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It has been well documented that female athletes receive much less media attention than male athletes, with estimates placing coverage of male athletes at 95% of all sport-related media (Coakley, 1986). While not to that extent, studies focusing on media portrayals of Olympic athletes also confirm that the media dedicates the majority of coverage to male athletes (Duncan, 1990; Duncan & Hasbrook, 1988; Hambrick, Simmons, Greenhalgh, & Greenwell, 2010; Higgs, Weiller, & Martin, 2003; Lee, 1992; Kinnick, 1998; Pfister, 1978). Some evidence suggests that media coverage of female athletes and the recognition of their achievements are slowly increasing (Higgs et al., 2003; Kinnick, 1998). While the aforementioned studies show many of the same results, no recent research on the subject was found. The majority of past research has focused on summer Olympians specifically, and no studies were found looking at the past five Olympic Games. This study will add to the literature by providing new data to compare to that of previous studies. The author conducted a content analysis, looking at six online media outlets, and selecting 100 athlete profiles. The profiles were coded for any reference to the physical/emotional or strength/weakness characteristics of the athlete. The author analyzed the data using SPSS. Findings show no statistically significant relationships between gender and athlete characteristics, suggesting noticeable improvements in the quality and quantity of media coverage for female athletes when compared to previous studies.

Since the 1990s, Sweden's societies has changed in terms of the prevalence and spread of criminal environments. Gun violence in criminal environments has become more frequent and has grown during the last couple of years. The police explains the increased gun violence through organized crime. Previous research has showed that newspapers portrayal of gang crime lacks in a distinct definition of the criminality and are more likely to use condescending descriptions rather than positive ones. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate how the Swedish news media portray and describe gang crime in terms of attribute and definition. To enable the survey, a qualitative content analysis with a limited selection of newspaper articles were used. The study has been conducted with two theories, framing theory and the agenda-setting theory to create an understanding of the news media's presentation of gang crime. To achieve the aim of the study, 18 articles in three newspapers were used in a process of coding to highlight the descriptions of gang crime. The results of the study demonstrated in two main categories and six subcategories. The results of the collected empirical evidence showed that gang crime was presented mainly in a negative way to describe vulnerable areas, young men, shootings and rappers. The results also showed that the definition in Swedish news media is vague and lacks a clear description of what the issue is about.

This study covers how Amber Heard and Johnny Depp were portrayed during their defamation trial in Virginia 2022 by the British newspaper The Sun. The research questions include both how Amber Heard and Johnny Depp were portrayed during the timeframe as well as how they were perceived as a couple. The research questions also cover if there were any differences in how The Sun were framing them during the time period. The method that was used was a thematic analysis of all the articles that The Sun published in the time period that the trial took place, the 11th of April 2022 to the 1st of June 2022. To better help our understanding of the subject we used framing theory and celebrity studies as the theoretical framework. The framing theory also includes a subcategory which is the theory about the ideal victim. Since both Johnny Depp and Amber Heard accused each other of abuse, it was relevant to include if one of them were portrayed as a victim. In the thematic analysis we created three categories based on the research questions. Different themes were found in the articles and were placed as subcategories to the three main categories. The first category was about how the relationship between Johnny Depp and Amber Heard was portrayed. Three themes were found: The relationship as a circus, Difference in fame and The trial. The second category was about how Johnny Depp was portrayed. Three themes were identified: Depp as the perpetrator, Superstar Johnny Depp and Innocent or a bully? The third category depicts how Amber Heard was portrayed. Four themes were identified: Heard accused of lying, Heard as the perpetrator, Heard ridiculed by the public and Heard innocent? The results of the study conclude that both Depp and Heard have been portrayed as perpetrators and victims all though Depp was given more attention in the articles than Heard. Another conclusion is that some of the articles describe the case as Depp suing Heard for lying, in contrast to the articles where the case is described as Depp suing Heard for libel.

The popular music duo known as Hooja and DJ Mårdhund was during 2023 known by most of the Swedish population. They won prizes, did interviews and even had their own documentary by the Swedish public service SVT. This was all achieved while the duo was anonymous, only showing themselves with masks and layers of clothes as well as thick northern accents. However, on the 6th of July 2023, their true identities were revealed as well as where they live and how much money they make, in an article written by the Swedishnewspaper Aftonbladet. Before the reveal they had such a huge medial platform where they could express themselves however they wanted but with the article by Aftonbladet it was also revealed that everything they said in the interviews wan´t true. This raised the question, har source criticism in journalism disappeared? Journalism has such a power in society that it is highly important that the information shared is truthful. Without source criticism there is no telling of what is true and what's made up and the power is instead moved from trusted journalistic newsrooms to everyday people who want a place in the paper. The purpose of this study is to in depth analyze how journalistic medias used framing and have portrayed the duo before their identities were revealed. This has been done using a qualitative thematic analysis on four different publications (two of each) by the Swedish public service Sveriges radio and Aftonbladet. The themes found during the analysis were“Characters”, “Source criticism”, “Truthfulness” and “Behind the masks”. The result showed that at least two of the articles gravely lacked source criticism and that the music duo pretty much had free rain to portray themselves however they wanted. Only one of the articles contained a high level of criticism. In the discussion the theories of uses and gratification and framing theory was used to show how media has used the fame of Hooja and how Hooja has used media platforms as a way to market themselves.

In this essay the framing of the politics of the two prime minister candidates Magdalena Andersson and Ulf Kristersson have been analyzed. This during two interviews broadcasted before the election 2022 on public service channel 1 (SVT 1) in a program called Election 2022: The Hearing (Val 2022: Utfrågningen). The study has looked at several different types of framing including thematic, episodic and gameframing to be able to analyze how the politics are portrayed. The study has also acknowledged the importance of the power relations that take place between interviewee and journalist in a political interview. Also how the role of the journalist acting as a program manager affects the framing of the politics. The conclusion is that politics are framed in all kinds of framing analyzed. But there are differences between how Andersson and Kristersson´s politics are framed through the analyzed frames. The program managers had different strategies to confront the politicians depending on who they interviewed.

The purpose of this study is to examine how gender stereotypes are portrayed and how stereotypes are being maintained through Swedish reality tv shows. The study aims to test the common-sense hypothesis that the Swedish Public Service is more attentive to equality and inclusiveness than commercial production companies, including the equal representation of genders. The first research question aims to investigate if and how stereotypes are being preserved in the programs. The second research question looks into what types of audiovisual means the reality shows use to portray men and women.    The study has compared two Swedish reality shows by the names of Vi eller Aldrig (Public Service) and True Love Sverige (commercial company) with a theoretical basis in framing and gender theory and applying a quantitative and qualitative method. Earlier research has shown that there are significant differences between the framing of men and women in tv commercials (Matthes & Prieler, 2020), and also in other reality tv shows such as Love Island UK where it is proven that sexist and heteronormative perspectives are maintained throughout the show (Denby, 2021).    The quantitative results of this study showed that there are differences regarding the framing of the genders between the two shows, where Vi eller Aldrig was less equal than True Love Sverige. The male participants were given significantly more space than the female participants in Vi eller Aldrig, while True Love Sverige was more equal. It also showed that stereotypes were maintained in both shows through the shows’ production strategies and through the representation of stereotypical character types. The qualitative results compared scenes from each program and concluded that the principal audiovisual means used were music, editing, set design and camerawork.   The results are of significance because they present evidence that these two reality shows contribute to upholding patriarchal structures by making men the focal points, main characters of the shows’ and also by continuing to portray men and women from stereotypical roles, women as stereotypically hysterical and men as stereotypically cool and poised.

Music streaming services aim to provide users with personalized content to avoid information overload and increase the user experience. Besides the recommender systems that are involved to ensure users are provided with their musical preferences, vocabulary can play a significant role in achieving personalization. Including personal pronouns is one way to implement personalization. However, looking into music streaming services it has yet to be discovered how the implementation of personalization via wording has its effect on the users' decisions, expectations, and satisfaction. The study aims to get a better understanding of how vocabulary framing in personalized playlist titles affects the user experience. The lack of knowledge makes it difficult to make wise decisions in wording and it could lead to ineffective use of vocabulary within playlist titles on music streaming services.  To carry out this study an online survey was conducted, and the data collected was stored in an API spreadsheet. The program SPSS was then used to further analyse the data to draw conclusions. Based on the results of the survey it was concluded that using wording that indicates personalization does have a significant effect on user choice and overall satisfaction within a music streaming platform. When given the choice of picking either a playlist with a title that indicates personalization or one where there is no indication of personalization, participants were significantly more drawn towards the playlists that indicate personalization.

For studies of social movements, media is the most crucial aspect when it comes to understanding the movement. And for a civil society choosing to protest under an authoritarian regime, the media is more than crucial, it is key. Based on the social media attention the protests in Iran after Mahsa Aminis death received, this study intends to see how the Swedish daily newspapers SvD and DN framed the protest, focusing on message, political actors and local voices- the key aspects to include when framing a protest. The empirical data for this study consists of articles published between September 16, 2022 and November 16, 2022, making it up to 124 articles to examine. By using a coding scheme for the content analysis, it is based on previous studies regarding the protest paradigm, which is a theory applied to understand the focus on spectacle in media's portrayal of protests. This study developed two coding schemes where the first one is for the aim of identifying the overall portrayal and the second intends to identify frames that further contribute to the constructions of the political actors. Along with the content analysis, framing theory and the protest paradigm, the study adopts the social constructivist view of language to be able to understand the role of news in shaping public perceptions. Analyzing news coverage through this perspective allowed this study to gain a deeper understanding of how knowledge is constructed and how it shapes our understanding of the world. Lastly, by applying discourse analysis the study was able to examine the language within the frames and how it was used to construct reality and political actors in different ways. It was helpful in finding out the influence of the articles in creating as well as changing political and societal discourse around the issue. The study revealed a result that challenged the protest paradigm as well as confirming some results in previous research. Violence frames were in previous literature the main frames, which it was in this study too, however, in this study the violence frames did not get interpreted as in the protest paradigm theory since protest under authoritarian regimes needed another analytical eye focusing more on the context and the way in which the violence was directed towards.

This is a quantitative content analysis that dives deep into the Fresh and Fit podcast channel on YouTube. The study uses the framing theory and the gender theory. We wonder why other creators choose some of the video material from the channel Fresh and Fit podcast and make it their “best of” edition. All videos from other creators made between the years 2022 and 2023 have been selected for the study and through this a total selection has been made. To each video the top 5 top comments are analyzed to see which tonality dominates. Through gender theory, the comment field will be examined and thus focus on the dominant tonality.The reason for not including videos presented by Fresh and Fit themselves is to exclude their own opinions and only concentrate the study on the choices of other creators. This is interesting as larger YouTube profiles more easily get further sharing by other people's accounts, who in different ways comment or cut out material that is further presented to the audience. It may affect different major accounts in different ways as their own material may be angled in ways that are beyond the bigger channels control. In addition, the creators can get help to spread their material more easily through the interest that exists in the larger channel's already established following, which can further result in the smaller creator's account growing even larger. This is the case for Fresh and Fit, which over the course of four years has grown so large that a number of different creators have chosen to use their material and republish it. So too satisfy curiosity, we have chosen to dive deeper into how other creators take liberties with Fresh and Fit material published on YouTube. The results show that it turned out that the creators were mainly interested in bringing up topics of conversation that dealt with women's behavior. In addition to this, the study concluded that those who mainly got to speak were the hosts together with female guests, but that male guests were given more space of their own to express themselves.