Not many children report relationships with friends that are both close and conflictual. There is a paucity of research examining the trajectory of children's relationship closeness and conflict together over time. This is unfortunate because contentious relationships are related to cardiovascular problems, at least in young adults and because the trajectories of these two aspects of children's relationship quality over time is not understood. Therefore, two longitudinal data sets with younger (mean age 7.5 years at Time 1; four data points over 2 years) and older (mean age 9.9 years at Time 1; two data points over 1 year) children were studied. In both cohorts, measures of friendship quality and peer nominations of liking/disliking as well as overt and relational (older cohort) aggression were completed. Children who reported relationships high in both closeness and conflict were generally satisfied with their friendships; they were not more likely to end their friendships than were children who reported different levels of closeness and conflict (younger cohort). Both boys' and girls' relationship closeness increased over time according to growth curve analyses. The relationships of girls who remained in the same friendship, and who therefore provided ratings on the same friend at each time point, tended to increase in closeness at a different rate over time than the relationships of girls who provided ratings on different friends (younger cohort). Children who reported relationships high in closeness and in conflict were not more aggressive over time than were children who reported different levels of relationship closeness and conflict. However, girls' closeness and overt aggression tracked each other (increased) over time (younger cohort). Girls who reported low social support and negative interactions in their friendships increased the most in overt aggression over time (older cohort). Aggressive and nonaggressive children generally reported similar friendship quality (both cohorts), but the friendship closeness of chronically aggressive boys decreased over time (younger cohort). There were negligible friendship quality differences amongst the sociometric groups. The discussion centers on friendship quality changes in children's continuing friendships, the potential dire effects of turbulent friendships and the friendships of aggressive as well as controversial children.

Not many children report relationships with friends that are both close and conflictual. There is a paucity of research examining the trajectory of children's relationship closeness and conflict together over time. This is unfortunate because contentious relationships are related to cardiovascular problems, at least in young adults and because the trajectories of these two aspects of children's relationship quality over time is not understood. Therefore, two longitudinal data sets with younger (mean age 7.5 years at Time 1; four data points over 2 years) and older (mean age 9.9 years at Time 1; two data points over 1 year) children were studied. In both cohorts, measures of friendship quality and peer nominations of liking/disliking as well as overt and relational (older cohort) aggression were completed. Children who reported relationships high in both closeness and conflict were generally satisfied with their friendships; they were not more likely to end their friendships than were children who reported different levels of closeness and conflict (younger cohort). Both boys' and girls' relationship closeness increased over time according to growth curve analyses. The relationships of girls who remained in the same friendship, and who therefore provided ratings on the same friend at each time point, tended to increase in closeness at a different rate over time than the relationships of girls who provided ratings on different friends (younger cohort). Children who reported relationships high in closeness and in conflict were not more aggressive over time than were children who reported different levels of relationship closeness and conflict. However, girls' closeness and overt aggression tracked each other (increased) over time (younger cohort). Girls who reported low social support and negative interactions in their friendships increased the most in overt aggression over time (older cohort). Aggressive and nonaggressive children generally reported similar friendship quality (both cohorts), but the friendship closeness of chronically aggressive boys decreased over time (younger cohort). There were negligible friendship quality differences amongst the sociometric groups. The discussion centers on friendship quality changes in children's continuing friendships, the potential dire effects of turbulent friendships and the friendships of aggressive as well as controversial children.

Not many children report relationships with friends that are both close and conflictual. There is a paucity of research examining the trajectory of children's relationship closeness and conflict together over time. This is unfortunate because contentious relationships are related to cardiovascular problems, at least in young adults and because the trajectories of these two aspects of children's relationship quality over time is not understood. Therefore, two longitudinal data sets with younger (mean age 7.5 years at Time 1; four data points over 2 years) and older (mean age 9.9 years at Time 1; two data points over 1 year) children were studied. In both cohorts, measures of friendship quality and peer nominations of liking/disliking as well as overt and relational (older cohort) aggression were completed. Children who reported relationships high in both closeness and conflict were generally satisfied with their friendships; they were not more likely to end their friendships than were children who reported different levels of closeness and conflict (younger cohort). Both boys' and girls' relationship closeness increased over time according to growth curve analyses. The relationships of girls who remained in the same friendship, and who therefore provided ratings on the same friend at each time point, tended to increase in closeness at a different rate over time than the relationships of girls who provided ratings on different friends (younger cohort). Children who reported relationships high in closeness and in conflict were not more aggressive over time than were children who reported different levels of relationship closeness and conflict. However, girls' closeness and overt aggression tracked each other (increased) over time (younger cohort). Girls who reported low social support and negative interactions in their friendships increased the most in overt aggression over time (older cohort). Aggressive and nonaggressive children generally reported similar friendship quality (both cohorts), but the friendship closeness of chronically aggressive boys decreased over time (younger cohort). There were negligible friendship quality differences amongst the sociometric groups. The discussion centers on friendship quality changes in children's continuing friendships, the potential dire effects of turbulent friendships and the friendships of aggressive as well as controversial children.

Students experience many developmental changes as they experience adolescence. They begin to examine their identities in relation to others and often question their original values and beliefs that have been guiding their behavior. In fact, this susceptibility to peer influence can lead adolescents to engage in risky behavior rather than consider the future consequences of their actions. Despite the large body of literature that delineates peer influence and its effect on adolescent behavior, researchers have yet to examine the impact of high quality friendships on adolescents’ ability to resist to peer influence, and the following effects that this resistance to peer influence has on the youth’s identity and future consideration. Friendship quality was chosen as a moderating variable in the present study, as resistance to peer influence’s effect on identity and future outlook is believed to depend on whether or not the adolescent is in a high quality friendship. Specifically, the present study aims to answer the following research question: Does friendship quality moderate the effect of resistance to peer influence on identity and future outlook in adolescents after controlling for gender, socioeconomic status, and parental involvement in schooling? Many theories support the hypothesis that resistance to peer influence is associated with identity and future consideration, such as Social Comparison Theory, as well as theories associated with motivation. This study analyzed data collected as part of the NICHD–SECCYD comprehensive longitudinal study. Specifically, the effects of resistance to peer influence on identity and future consideration was analyzed in AMOS 22, using a multiple group path model with friendship quality as a moderator.

Draugystė yra abipusis, savanoriškas ryšys, iš kurio nariai tikisi intymumo, draugijos ir jautrumo (Kenny, 1994). Draugystės kokybė yra pagrindinis elementas apibūdinantis draugystę ir jį lengva empiriškai įvertinti. M. J. Mendelson ir F.E. Aboud (1999) tai apibūdina kaip draugystės funkcijas, kurias turi atlikti draugas. Yra šešios draugystės funkcijos: įkvepianti draugija, pagalba, intymumas, patikima sąjunga, savęs patvirtinimas ir emocinis saugumas. Pastaraisiais metais išaugo susidomėjimas pozityviais psichologinio funkcionavimo aspektais, taip pat ir psichologine gerove. Viena iš naujausių psichologinės gerovės sampratų yra daugiaaspektis modelis, kurį sukūrė C. Ryff su kolegomis. Jie išskyrė šešis psichologinės gerovės aspektus: savęs priėmimas, teigiami santykiai su kitais, savarankiškumas, aplinkos valdymas, gyvenimo tikslas ir asmenybės augimas (Lindfors et. al., 2006a). Tarpasmeniniai santykiai daro įtaką suaugusiųjų psichologinei gerovei (Ryff, Heidrich, 1997), bet dar mažai žinoma, kaip ją veikia draugystės kokybė. Šio darbo tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti draugystės kokybės ir psichologinės gerovės ypatumus ankstyvame ir vidutiniame brandžiame amžiuje. Tyrime dalyvavo 128 ankstyvojo (amžiaus vidurkis 25,53 metų) ir vidutinio (amžiaus vidurkis 45,04 metų) brandaus amžiaus tiriamieji. Visi tiriamieji atsakė į klausimus apie save ir savo geriausią draugą/draugę, užpildė McGill draugystės klausimyną-draugo funkcijos, McGill draugystės klausimyną-respondento palankumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Friendship is a mutual, voluntary relationship from which members expect intimacy, companionship, and responsiveness (Kenny, 1994). Friendship quality is considered as an essential element that describes friendship and it is easy to assess empirically. According to M. J. Mendelson and F.E. Aboud (1999) it is defined as friendship functions that the friend should to fulfill. There are six friendship functions: stimulating companionship, help, intimacy, reliable alliance, self-validation and emotional security. In the last few years there has been an increasing interest in the positive aspects of psychological functioning, including psychological well-being. A recent conceptualization of psychological well-being is the multidimensional model proposed by C. Ryff and coworkers. They distinguished six core dimensions of psychological well-being: self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth (Lindfors et. al., 2006a). Interpersonal relationships contribute to adult’s psychological well-being (Ryff, Heidrich, 1997), but yet little is known about how friendship quality affects the psychological well-being. The aim of the study presented in this work was to examine the different aspects of friendship quality and psychological well-being in early and middle adulthood. The sample consisted of 75 young adults (average age 25,53 years) and 53 middle age adults (average age 45,04 years). All respondents completed... [to full text]

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This research studies friendship relationships in institutionalized children according to friendship’s quality and reciprocity. The participants were 33 institutionalized children (boys and girls), whose age range was 8 to 10. The control group consisted of 41 noninstitutionalized children with similar characteristics. Results show that institutionalized children have less reciprocal friendships than non-institutionalized children. Institutionalized children give more support and share the ir intimate experienc es in their reciprocal friendships than non-institutionalized children. Moreover, friendship quality of non-reciprocal friendships in the institutionalized group is almost equivalent to reciprocal and non-reciprocal friendships in the non-institutionalized one. This evidence shows that the majority of institutionalized children establish friendship bonds with similar characteristics, as do other children of the same age range. / El estudio evalúa las relaciones de amistad en niños institucionalizados en términos de su calidad y reciprocidad. Los participantes fueron 33 niños institucionalizados de ambos sexos entre 8 y 10 años. El grupo control estuvo constituido por 41 niños no institucionalizados con características similares. Se encontró que los niños institucionalizados establecen menos amistades recíprocas que los niños no institucionalizados y que en  estas relaciones se brindan más apoyo y comparten sus experiencias íntimas de modo más intenso. Igualmente, la calidad de las amistades no recíprocas de este grupo es casi equivalente a la de las amistades recíprocas y no recíprocas del grupo no institucionalizado. Esto indicaría que la mayoría de niños institucionalizados establece en general amistades con calidad similar a las de otros niños del mismo grupo de edad.

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La victimisation au sein du groupe de pairs est un facteur de risque associé à l’augmentation des symptômes dépressifs au début de l’adolescence. En contrepartie, le fait d’entretenir des relations d’amitié constitue un facteur protecteur important susceptible de modérer les conséquences négatives associées à la victimisation par les pairs. Toutefois, les bénéfices associés aux relations d’amitié peuvent varier en fonction de certaines caractéristiques de celles-ci. Cette étude a pour but d’évaluer dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques des relations d’amitié (c.-à-d., le caractère intime et soutenant de la relation et la propension des amis à co-ruminer) modèrent l’association entre la victimisation par les pairs et l’augmentation des symptômes dépressifs sur une période d’un an. L'échantillon est composé de 536 élèves du secondaire auprès de qui la victimisation et les caractéristiques des relations d’amitié ont été évaluées au premier temps de mesure de façon auto-rapportée. Les symptômes dépressifs des élèves ont également été mesurés lors de deux années consécutives. Les résultats démontrent que le niveau de victimisation des élèves, la qualité des relations d’amitié et la tendance des amis à co-ruminer sont respectivement associés de façon concomitante à l’expression des symptômes dépressifs. En contrepartie, seule la co-rumination entre amis permet de rendre compte de l’augmentation des symptômes dépressifs sur une période d’un an. L’association entre la victimisation par les pairs et le développement des symptômes dépressifs n’est toutefois pas modérée par les caractéristiques des relations d’amitié. / Victimization is an important risk factor for depression in early adolescence. On the other hand, having friends is an important protective factor susceptible of moderating the negative effects associated with victimization. However, the benefits associated with friendships may vary according to some of their characteristics. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether friendship characteristics (i.e. intimacy and support as well as co-rumination) moderate the association between victimization experiences and depressed feelings a year later. The sample is composed of 536 high school students whose victimization level, friendship quality and tendency to co-ruminate were self-reported at the first time point. Depressive mood were self-reported at the end of two consecutive years. Results show that victimization, friendship quality and co-rumination are respectively associated with concurrent depressive mood. However, only co-rumination predicted depressive mood a year later after controlling for initial adjustment. The link between peer victimization and depressive mood was not moderated by friendship characteristics.

La victimisation au sein du groupe de pairs est un facteur de risque associé à l’augmentation des symptômes dépressifs au début de l’adolescence. En contrepartie, le fait d’entretenir des relations d’amitié constitue un facteur protecteur important susceptible de modérer les conséquences négatives associées à la victimisation par les pairs. Toutefois, les bénéfices associés aux relations d’amitié peuvent varier en fonction de certaines caractéristiques de celles-ci. Cette étude a pour but d’évaluer dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques des relations d’amitié (c.-à-d., le caractère intime et soutenant de la relation et la propension des amis à co-ruminer) modèrent l’association entre la victimisation par les pairs et l’augmentation des symptômes dépressifs sur une période d’un an. L'échantillon est composé de 536 élèves du secondaire auprès de qui la victimisation et les caractéristiques des relations d’amitié ont été évaluées au premier temps de mesure de façon auto-rapportée. Les symptômes dépressifs des élèves ont également été mesurés lors de deux années consécutives. Les résultats démontrent que le niveau de victimisation des élèves, la qualité des relations d’amitié et la tendance des amis à co-ruminer sont respectivement associés de façon concomitante à l’expression des symptômes dépressifs. En contrepartie, seule la co-rumination entre amis permet de rendre compte de l’augmentation des symptômes dépressifs sur une période d’un an. L’association entre la victimisation par les pairs et le développement des symptômes dépressifs n’est toutefois pas modérée par les caractéristiques des relations d’amitié. / Victimization is an important risk factor for depression in early adolescence. On the other hand, having friends is an important protective factor susceptible of moderating the negative effects associated with victimization. However, the benefits associated with friendships may vary according to some of their characteristics. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether friendship characteristics (i.e. intimacy and support as well as co-rumination) moderate the association between victimization experiences and depressed feelings a year later. The sample is composed of 536 high school students whose victimization level, friendship quality and tendency to co-ruminate were self-reported at the first time point. Depressive mood were self-reported at the end of two consecutive years. Results show that victimization, friendship quality and co-rumination are respectively associated with concurrent depressive mood. However, only co-rumination predicted depressive mood a year later after controlling for initial adjustment. The link between peer victimization and depressive mood was not moderated by friendship characteristics.