Aim: To examine director’s experiences of the process to implement smoke-free working hours and also their need of support to make it feasible in the municipality of Östhammar. Method: A qualitative interview study with a descriptive design was used. Semi-structured interviews were made with six directors who were selected from different levels, localities and administrations in the municipality of Östhammar. A qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Many positive aspects were pointed out regarding the implementation of smoke-free working hours. The aspects of time and the support which had been offered to the smokers stood out among these. The majority of the directors considered that the support at the time of the implementation had been adequate.  The difficulties that were experienced were mostly related to practical issues. Only a few proposals of support concerning the difficulties that had been experienced were presented. Two of the study’s participants had not experienced difficulties. Two positive effects of the policy were reduction in smoking or quitting smoking. Particularly one director stated that the policy did not function at all up to that point. The requested types of support in the future were continuing existing support, activities connected to the policy and a follow-up of the policy. Conclusion: The experiences of the informants were that the implementation process has functioned well with the exception of a few particular difficulties. Few proposals of support emerged in addition to already existing ones. Some form of activity connected to the policy or a follow-up of the policy is important to once again make it a pressing issue.

Vi utsätts dagligen för en mängd kemikalier, vissa av dem är skadliga både för människan och miljö. För att uppnå det svenska miljökvalitetsmålet giftfri miljö är det av yttersta vikt att förskolorna måste bli giftfria, detta då många förskolor har produkter och leksaker som innehåller miljöfarliga ämnen. Barn är känsligare än vuxna och det är därför av stor betydels att fasa ut produkter från förskolorna där barnen vistas många timmar om dagen. Flertalet kommuner har starta detta arbete men det är viktigt att det sker en beteendeförändring för att åstadkomma ett hållbart resultat. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om information till förskolepersonalen har bidragit till ökad kunskap om miljöfarliga kemikalier på förskolan. Studien syftar även att undersöka om ökad kunskap har lett till ett förändringsarbete samt vilka hinder och möjligheter som finns för att använda kunskapen i ett arbete för giftfri förskola. Det görs med hjälp av att både enkätundersökning och intervjuer hos förskolepersonal verksamma inom Karlstad kommun. Undersökningen som gjordes visar att det finns en positiv attityd hos förskolepersonalen för att jobba vidare med att fasa ut miljögifter på förskolan. Den visar även att medvetenheten och kunskaperna hos förskolepersonalen är goda då de har kännedom om produkter samt ämnen som bör undvikas inom förskolan. Flertalet hinder finns för att personalen ska kunna arbeta på ett effektivt sätt med att minska skadliga ämnen inom förskolorna. Det som begränsar personalens handlingsutrymme är bland annat ekonomi, bristfällig kunskap, tid, oro, upphandlingsavtal och utbud.  För att målet giftfri miljö skall kunna uppnås behöver stödet förbättras för förskolepersonalen. Detta kan göras genom bland annat vidareutbildning och uppdatering av personalen, hårdare krav på upphandling och andra hjälpmedel för att val av bättre produkter ska underlättas och en giftfri förskola ska bli möjliga. / In todays world we’re exposed daily to a large amount of chemicals, some of which are harmful to man and the environment. To reach to objective of a toxic free environment it is of uttermost importance that our preschools become free from toxins, especially since there today exist several products and toys that contain hazardous substances. Kids are more sensitive to these compared to adults which is why the importance of clearing them out from the preschools are even more important, especially since the kids spend several hours a day there. Several municipalities has begun this task though it is also important for a behavioral change to happen if the result is to be sustainable. The purpose of the study was to examine if information to the stuff of the preschools has contributed to an increased knowledge about hazardous substances in preschools.  The surveys purpose is also to examine if an increased knowledge has led to an improvement as well as which obstacles and possibilities exist for the usage of this knowledge in working for a toxin-free preschool. This will be done through a survey and interviews with preschool staff who are active within Karlstad municipality. The survey showed of a positive attitude in the preschool staff concerning continuing the work to phase out hazardous substances from their preschools. Their awareness and knowledge are at a good level since they have knowledge about what products and substances to avoid in preschools. Several obstacles that hinder the staff from working effectively at decreasing the amount of hazardous substances at preschools. Things which limits the staff are economics, lack of knowledge, time, anxiety, procurement terms and range among others. For the objective of a toxic free environment to be reached the support of the preschool staff needs to be improved. This can be accomplish through  tougher terms of procurement, more support and education of the staff among other things to help them make better choices of products which in turn will make a toxic free preschool a possibility.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate how, and if, Sweden's municipalities contribute to their preschools work for a toxic free environment, and what the schools think of the support they are receiving. The study will also focus on the municipality of Uddevalla and evaluate status and progress of making a chemical-safe environment for preschool children. The study was performed by sending out two different surveys by email to preschool principals and municipalities. The results of the study showed that Sweden's municipalities mostly support the preschools by offering information, education, action plans and procurement. A majority of the preschool principals answered that the support they receive was partially the reason for why they are able to work with such a project. They also think in most cases that the support is sufficient to carry out the work. The support of the municipality in the work is for some preschools crucial. The result of the study of Uddevalla shows that in 72 % of the preschools have or are working with a project to eliminate children's exposure to toxic chemicals. The remaining 28 % are not working with such a project and have no plan to do so. The results based on the survey in Uddevalla is in good agreement with the rest of Sweden, where 86 % of the principals answered that they have or are working with such a project. These results show that Swedish preschools are heading for a more chemical safe environment, although a lot needs to be done before it is accomplished.

Subject: Optimal Parameters for Barrier-free Indoor Swimming Pools Focusing on the Needs of People with Limited Motion and Orientation Abilities. Objectives of the thesis: The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the optimal parameters of barier - free indoor swimming pools taking into account the requirements of persons with reduced mobility and orientation; based on the needs of these persons and the current legal standards to list the parameters for the construction and evaluation of swimming facilities in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, to find out views on this topic in the students of the faculties of building. Methods: A questionnaire survey of selected population will be carried out. Furthermore, the methods of a semistandardized interview will be used and a field research in the monitored objects will be implemented. Results: The results will confirm or disprove the predetermined hypotheses and will contribute to understanding the issues. A basis for creating an optimal barrier-free project will be made. Keywords: barrier-free environment, swimming pool, visual impairment, physical handicap 3

The diploma theses is focused on matrix-free preconditioning of a linear system. It gives a very brief introduction into the area of iterative methods, preconditioning and matrix-free environment. The emphasis is put on a detailed description of a variant of LU factorization which can be computed in a matrix-free manner and on a new technique connected with this factorization for preconditioning by incomplete LU factors in matrix-free environment. Its main features are storage of only one of the two incomplete factors and low memory costs during the computation of the stored factor. The thesis closes with numerical experiments demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed technique.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o contrato de compra de energia no ambiente livre, diante da escassa doutrina existente na área, mormente no campo do Direito Privado. Trazem-se noções do setor elétrico brasileiro e dos seus dois ambientes de comercialização de energia, em razão de suas peculiaridades e relevância para a compreensão do tema. A energia como objeto singulariza o contrato, por tratar-se de uma commodity não estocável, do ponto de vista físico, e de bem móvel, do ponto de vista normativo. Em vista das características verificadas no bem energia, o instrumento apto a regrar as transferências de sua propriedade é a compra e venda. O contrato em exame é típico, pois previsto no Decreto n. 5.163/2004, o qual, além de ressaltar a liberdade de pactuação, elenca apenas dois elementos necessários para constarem na avença: volume e prazo. A Convenção de Comercialização da CCEE acresce mais dois elementos como indispensáveis: preço e garantia financeira. Dessa forma, coube ao mercado, com o fundamento jurídico nos princípios da autonomia privada e boa-fé objetiva, integrarem outros elementos necessários ao contrato, criando-lhe uma estrutura básica. Para o estudo dessa estrutura, foi realizada uma análise descritiva de cláusulas obtidas em amostra qualitativa de minutas do contrato em exame. Nesse sentido, verifica-se a existência de um padrão quanto ao conteúdo geral do contrato, gerando o mínimo de segurança e previsibilidade jurídica necessárias a tornar o ambiente livre atrativo. Observando-se, porém, disparidade quanto ao conteúdo semântico de cada cláusula, mantendo-se espaço à liberdade de pactuação das partes – fundada na autonomia privada e na boa-fé objetiva – para conformarem o detalhamento do contrato como lhes for mais conveniente. / This work aims to analyze the electrical energy purchase agreement in the open market environment, given the scarce doctrine in the area, especially in the field of Private Law. Notions of the Brazilian electric sector, and its two market environments of energy commercialization, are presented due to their peculiarities and relevance to the understanding of the theme. Energy as an object singles out the contract, since it is a non-stockable commodity, from the physical point of view, and a movable property, from the normative point of view. Because of the characteristics of the energy, the instrument able to regulate the transfers of its property is the purchase agreement. The contract under examination is typical, as provided for in Decree no. 5,163/2004, which, in addition to highlighting the freedom of agreement, lists only two required elements: volume and term. The CCEE Commercialization Convention adds two more indispensable elements for the contract: price and financial guarantee. Therefore, it was up to the market, with the legal basis in the principles of private autonomy and objective good faith, to bring other necessary elements to the agreement, creating a basic structure. For studding this structure, a descriptive analysis of clauses obtained in a qualitative sample of contract drafts was been carried out. There is a pattern of the general content of the contract, generating the minimum of legal security and predictability necessary to make the free market environment attractive. However, there is a disparity in the semantic content of each clause – resulting from private autonomy and objective good faith - maintaining the area of freedom of agreement of the parties.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o contrato de compra de energia no ambiente livre, diante da escassa doutrina existente na área, mormente no campo do Direito Privado. Trazem-se noções do setor elétrico brasileiro e dos seus dois ambientes de comercialização de energia, em razão de suas peculiaridades e relevância para a compreensão do tema. A energia como objeto singulariza o contrato, por tratar-se de uma commodity não estocável, do ponto de vista físico, e de bem móvel, do ponto de vista normativo. Em vista das características verificadas no bem energia, o instrumento apto a regrar as transferências de sua propriedade é a compra e venda. O contrato em exame é típico, pois previsto no Decreto n. 5.163/2004, o qual, além de ressaltar a liberdade de pactuação, elenca apenas dois elementos necessários para constarem na avença: volume e prazo. A Convenção de Comercialização da CCEE acresce mais dois elementos como indispensáveis: preço e garantia financeira. Dessa forma, coube ao mercado, com o fundamento jurídico nos princípios da autonomia privada e boa-fé objetiva, integrarem outros elementos necessários ao contrato, criando-lhe uma estrutura básica. Para o estudo dessa estrutura, foi realizada uma análise descritiva de cláusulas obtidas em amostra qualitativa de minutas do contrato em exame. Nesse sentido, verifica-se a existência de um padrão quanto ao conteúdo geral do contrato, gerando o mínimo de segurança e previsibilidade jurídica necessárias a tornar o ambiente livre atrativo. Observando-se, porém, disparidade quanto ao conteúdo semântico de cada cláusula, mantendo-se espaço à liberdade de pactuação das partes – fundada na autonomia privada e na boa-fé objetiva – para conformarem o detalhamento do contrato como lhes for mais conveniente. / This work aims to analyze the electrical energy purchase agreement in the open market environment, given the scarce doctrine in the area, especially in the field of Private Law. Notions of the Brazilian electric sector, and its two market environments of energy commercialization, are presented due to their peculiarities and relevance to the understanding of the theme. Energy as an object singles out the contract, since it is a non-stockable commodity, from the physical point of view, and a movable property, from the normative point of view. Because of the characteristics of the energy, the instrument able to regulate the transfers of its property is the purchase agreement. The contract under examination is typical, as provided for in Decree no. 5,163/2004, which, in addition to highlighting the freedom of agreement, lists only two required elements: volume and term. The CCEE Commercialization Convention adds two more indispensable elements for the contract: price and financial guarantee. Therefore, it was up to the market, with the legal basis in the principles of private autonomy and objective good faith, to bring other necessary elements to the agreement, creating a basic structure. For studding this structure, a descriptive analysis of clauses obtained in a qualitative sample of contract drafts was been carried out. There is a pattern of the general content of the contract, generating the minimum of legal security and predictability necessary to make the free market environment attractive. However, there is a disparity in the semantic content of each clause – resulting from private autonomy and objective good faith - maintaining the area of freedom of agreement of the parties.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o contrato de compra de energia no ambiente livre, diante da escassa doutrina existente na área, mormente no campo do Direito Privado. Trazem-se noções do setor elétrico brasileiro e dos seus dois ambientes de comercialização de energia, em razão de suas peculiaridades e relevância para a compreensão do tema. A energia como objeto singulariza o contrato, por tratar-se de uma commodity não estocável, do ponto de vista físico, e de bem móvel, do ponto de vista normativo. Em vista das características verificadas no bem energia, o instrumento apto a regrar as transferências de sua propriedade é a compra e venda. O contrato em exame é típico, pois previsto no Decreto n. 5.163/2004, o qual, além de ressaltar a liberdade de pactuação, elenca apenas dois elementos necessários para constarem na avença: volume e prazo. A Convenção de Comercialização da CCEE acresce mais dois elementos como indispensáveis: preço e garantia financeira. Dessa forma, coube ao mercado, com o fundamento jurídico nos princípios da autonomia privada e boa-fé objetiva, integrarem outros elementos necessários ao contrato, criando-lhe uma estrutura básica. Para o estudo dessa estrutura, foi realizada uma análise descritiva de cláusulas obtidas em amostra qualitativa de minutas do contrato em exame. Nesse sentido, verifica-se a existência de um padrão quanto ao conteúdo geral do contrato, gerando o mínimo de segurança e previsibilidade jurídica necessárias a tornar o ambiente livre atrativo. Observando-se, porém, disparidade quanto ao conteúdo semântico de cada cláusula, mantendo-se espaço à liberdade de pactuação das partes – fundada na autonomia privada e na boa-fé objetiva – para conformarem o detalhamento do contrato como lhes for mais conveniente. / This work aims to analyze the electrical energy purchase agreement in the open market environment, given the scarce doctrine in the area, especially in the field of Private Law. Notions of the Brazilian electric sector, and its two market environments of energy commercialization, are presented due to their peculiarities and relevance to the understanding of the theme. Energy as an object singles out the contract, since it is a non-stockable commodity, from the physical point of view, and a movable property, from the normative point of view. Because of the characteristics of the energy, the instrument able to regulate the transfers of its property is the purchase agreement. The contract under examination is typical, as provided for in Decree no. 5,163/2004, which, in addition to highlighting the freedom of agreement, lists only two required elements: volume and term. The CCEE Commercialization Convention adds two more indispensable elements for the contract: price and financial guarantee. Therefore, it was up to the market, with the legal basis in the principles of private autonomy and objective good faith, to bring other necessary elements to the agreement, creating a basic structure. For studding this structure, a descriptive analysis of clauses obtained in a qualitative sample of contract drafts was been carried out. There is a pattern of the general content of the contract, generating the minimum of legal security and predictability necessary to make the free market environment attractive. However, there is a disparity in the semantic content of each clause – resulting from private autonomy and objective good faith - maintaining the area of freedom of agreement of the parties.

Доступная среда для инвалидов как социальный аспект является одним из требований для проектирования зданий по критериям устойчивого развития, что напрямую влияет как на развитие архитектурного облика объектов социальной инфраструктуры, так и на развитие нашего общества в общечеловеческом понимании в целом. Диссертационное исследование посвящено существующим проблемам обеспечения беспрепятственного доступа инвалидов и иных маломобильных групп населения (МГН) к объектам социальной инфраструктуры. Проанализированы нормативные правовые акты. Разъясняются понятия: «Доступная среда», «Универсальный дизайн», «Разумное приспособление». Определены основные принципы подходов при создании беспрепятственного доступа. Изучен опыт существующих решений беспрепятственного доступа инвалидов к объектам социальной инфраструктуры в Берлине и в г. Екатеринбурге. Выявлены проблемы развития беспрепятственного доступа. В исследовании проведен социологический опрос целевой аудитории, что помогло выявить наиболее проблемную зону «Вход(ы) в здание». В социологическом опросе также получились очень интересными другие выводы, полностью меняющие концепцию подхода к созданию безбарьерной среды жизнедеятельности, т. к. подавляющее большинство респондентов определяют создание безбарьерной среды необходимым для всех граждан, а не только для инвалидов и иных МГН, «инвалида нет – есть человек». Определены критерии безбарьерной среды, обобщены параметры требований для структурно-функциональной зоны «Вход(ы) в здание», представлены графические материалы решения беспрепятственного доступа. / An accessible environment for the disabled as a social aspect is one of the requirements for designing buildings according to sustainable development criteria, which directly affects the development of the architectural appearance of social infrastructure facilities and the development of our society in the human sense as a whole. The dissertation research is devoted to the existing problems of ensuring unhindered access for people with disabilities and other low-mobility groups of the population (MSG) to social infrastructure facilities. The normative legal acts are analyzed. Concepts are explained: Accessible environment/Universal design/Reasonable accommodation. The basic principles of approaches to creating unhindered access are determined. The experience of existing solutions for unhindered access of disabled people to social infrastructure facilities in Berlin and Yekaterinburg was studied. Problems of development of unimpeded access are revealed. The study conducted a sociological survey of the target audience, which helped to identify the most problematic area «Entrance(s) to the building». The sociological survey also yielded very interesting and other conclusions that completely change the concept of the approach to creating a barrier-free living environment, the vast majority of respondents define the creation of a barrier-free environment as for all citizens, and not just for the disabled and other MGNs, «there is no disabled person is a person». The criteria for a barrier-free environment are defined, the parameters of the requirements for the structural-functional zone "Entrance (s) to the building" are summarized, and graphic materials for the solution of unhindered access are presented.

我國的無障礙環境推動雖已提升至憲法保障層級，惟目前無障礙交通人行環境之營造甚少納入永續經營的概念。依據本文所蒐集國內外的相關文獻中，亦未單以無障礙交通人行環境的角度，來探討是否合乎永續發展的理念。 因此，本文嘗試以經濟合作與發展組織（OECD）於1996年所定義「永續運輸之9項發展原則」，來分析美國、英國、日本之無障礙交通人行環境推動是否符合永續發展理念。再以前揭3個國家之經驗，以及永續運輸之9項發展原則等角度，來研擬我國無障礙交通人行環境營造之相關法令修正、政策與相關配套、設計規範等建議。本文即希望透過這種開創性的連結，重新賦予無障礙交通人行環境營造的契機，使之具備永續發展的精神，也希望帶給後續研究者一種新的思考方向。 本文之研究範圍界定為交通人行環境中之人行道部分，但完整之無障礙環境範圍含括生活輔具、建築設備、建築物、交通運具、大眾運輸設施等，所以除了本研究範圍外，其他相關範疇仍需後續研究之努力，使完整的無障礙環境均能具備永續發展的精神。 / Though the implementation of barrier-free environment on Taiwan has been up to and assured by Constitution, the concept of sustainable development still seldom showed in the construction of barrier-free environment for the pedestrians. Moreover, in all domestic and foreign literatures conducted and analyzed in the study, it does not discuss whether the construction is consonant with the concept of sustainable development solely through the viewpoint of pedestrians’ barrier-free transit environment. Therefore, the study adopted the nine principles put forward by the NRTEE concern to explore whether the promotions of a barrier-free environment for the pedestrians by the U.S., U.K., and Japan are consistent with their sustainable development policies. Subsequently, the study tried to give suggestions on pedestrians’ barrier-free environment related laws, regulations, policies, and programs through examining the experience of previous 3 countries as well as the principles of OECD. The study hoped to realize the constructing concept of a barrier-free environment for pedestrians through an innovative link and to make pedestrian transport sustainable. Hopefully the study could lead researchers a new way of thinking. The research scope of the study is limited only in the sidewalks in pedestrian transport. The whole barrier-free environment, however, involves assistance facilities, buildings, construction facilities, vehicles, and public transport. Therefore, more endeavors on in-depth studies in previous related fields should be done to create an integral barrier-free environment with sustainable development spirit.