comunitária para a criança e o adolescente está reconhecida na Constituição Federal de 1988 e no ECA, bem como em outras legislações e normativas nacionais e internacionais. No Brasil uma importante e democrática proposta foi concluída em 2006, com ampla participação nacional: o Plano Nacional de Promoção, Proteção e Defesa do Direito de Crianças e Adolescentes à Convivência Familiar e Comunitária. A estruturação desse Plano propõe dar prioridade à essa temática, incentivando a formulação e implementação de políticas públicas que assegurem esse direito, constituindo um marco para o enfrentamento à cultura de institucionalização de crianças e adolescentes no país. Algumas iniciativas de acolhimento familiar vêm tentando oferecer alternativas de cuidado, à criança e ao adolescente que necessitam ser afastados temporariamente de sua família. Há também municípios que possuem como política pública o programa Família Acolhedora , como única alternativa a crianças e adolescentes que necessitam desse tipo de proteção. Esta análise parte da experiência do SAPECA, que é um programa da Secretaria Municipal de Cidadania, Trabalho, Assistência e Inclusão Social da Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas/SP, previsto no art. 90 do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, como colocação familiar e tem por finalidade atender à criança e ao adolescente vítimas de violência doméstica, em famílias acolhedoras. Esse trabalho envolve uma atenção especial à família de origem objetivando o retorno dos mesmos a ela, desde que de forma protegida. Para isso procura oferecer-lhe condições de vitalização de sua rede familiar e comunitária e possibilidades de acesso à rede de serviços, com trabalhos de orientação sócio-psico individual, no grupo familiar, nos grupos familiares entre si, nos grupos comunitários; e de articulação com os serviços da comunidade

The thesis is a probe into the picture of alternative family care in the Czech Republic, oriented to the foster care. In the theoretical part a description of alternatice foster care for children removed from their biological family is given. It is concerned with vital needs of such children and their psychical deprivation. It tries to show why mothers waive their child and shows some aspects of social work in this field. The practical part of the thesis is concerned with the qualitative research that compares fostering in classical Czech foster families with fostering in special institutions {--} so called Big Foster Families. Research investigations are taken from the point of view of teenaged children being in foster care, and research is based on principles of modern (professional) fostering. The research investigations contain six interviews with children from classical families and four with children from special instituions for foster care. (The research is not concerned with SOS villages) Good quality of the foster care does not depend too much on the fact whether it is provided with a classical foster family or with a fostering institutions. It depends, first and foremost, on the character foster parent, i.e. if he/she is able to create positive relationships with the child and if he/she is able to adopt and accept the child unconditionally.

Cette thèse est organisée en trois chapitres et s’articule autour des questions liées à la famille, à l’éducation et à la santé dans les pays en développement. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à la compréhension de la maladie VIH et de son lien avec les caractéristiques socio-économiques des populations en Afrique subsaharienne. Dans ce chapitre, j’analyse l’existence d’une relation causale entre le niveau d’éducation et le fait d’être porteur du virus VIH chez les femmes. Grâce à la reforme de gratuité de l’éducation primaire adoptée et mise en œuvre en Zambie dès 2002 et qui a contribué à une augmentation substantielle du niveau d’éducation chez les femmes, j’estime une régression sur discontinuité que j’interagis avec la construction de nouvelles écoles. Les résultats montrent qu’une augmentation exogène de l’éducation des filles conduit à une augmentation du taux de VIH chez la femme ; et qu’il n’y a pas d’évidence que la connaissance que les femmes ont du VIH soit liée à l'augmentation de leur niveau d'éducation. Aussi, l’éducation des femmes n’améliore pas leur comportement à risque. Cet effet positif de l’éducation sur le VIH est plutôt dû à l’urbanisation accrue des femmes les plus instruites. Le deuxième et le troisième chapitre portent sur le confiage des enfants en Afrique. Dans le chapitre 2, co-écrit avec Caleb Gbeholo, nous examinons les déterminants de confiage des enfants et les caractéristiques de l’enfant confié. A cet effet, nous utilisons les données d’une enquête que nous avons organisé et réalisé au Bénin en 2022 et qui porte sur les conditions de vie dans l’enfance et la qualité de vie à l’âge adulte. Les analyses montrent que le niveau d’éducation des parents et la perte d’un parent pendant l’enfance sont associés au confiage des enfants. En ce qui concerne le choix de l’enfant confié, les résultats montrent que les filles sont généralement les plus confiées et la probabilité d’être confié décroît strictement avec l’ordre de naissance de l’enfant dans la fratrie. Le chapitre 3 est co-écrit avec Caleb Gbeholo, Raphael Godefroy et Joshua Lewis. Il étudie l’effet du confiage sur l’éducation et la fertilité. En utilisant les mêmes données que celle du chapitre 2, nous montrons que les adultes confiés dans leur enfance sont moins susceptibles de fréquenter une école que leurs frères et sœurs non confiés. Nous montrons que cette différence du niveau d’éducation s’est accrue après la réforme du système éducatif dans les années 1990 au Bénin. Par ailleurs, nous trouvons qu’il n’existe aucune différence de fertilité entre les enfants confiés et les frères et sœurs non confiés. Nous estimons que le confiage peut expliquer une part importante de la différence de niveau d’éducation entre les hommes et les femmes. / This dissertation is organized in three chapters and revolves around issues related to family, education and health in developing countries. The first chapter studies how education affects women's HIV infection. By using an education reform that led to a sharp increase in women's education in Zambia, I estimate RDD, interacted with geographic differences in school supply. I find that an increase in female education led to HIV higher rate. I find no evidence that education affected women's HIV knowledge and their risky behaviors. Instead, the results are driven by the increased urbanization of the better educated women. The second and third chapters address the practice of child fostering in Sub-saharan Africa. In the chapter 2, co-authored with Caleb Gbeholo, we examine the determinants of child fostering across and within family in Benin. In this purpose, we rely a dataset that comes from a unique survey that we designed and conducted in Benin in 2022. We find that parents' education and the lost of one parent during childhood are associated with child fostering. The fostered child is chosen according his gender and his birth order, with daughters facing a high risk of fostering during childhood. Furthermore, the child probability to be foster is steady decline by birth order. The chapter 3, co-authored with Caleb Gbeholo, Raphael Godefroy and Joshua Lewis, studies the effect of child fostering on education and fertility. Using the same dataset as in chapter 2, we estimate that adults who were fostered as a child are significantly less likely to have attended school than their siblings. We show that this difference in education achievement increased after the launch of an education reform in the 1990s. We find no difference in fertility. We estimate that the practice of child fostering may account for a substantial share of the gender gap in education.