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This dissertation examines monkey and ape iconography in Minoan art during the Aegean Bronze Age (ca. 3,000–1,100 B.C.). Although a broad range of animals exist for depiction, Minoan artists carefully selected each subject in order to fulfill specific roles. Monkeys and apes appear to function differently than the other creatures that are depicted in art. Rather than subscribing to the general roles played by other animals, these primates may be shown outdoors, behaving like wild animals, or in a ceremonial context, participating in a ritual. Monkeys also imitate human activities. The deviation of primates from the typical roles of other animals found in Minoan art invites a deeper investigation of the role and iconography of apes and monkeys. In this study, three types of media that bear depictions of primates are considered. These media include figurines, glyptic art, and wall paintings. First, a review of the stylistic features of Minoan art and the possibility for the use of pattern books is discussed. Next, monkey and ape iconography in Egyptian art is explored. A thorough review of the creatures’ iconography in Minoan art follows, which includes the identification of figures as either ape or monkey, as well as a detailed description and conclusions about each type of representation. A new possible reconstruction of the Saffron Gatherer fresco is also included. Finally, the possible origins of Minoan primate iconography are considered, as well as the possible implications of the creature’s history, development, and roles. With this information in mind, the Offering to the Seated Goddess scene is then examined. The possible reconstruction of a crocus ceremony is proposed and explained, and the Levantine parallels for the compositional arrangement of the scene are also addressed. These conclusions may directly inform greater themes in Minoan culture, such as religion and cult practices. / Art History

Tucked within Pomona College’s campus in Claremont, California, sits Frary Hall, the home of Mexican muralist Jose Clemente Orozco’s first work in the United States. The mural, titled Prometheus (1930), has been subjected to many instances of vandalism over the years. Thus, in 1980, a protective coating was applied. Today, the coating, a highly-reflective varnish, has been noted as a hindrance of the fresco’s original matte surface. Using case studies and art historical analysis, this thesis examines the importance of the mural within the history of Mexican muralism and the pros and cons of removing the protective coating. In addition, this research looks at the potential of art conservation as a means of reactivating the mural and promoting discussions across campus about the preservation of this cultural landmark. The thesis is culminated by a detailed proposal for the continued conservation of the mural, using Prometheus as a starting point for further discussions about aesthetics and ethics within the discourses of art history, art conservation and art restoration.

La coloration d'un béton, matériau faiblement chromatique, est obtenue soit par introduction de pigments dans son volume, soit par application d'un revêtement coloré sur sa surface. Ces travaux de thèse s'intéressent à une voie de coloration alternative innovante, qui consiste à introduire les pigments dans l'agent de décoffrage afin qu'ils soient transférés durablement vers la surface du béton frais au moment où celui-ci est coulé dans le coffrage. Cette méthode s'apparente beaucoup à la technique de peinture à fresque, qui a largement fait ses preuves en terme de durabilité. Dans un premier temps, l'étude de fresques sur chaux et sur ciment anciennes, ainsi que de reconstitutions, a permis d'identifier les principaux paramètres qui régissent le dépôt des pigments et leur adhésion durable au support : compatibilité du liant avec l'eau capillaire de l'enduit, granulométrie des pigments,cisaillement du pinceau à la surface de la fresque. Dans un second temps, la transposition de ces paramètres au cas du béton a conduit à l'identification de solutions satisfaisantes en terme de transfert et de durabilité de la couleur, mais aussi d'état de surface du béton (rugosité, porosité, homogénéité) : remplacement de l'huile de décoffrage par des tensioactifs non ioniques de faible viscosité et emploi de pigments correctement dispersés dans l'agent décoffrant. Finalement, l'étude des interfaces béton- agent décoffrant - coffrage a montré que le transfert durable des pigments repose sur un double mécanisme de démouillage de l'agent décoffrant par le béton en écoulement et de mélange des deux phases au niveau du front de la coulée, qui aboutit à la formation d'une inter phase pigments - béton de plusieurs dizaines de micromètres d'épaisseur. La profondeur de pénétration des pigments sous la surface a pu être quantifiée grâce à la combinaison d'observations en microscopie électronique à balayage et d'analyses en spectroscopie de rétrodiffusion Rutherford. La durabilité de la coloration a été évaluée par des mesures colorimétriques dans l'espace CIELab. / Concrete is an achromatic material that can be coloured through two main techniques: introduction of pigments in the bulk of the material, or application of a coloured layered on the hardened surface. This work focuses on an innovating alternative technique: the pigments are mixed with the demoulding agent, so that they can be transferred to the fresh concrete while it is poured into the mould. This method is ver y similar to the long-lasting fresco painting technique. The first par t of this work was dedicated to the study of ancient frescoes on lime or cement, in order to identify the main parameters responsible for the transfer and durable adhesion of the pigments to the plaster : compatibility between the binder and the capillar y water of the plaster, grain size of the pigments and shear stress between the brush and the plaster surface. In the second par t, these parameters were transposed to the case of concrete, which lead to satisfactor y solutions in terms of colour transfer and durability as well as surface proper ties of the concrete: the demoulding oil was replaced by low-viscosity non-ionic surfactants and the pigments were chosen to be finely dispersed in the demoulding solution. The last part consisted of a study of the mould - demoulding agent - concrete system and showed that the pigments are transferred to the concrete through the dewetting of the demoulding agent by the flowing concrete and the mixing of the two phases. This mechanism leads to the formation of a pigments - concrete interphase with a thickness of several tens micrometers. The depth of the pigments was quantified through a combination of scanning electron microscopy and Rutherford back-scattering spectroscopy. The durability of the colour was evaluated by colour measurements in the CIELab colorimetric space.

Rebordos residuais atróficos em região posterior da mandíbula são um desafio clínico para a instalação de implantes. Dentre as várias técnicas utilizadas para resolver este desafio, o enxerto onlay de osso autógeno - geralmente coletado da crista ilíaca -, enxertos interposicionais, distração óssea e lateralização do nervo alveolar inferior são os mais executados. Entretanto, referidas técnicas expuseram desvantagens, tais como a morbidade, aumento do tempo de cirurgia e custos. Como alternativa, o uso de enxerto alógeno pode ser considerado, uma vez que existem inúmeras vantagens, como na redução do tempo cirúrgico, grande disponibilidade óssea e diminuição significativa da morbidade. O presente estudo trata da avaliação de forma clínica, histológica e histomorfométrica de enxerto de osso alógeno fresco congelado no aumento ósseo da região posterior mandibular, permitindo, dessa forma, a instalação de implantes dentários. Dezesseis hemi-mandíbulas de 12 pacientes (4 pacientes tratados bilateralmente) demonstrando atrofia alveolar crítica eram tridimensionalmente reconstruídas por meio de enxertos alógenos de blocos ósseos frescos congelados córtico-medulares provenientes da epífise distal do fêmur. Um total de 30 blocos foram fixados com parafusos de titânio de 1,5mm, cobertos com osso bovino mineral e membrana de colágeno. Após seis meses, procedeu-se a instalação dos implantes e biópsias ósseas, colhidas através de trefinas e enviadas para análise histológica e histomorfométrica . Na sequência incluíram-se amostras de osso em parafina, preparadas com hematoxilina e eosina ou, em resina para usar uma técnica de corte de trefinas, com vermelho de alizarina e coloração com azul de Stevenel. Realizaram-se tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico logo após o procedimento de enxerto ósseo e no pós-operatório de 6 meses, anteriormente à colocação do implante (6 meses após a enxertia). Os implantes dentários foram observados até a reabilitação protética. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste Tukey. Distribuiram-se os blocos entre 9 pacientes do sexo feminino e três do sexo masculino, com idade entre 37 e 64 anos (média de 50,9 ± 8,3 anos). Cada hemi-mandíbula recebeu de 1 a 3 blocos (1,9 ± 0,7 blocos), sob anestesia local. O ganho ósseo em espessura pós operatória imediata foi de 6,3 ±1,4 mm e tardia de 4,5 ± 1,3mm, em altura o ganho pós operatório imediato foi de 4,8 ± 1.6mm e tardio de 2,6mm ± 2mm. Quatro blocos demonstraram pequena deiscência da ferida 15-21 dias após a cirurgia, tratados com a remoção de necrose dos tecidos moles seguido de terapia tópica com bochecho de clorexidina 0,12% e clorexidina gel 2% duas vezes ao dia, até o fechamento total. Um total de 30 implantes foi instalado com acompanhamento de 15 à 28 meses (19,8 ± 4 meses). No decorrer do primeiro ano perdeu-se apenas um implante. A taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes foi de 96,66%. Por sua vez, exames de histologia exibiram osso neoformado em contato com o osso residual do enxerto alógeno, e tecido conjuntivo. Não houveram evidências de infiltrado inflamatório. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou 18,9 ± 8,1 % de osso neoformado, 32,5 ± 14,8% de enxerto ósseo alógeno residual e 48,6 ± 14,9% de tecido conjuntivo. Os enxertos alógenos frescos congelados em blocos se comportaram como um arcabouço para osteocondução e permitiram neoformação óssea adequada. Ele pode ser considerado uma alternativa viável para a reconstrução de rebordos residuais mandíbulares atróficos na região posterior, permitindo a instalação de implantes e reabilitação protética funcional. / Residual bone ridge atrophy in the posterior mandible is a clinical challenge for dental implants placement. Among several techniques used to solve this situation, onlay autogenous bone graft usually harvested from the iliac crest, interposicional grafts, bone distraction and nerve lateralization are the most performed. However these techniques present some disadvantages such as morbidity, increased surgical time and costs. As an alternative, the use of allograft can be considered. There are advantages such as reduction of surgical time, lots quantity of bone and decreased morbidity. The aim of present the study was to evaluate clinical, histological an histomorphometrical aspects of fresh frozen bone allograft used to augment atrophic posterior mandible bone ridges to allow placement of dental implants. Sixteen hemi-mandibles of 12 patients (4 patients treated bilaterally) presenting critical alveolar atrophy were three-dimensionally reconstructed using cortico-cancellous fresh frozen allograft bone blocks deriving from distal femoral head. A total of 30 blocks were fixed with titanium 1.5mm screws and covered with particulate bovine bone mineral and collagen membrane. After six months, implants were inserted and bone biopsies were harvested and sent for histological and histomorphometric analysis. Bone samples were either embedded in paraffin, prepared for hematoxylin and eosin staining procedure or in resin to use a sawing and grinding technique, prepared for alizarin red and Stevenel\'s blue staining. Computed cone beam tomography scans were taken both at immediate postoperative bone grafting and previously to implant placement (6 months after grafting). Dental implants were observed after prosthetic rehabilitation. Kruskal-Wallis and post test Tukey statistical tests were used. Thirty blocks were distributed between 9 female and 3 male patients, aged between 37 and 64 years (mean 50.9 ± 8.3 years). Each hemi-mandibles received 1 to 3 blocks (1,9 ± 0,7 blocks) under local anesthesia. The immediate postoperative thickness bone gain s was 6.3 ± 1.4 mm and of 4.5 ± 1.3 mm 6 months after grafting. Post-operative bone height gain was 4.8 ± 1.6 mm and 2.6 ± 2 mm at 6 months. Four blocks presented small wound dehiscence 15 to 21 days after surgery, treated with necrotic soft tissue removal followed by chlorhexidine 0.12% irrigation, and local gel 2% twice a until total closure. A total of 30 implants were installed with follow-up from 15 to 28 months (mean 19,8 ± 4 months) . One implant was lost within the first year. Implant survival rate was 96.66%. Histology demonstrates newly formed vital bone in contact to residual acellular allograft bone, and connective tissue. There was no evidence of inflammatory infiltrate. The histomorphometric analysis showed 18,9 ± 8,1 % of newly formed bone, 32,5 ± 14,8 % allograft residual bone and 48,6 ± 14,9 % of connective tissue. The fresh frozen allografts behaved as a scaffold for osseoconductivity and allowed proper bone formation. It can be considered a viable alternative for reconstruction of atrophied mandible in the posterior region, allowing the installation of implants and functional loading

O aumento ósseo de rebordos mandibulares posteriores atróficos continua sendo um grande desafio para os cirurgiões orais. Sabe-se que o osso alógeno pode ser utilizado para realização de enxertos aposicionais nessa região, com bons resultados clínicos e histomorfométricos, porém não há estudos sobre a manutenção óssea volumétrica desses enxertos em longo prazo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar tomograficamente, por meio de medidas lineares e volumétricas, a dinâmica de manutenção do osso alógeno córtico-medular fresco congelado em bloco na cirurgia de aumento ósseo de rebordos mandibulares posteriores atróficos em humanos. Os pacientes do estudo foram submetidos à realização de enxertos aposicionais de osso alógeno fresco congelado em bloco na região posterior mandíbula. Os blocos foram modelados manualmente, fixados aos leitos receptores com parafusos de titânio de 1,5 x 10,0 mm e recobertos com osso mineral bovino e membrana absorvível de colágeno suíno. Para avaliação do ganho ósseo em altura, espessura e volume, cada paciente foi submetido a exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) em 03 períodos experimentais: imediatamente após a cirurgia de enxerto (T1); 06 meses após a enxertia, no momento de instalação dos implantes (T2) e 01 ano após a carga funcional protética (T3). Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e submetidos à análise estatística por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do post test de Tukey. Para comparação entre dois grupos, foram empregados os testes t de Student e Mann-Whitney. Foram operados 20 pacientes, 15 mulheres e 05 homens, com idade entre 37 e 64 anos (51,8 ± 7,5 anos), para os quais um total de 50 blocos ósseos foi utilizado. Dos 50 blocos, 8% foram utilizados para aumento ósseo em altura, 50% para espessura e 42% para altura e espessura. O ganho ósseo em altura foi de T1 = 5,15 ± 1,04 mm, T2 = 3,91± 0,94 mm e T3 = 2,92 ± 0,71 mm; em espessura, foi de T1 = 6,42 ± 1,20 mm, T2 = 4,64 ± 1,32 mm e T3 = 4,02 ± 0,71 mm. O ganho ósseo em volume foi de T1 = 1176,62 ± 358,08 mm³, T2 = 785,78 ± 201,16 mm³ e T3 = 689,72 ± 187,45 mm³. Foi observada diferença estátistica entre os três tempos experimentais tanto para altura quanto para espessura. Porém, volumetricamente, não foi possível observar diferença entre T2 e T3. No total, foram instalados 50 implantes (01 implante/bloco), para os quais foi obtida uma taxa de sobrevivência de 96% após 31,75 ± 6,99 meses de acompanhamento pós-operatório. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o osso alógeno fresco congelado em bloco constitui uma alternativa viável para cirurgia de aumento de rebordo mandibulares posteriores atróficos, apresentando uma manutenção volumétrica aceitável em longo prazo e permitindo a instalação de implantes com alta taxa de sucesso. / Atrophic posterior mandible bone augmentation remains a major challenge for oral surgeons. It is known that allogenic bone can be used for appositional grafts in this region, with good clinical and histomorphometric results, howerer there are no long term studies on the volumetric bone maintenance of these grafts. The objective of this study was to evaluate tomographically, through linear and volumetric measurements, the dynamic maintenance of corticocancellous fresh frozen allograft bone blocks for atrophic posterior mandible augmentation in humans. The patients of the study were submitted to fresh frozen allograft bone block appositional grafting surgery in the posterior mandible. The blocks were manually shaped, fixed to the recipient bed with 1.5 x 10.0 mm titanium screws and covered with bovine bone mineral and porcine collagen absorbable membrane. For assessment of bone gain in height, thickness and volume, each patient underwent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) at 03 experimental periods: immediately after grafting surgery (T1); 06 months after grafting, at the implant placement (T2) and 01 year after prosthetic functional loading (T3). Data were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey post test. For comparison between two groups, Student t test and Mann-Whitney were employed. Twenty patients were operated, 15 women and 05 men, aged between 37 and 64 years (5.8 ± 7.5 years), for which a total of 50 bone blocks was used. Of the 50 blocks, 8% were used for bone augmentation in height, 50% in thickness and 42% for both height and thickness. The bone gain in height was 5.15 ± 1.04 T1 = mm, T2 = 3.91 ± 0.94 mm and T3 = 2.92 ± 0.71 mm; while in thickness was T1 = 6.42 mm ± 1.20, 4.64 ± T2 = T3 = 1.32 mm and 4.02 ± 0.71 mm. The bone gain in volume was T1 = 1176.62 ± 358.08 mm³, T2 = 785.78 ± 201.16 mm³ and T3 = 689.72 ± 187.45 mm³. Statistical difference was observed between the three experimental times for both height and thickness. However, volumetrically, no difference was observed between T2 and T3. Fifty implants were installed (01 implant/block), with a survival rate of 96% after 31.75 ± 6.99 months of postoperative follow-up. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the fresh-frozen allograft bone block is a viable alternative for atrophic posterior mandible augmentation, presenting an acceptable long-term volumetric bone maintenance and allowing dental implant installation with high success rates.

A Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT) é um critério de avaliação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária do leite. O presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar o efeito da CBT do leite cru refrigerado, sobre as características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e rendimento do queijo Minas Frescal. Utilizaram-se leites com dois níveis de CBT para a fabricação dos queijos: baixa CBT= média de 18.400 UFC/mL e alta CBT= média de 74.100 UFC/mL. As etapas de elaboração dos queijos incluíram a pasteurização do leite, adição dos ingredientes (cloreto de cálcio, cloreto de sódio e coalho), coagulação e obtenção do coágulo, dessoragem, enformagem e embalagem. Os queijos foram embalados em embalagens plásticas e analisados nos dias 1, 7, 14 e 21 após a fabricação e durante esse período foram mantidos em câmara fria a 6°C. A sequência de elaboração dos queijos foi repetida 3 vezes, para cada nível de CBT, totalizando 60 unidades por tratamento. Cinco unidades de queijos foram analisadas por dia, os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados foram: teores de umidade, proteína e gordura, índices de extensão e profundidade da proteólise, pH, acidez titulável e extensão da lipólise, e os microbiológicos: coliformes termotolerantes, estafilococos coagulase positiva, Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental em parcelas subdivididas em blocos, considerando-se a contagem bacteriana total como efeito principal, os dias de análise como subparcelas e os processamentos como blocos. Nos queijos Minas Frescal não houve interação dos níveis de CBT e período de armazenamentos para os teores de umidade, proteína, gordura e índices de extensão e profundidade da proteólise. Entretanto, houve efeito dos níveis de CBT para as porcentagens médias de proteína e índices de extensão e profundidade da proteólise, com valores superiores para o tratamento com alta CBT, para o teor de umidade houve efeito dos níveis de CBT, com médias de 63,46% e 60,77% para os tratamentos com baixa e alta CBT, respectivamente. Independentemente dos níveis de CBT, houve efeito do período de armazenamento, com decréscimo no teor médio de umidade e elevação nos teores médios de gordura, proteína e índice de extensão da proteólise. Para as características de pH e acidez titulável houve interação para os níveis de CBT e período de armazenamento, a partir do 14° dia. O pH do tratamento com baixa CBT apresentou variação discreta (6,59-6,49), enquanto que para o tratamento com alta CBT houve decréscimo de 6,72 para 6,15, o aumento de acidez foi verificado em ambos os tratamentos, porém em maior grau no grupo de alta CBT. A extensão da lipólise apresentou interação para os níveis de CBT e período de armazenamento, no 21° dia após a fabricação, com aumento no teor de ácidos graxos livres. Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes não foram encontradas nos queijos, 5,2% das amostras apresentaram coliformes termotolerantes, porém em contagem permitida pela legislação brasileira. No entanto, no 14° dia após a fabricação, 9,56% das amostras apresentaram estafilococos coagulase positiva, em contagens superiores aos padrões legais. O rendimento dos queijos Minas Frescal não sofreu influência dos níveis de CBT. Os resultados do trabalho indicaram que os queijos Minas Frescal produzidos com leites contendo CBT inferior a 50.000 UFC/mL, originam produtos mais estáveis e de melhor qualidade ao longo do período de armazenamento. / The Total Bacterial Count (TBC) is a criterion for the evaluation of hygienic-sanitary quality of milk. The present study had the purpose of evaluating the effect of TBC of the refrigerated raw milk, on the physical-chemical characteristics, microbiological and yield of the Minas Frescal cheese. Milks with two levels of TBC were used for cheese production: low TBC= mean of 18400 CFU/mL and high TBC= mean of 74100 CFU/mL. The manufacture of cheeses included: pasteurization of the milk, addition of ingredients (calcium chloride, sodium chloride and rennet), coagulation, mass cutting, desorption, forming and packaging. The cheeses were packed in plastic bags and analyzed on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 after manufacture and during that period were kept in a cold chamber at 6°C. The sequence of elaboration of the Minas cheeses were repeated 3 times, for each level of TBC, totaling 60 units per treatment. Five cheese units were analyzed per day, the physical-chemical parameters evaluated were: percentages of fat, humidity, protein, extension and depth of proteolysis, pH, titratable acidity and extent of lipolysis, and the micro-organisms evaluated were: thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. A completely randomized block design was used, considering TBC as the main effect, the days of analysis as sub parcels and the processing batches as the blocks. In the Minas Fresch cheese there weren\'t interaction for TBC levels and storage period for humidity, protein, fat contents and extension and depth of proteolysis. However, there were effect for TBC levels and protein percentages and extension and depth of proteolysis, with higher values for treatment with low TBC, for moisture content there was effect for TBC levels, with averages of 63.46% and 60.77% for treatments low and high TBC, respectively. Regardless of TBC levels, there were effect for the storage period, with decreases in the moisture content and elevation in the protein, fat contents and proteolysis extension index. For the characteristics pH and titratable acidity there were interaction for TBC levels and storage period, on day 14, for pH the treatment with low TBC did not present expressive variation (6.59-6.49), while the treatment high TBC presented a decrease from 6.72 to 6.15, the increase of acidity was observed in both treatments, but to a greater extent in the high TBC group. The extent of lipolysis showed interaction for TBC levels and storage period, on day 21, with elevation of content of free fatty acids. Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not found in the cheeses. 5.2% of the samples presented thermotolerant coliforms but in count allowed by the Brazilian legislation. However on the 14th day after the manufacture, 9.56% of the samples presented coagulase-positive staphylococci in scores above legal standards. The yield of the Minas Frescal cheeses was not influenced by TBC levels. The results of the study indicated that Minas Frescal cheeses produced with milks containing TBC of less than 50.000 CFU/mL produce more stable and better quality products throughout the storage period.

Rebordos residuais atróficos em região posterior da mandíbula são um desafio clínico para a instalação de implantes. Dentre as várias técnicas utilizadas para resolver este desafio, o enxerto onlay de osso autógeno - geralmente coletado da crista ilíaca -, enxertos interposicionais, distração óssea e lateralização do nervo alveolar inferior são os mais executados. Entretanto, referidas técnicas expuseram desvantagens, tais como a morbidade, aumento do tempo de cirurgia e custos. Como alternativa, o uso de enxerto alógeno pode ser considerado, uma vez que existem inúmeras vantagens, como na redução do tempo cirúrgico, grande disponibilidade óssea e diminuição significativa da morbidade. O presente estudo trata da avaliação de forma clínica, histológica e histomorfométrica de enxerto de osso alógeno fresco congelado no aumento ósseo da região posterior mandibular, permitindo, dessa forma, a instalação de implantes dentários. Dezesseis hemi-mandíbulas de 12 pacientes (4 pacientes tratados bilateralmente) demonstrando atrofia alveolar crítica eram tridimensionalmente reconstruídas por meio de enxertos alógenos de blocos ósseos frescos congelados córtico-medulares provenientes da epífise distal do fêmur. Um total de 30 blocos foram fixados com parafusos de titânio de 1,5mm, cobertos com osso bovino mineral e membrana de colágeno. Após seis meses, procedeu-se a instalação dos implantes e biópsias ósseas, colhidas através de trefinas e enviadas para análise histológica e histomorfométrica . Na sequência incluíram-se amostras de osso em parafina, preparadas com hematoxilina e eosina ou, em resina para usar uma técnica de corte de trefinas, com vermelho de alizarina e coloração com azul de Stevenel. Realizaram-se tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico logo após o procedimento de enxerto ósseo e no pós-operatório de 6 meses, anteriormente à colocação do implante (6 meses após a enxertia). Os implantes dentários foram observados até a reabilitação protética. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste Tukey. Distribuiram-se os blocos entre 9 pacientes do sexo feminino e três do sexo masculino, com idade entre 37 e 64 anos (média de 50,9 ± 8,3 anos). Cada hemi-mandíbula recebeu de 1 a 3 blocos (1,9 ± 0,7 blocos), sob anestesia local. O ganho ósseo em espessura pós operatória imediata foi de 6,3 ±1,4 mm e tardia de 4,5 ± 1,3mm, em altura o ganho pós operatório imediato foi de 4,8 ± 1.6mm e tardio de 2,6mm ± 2mm. Quatro blocos demonstraram pequena deiscência da ferida 15-21 dias após a cirurgia, tratados com a remoção de necrose dos tecidos moles seguido de terapia tópica com bochecho de clorexidina 0,12% e clorexidina gel 2% duas vezes ao dia, até o fechamento total. Um total de 30 implantes foi instalado com acompanhamento de 15 à 28 meses (19,8 ± 4 meses). No decorrer do primeiro ano perdeu-se apenas um implante. A taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes foi de 96,66%. Por sua vez, exames de histologia exibiram osso neoformado em contato com o osso residual do enxerto alógeno, e tecido conjuntivo. Não houveram evidências de infiltrado inflamatório. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou 18,9 ± 8,1 % de osso neoformado, 32,5 ± 14,8% de enxerto ósseo alógeno residual e 48,6 ± 14,9% de tecido conjuntivo. Os enxertos alógenos frescos congelados em blocos se comportaram como um arcabouço para osteocondução e permitiram neoformação óssea adequada. Ele pode ser considerado uma alternativa viável para a reconstrução de rebordos residuais mandíbulares atróficos na região posterior, permitindo a instalação de implantes e reabilitação protética funcional. / Residual bone ridge atrophy in the posterior mandible is a clinical challenge for dental implants placement. Among several techniques used to solve this situation, onlay autogenous bone graft usually harvested from the iliac crest, interposicional grafts, bone distraction and nerve lateralization are the most performed. However these techniques present some disadvantages such as morbidity, increased surgical time and costs. As an alternative, the use of allograft can be considered. There are advantages such as reduction of surgical time, lots quantity of bone and decreased morbidity. The aim of present the study was to evaluate clinical, histological an histomorphometrical aspects of fresh frozen bone allograft used to augment atrophic posterior mandible bone ridges to allow placement of dental implants. Sixteen hemi-mandibles of 12 patients (4 patients treated bilaterally) presenting critical alveolar atrophy were three-dimensionally reconstructed using cortico-cancellous fresh frozen allograft bone blocks deriving from distal femoral head. A total of 30 blocks were fixed with titanium 1.5mm screws and covered with particulate bovine bone mineral and collagen membrane. After six months, implants were inserted and bone biopsies were harvested and sent for histological and histomorphometric analysis. Bone samples were either embedded in paraffin, prepared for hematoxylin and eosin staining procedure or in resin to use a sawing and grinding technique, prepared for alizarin red and Stevenel\'s blue staining. Computed cone beam tomography scans were taken both at immediate postoperative bone grafting and previously to implant placement (6 months after grafting). Dental implants were observed after prosthetic rehabilitation. Kruskal-Wallis and post test Tukey statistical tests were used. Thirty blocks were distributed between 9 female and 3 male patients, aged between 37 and 64 years (mean 50.9 ± 8.3 years). Each hemi-mandibles received 1 to 3 blocks (1,9 ± 0,7 blocks) under local anesthesia. The immediate postoperative thickness bone gain s was 6.3 ± 1.4 mm and of 4.5 ± 1.3 mm 6 months after grafting. Post-operative bone height gain was 4.8 ± 1.6 mm and 2.6 ± 2 mm at 6 months. Four blocks presented small wound dehiscence 15 to 21 days after surgery, treated with necrotic soft tissue removal followed by chlorhexidine 0.12% irrigation, and local gel 2% twice a until total closure. A total of 30 implants were installed with follow-up from 15 to 28 months (mean 19,8 ± 4 months) . One implant was lost within the first year. Implant survival rate was 96.66%. Histology demonstrates newly formed vital bone in contact to residual acellular allograft bone, and connective tissue. There was no evidence of inflammatory infiltrate. The histomorphometric analysis showed 18,9 ± 8,1 % of newly formed bone, 32,5 ± 14,8 % allograft residual bone and 48,6 ± 14,9 % of connective tissue. The fresh frozen allografts behaved as a scaffold for osseoconductivity and allowed proper bone formation. It can be considered a viable alternative for reconstruction of atrophied mandible in the posterior region, allowing the installation of implants and functional loading

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sheri S. Tepper, one of the most prolific feminist science fiction writers, uses her novels to address humanity‟s ignorance about, and indifference towards, various social, gender and environmental issues, and in so doing, she attempts to rectify these issues by creating an awareness of them. Her novels generally focus on four main issues: motherhood, both as ideology and experience; the essentialized nature and acceptance of the superiority of masculinity; the influence of religions, traditions and ideologies; and an ever-increasing concern for environmental preservation. These issues are all interlinked in her novels. Though some of her works have received critical attention, most notably The Gate to Women’s Country (1988) and Gibbon’s Decline and Fall (1996), most have received little. I will present a critical analysis of Tepper‟s Grass (1989) – a novel which has received some critical attention – and The Fresco (2000) – a novel which has received very little critical attention. Although these novels deal with the same issues, they do so in different ways: Grass is a much more layered critique of modern society, whereas The Fresco is a rather blatant critique and the passionate voice of its author filters through more prominently than in Grass. I will be examining Tepper‟s portrayal of motherhood, masculinity and the influence of ideologies, religions and traditions in both of these novels. Although there will not be a section devoted to Tepper‟s environmental views, these will be highlighted within the other sections. Tepper ultimately stands for women‟s rights to opt for motherhood as a free choice. She also insists that ideologies, religions and traditions – society‟s oppressive straitjackets – should adapt to modernity, and that the acceptance of masculinity as the dominant gender be destabilized. Rectifying these problems, in Tepper‟s view, would also lead to the preservation of the environment for future generations. In my conclusion I address the most frequent critique directed against Tepper‟s work, namely that her novels are repetitive with regard to thematic content, by suggesting that her work is repetitive because she feels the need to reiterate the same issues in her novels, to indicate that the same societal problems of the past are still prevalent. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sheri S. Teper, een van die vernaamste feminis-wetenskapfisksie skryfsters, gebruik haar romans om die mensdom se onkunde oor, en onverskilligheid teenoor, verskeie sosiale-, geslags- en omgewingskwessies aan te spreek in „n poging om hierdie kwessies op te los deur mense meer bewus te maak van die kwessies. Haar romans fokus gewoonlik op vier hoof kwessies wat aan mekaar verbind is: moederskap, beide as ideologiese en fisiese ervaring; die genoodsaakte aanvaarding van manlikheid as die dominante geslag; die invloed van gelowe, tradisies, en ideologieë op die samelewing; en „n toenemende besorgheid oor die bewaring van die omgewing. Alhoewel sommige van haar romans kritiese aandag ontvang het, in besonder The Gate to Women’s Country (1988) en Gibbon’s Decline and Fall (1996), het die meeste baie min kritiese aandag ontvang. Ek beoog dus om twee van Tepper se romans, Grass (1989) en The Fresco (2000), krities te ontleed. Alhoewel Grass ietwat meer kritiese aandag ontvang het, het The Fresco byna geen kritiese aandag ontvang nie. Beide die romans spreek dieselfde kwessies aan, maar in verskillende maniere: Grass is a baie meer subtiele kritiek van die moderne samelewing, terwyl The Fresco „n baie meer flagrante kritiek is en die passievolle stem van die outeur is baie meer opmerklik in diè roman. Ek beoog om Tepper se uitbeelding van moederskap, manlikheid en die invloed van ideologieë, gelowe en tradisies in beide hierdie romans ondersoek. Hoewel daar nie „n spesifieke seksie gaan wees wat opgedra is aan die ondersoek van Tepper se omgewingsboodskap nie, sal dit tog uitgelig word in ander seksies. Daar sal gewys word dat Tepper vir die regte van vroue staan om moederskap vrylik te kan kies. Sy beveel ook aan dat dat ideologieë, gelowe en tradisies moet aan pas by die vereistes van moderne samelewing, en dat die aanvaarding van manlikheid as die dominante geslag omgekeer moet word. Deur hierdie probleme reg te maak, in Tepper se opinie, sal dit lei tot die bewaring van die omgewing vir toekomstige generasies. In my gevolgtrekking spreek ek een van die algemeenste kritieke teen Tepper se romans aan, naamlik dat die tematiese inhoud herhalend is. Ek voel dat die werklike probleem is dat Tepper dit nodig ag om dieselfde kwessies uit te beeld, aangesien dit aan dui dat probleme van die verlede steeds voorkom in die huidige samelewing.

The Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) it needs of the high amount of fine in yo ur composition to assist your properties in the fresh state. In the context of the fine materials if show the Residue of the Improvement of the Marble and Granite (RBMG), which was chosen to compose the dosagem of CAA in that research. This was a form of contributing with the technological progress and maintainable development of the concrete. Using Gomes' Methodology (2002) for obtaining of SCC, the study of the paste was developed through the rehearsals in the Cone of Marsh and in the Mini-slump and the study of the mortar using the rehearsals in the Cone of Marsh and in the cone log of the consistence table, all, in the sense of obtaining the percentile great of superplasticizer and an appropriate amount of RBMG in the composition of the mixture. Starting from parameters obtained in the study of the paste and mortar was given segment to a practical application of completion of premolded pieces, without the use of any type of mechanical vibration, with self-compacting mortar. Soon after, through the study of the composition of the granular skeleton it was obtained the great relationship among the small and great aggregate. The study of the concrete was developed using the rehearsals of Slump-flow, V Funnel, L Box and U Pipe, for the tests of your properties in the fresh state, such as: filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance. In this study they were obtained two Self Compacting Concrete, a just using RBMG and other with 3% of sílica fume; in this it was verified some improvements in the viscosity and in the cohesion of the mixture. For both concretes they were moulded cylindrical specimens of 10cm x 20cm and 15cm x 30cm for study of the resistance to the compression to the 7 days and the 28 days; module of static deformation and resistance to the traction in the diametrical compression to the 28 days. The results of the accomplished rehearsals indicated for the technical viability of the use of RBMG in the production of SCC. / O Concreto Auto-Adensável (CAA) necessita de uma alta quantidade de finos em sua composição para atender suas propriedades no estado fresco. No contexto dos materiais finos se apresenta o Resíduo do Beneficiamento do Mármore e Granito (RBMG), o qual foi escolhido para compor a dosagem do CAA nessa pesquisa. Esta foi uma forma de contribuir com o avanço tecnológico e desenvolvimento sustentável do concreto. Utilizando a Metodologia de Gomes (2002) para obtenção do CAA, foi desenvolvido o estudo da pasta através dos ensaios no Cone de Marsh e no Mini-slump e o estudo da argamassa usando os ensaios no Cone de Marsh e no Tronco de cone da mesa de consistência, todos, no sentido de se obter o percentual ótimo de superplastificante e uma quantidade adequada do RBMG na composição da mistura. A partir de parâmetros obtidos no estudo da pasta e argamassa foi dado segmento a uma aplicação prática de preenchimento de peças pré-moldadas, sem a utilização de nenhum tipo de vibração mecânica, com argamassa auto-adensável. Em seguida, através do estudo da composição do esqueleto granular foi obtida a relação ótima entre o agregado miúdo e graúdo. O estudo do concreto foi desenvolvido utilizando os ensaios de Espalhamento, Funil V, Caixa L e Tubo em U, para os testes de suas propriedades no estado fresco, tais como: capacidade de preenchimento, capacidade de passagem por obstáculos e resistência à segregação. Neste estudo foram obtidos dois Concretos Auto- Adensáveis, um usando apenas o RBMG e outro com 3% de sílica ativa; neste foi verificado algumas melhoras na viscosidade e na coesão da mistura. Para ambos concretos foram moldados corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de 10cm x 20cm e 15cm x 30cm para estudo da resistência à compressão aos 7 dias e aos 28 dias; módulo de deformação estática e resistência à tração na compressão diametral aos 28 dias. Os resultados dos ensaios realizados indicaram pela viabilidade técnica da utilização do RBMG na produção de CAA.