Thesis (Ph.D.)--Washington State University, December 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Banca: José Fernando Machado Menten / Banca: Ana Silvia Alves Meira / Resumo: Foram realizados dois experimentos (E) com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do ácido fumárico e da adição de fonte orgânica de cálcio contendo fósforo nas rações de leitões desmamados, sobre o desempenho (E1) e morfometria intestinal (E2). Utilizaram-se 96 e 32 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias, com pesos médios de 5,66 kg ± 0,44kg e 5,34 ± 0,45kg, no E1 e no E2, respectivamente. Os delineamentos experimentais foram em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (duas fontes de suplementação de Ca e P: inorgânica ou orgânica, dois níveis de ácido fumárico: 0,0 e 1,0%), e no E2, foi em arranjo fatorial 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 (duas fontes de suplementação de Ca e P: inorgânica ou orgânica, dois níveis de ácido fumárico:0,0% e 1,0%, duas épocas de abate: 14º e 37º dia pós desmame, duas porções do intestino delgado: duodeno e jejuno) organizado em blocos casualizados. Não houve interação acidificante e fonte de cálcio e fósforo sobre nenhuma das variáveis estudadas nos dois experimentos. Não foram encontradas diferenças no consumo diário de ração e no ganho diário de peso nos períodos de 0 -17 dias, 0-30 dias e 0-37 dias pósdesmame. A conversão alimentar foi melhor no período de 0-17 dias, quando as rações foram formuladas com fontes inorgânicas de Ca e P, entretanto, no período de 0 a 30 e 0 a 37 dias não foram verificadas diferenças entre as fontes. As médias de altura de vilosidade (AV), profundidade de cripta (PC), relação AV: PC e espessura de mucosa do duodeno e do jejuno, não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Considerando o período total da fase de creche, não houve vantagem do uso de acidificante nas rações, contudo, a fonte orgânica de Ca contendo P estudada pode substituir as fontes inorgânicas nas rações de leitões, sem prejuízo no desempenho e na morfometria do intestino delgado. / Abstract: Two experiments (E) were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of the addition of fumaric acid and organic source of calcium content phosphorus in diets of weaned pigs on the performance (E1) and intestinal morphology (E2). A total of 96 and 32 pigs with initial mean weights 5,66 kg ± 0,44kg and 5,34 ± 0,45kg , in E1 and in E2, respectively were used. A randomized block design in a 2X2 factorial arrangement: (two supplementary sources of calcium and phosphorus organic or inorganic and two levels of fumaric acid 0.0 or 1.0%. In E2 a 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement (two supplementary sources of calcium and phosphorus organic or inorganic, two levels of fumaric acid 0.0 or 1.0%, two slaughter and two portions of small instentine) were used randomized block design. No interaction between acidifier and source of calcium and phosphorus was found for none of the variables studied in the two experiments. No treatment effects were found on daily feed intake and daily weight gain from 0 to 17 days, 0 to 30 days or 0 to 37 days postweaning. Feed conversion from 0 to 17 days was best (P<0.05) when inorganic sources of Ca and P were fed; however, no such difference was observed from 0 to 30 days or from 0 to 37 days. The averages of villus height (AV), crypt depth (PC), AV: PC relationship and mucous membrane of the duodenum and of the jejunum, didn't differ among treatments. Considering the total nursery period, no benefit was found in using an acidifier, however the organic source of Ca containig P studied may replace the inorganic sources in the diets of piglets, with no damage to performance and to intestinal morphology. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:57:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lotierzo_v_me_botfmvz.pdf: 351988 bytes, checksum: 2dc4b5b39cb6b0d81edca195483d3e1e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Foram realizados dois experimentos (E) com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do ácido fumárico e da adição de fonte orgânica de cálcio contendo fósforo nas rações de leitões desmamados, sobre o desempenho (E1) e morfometria intestinal (E2). Utilizaram-se 96 e 32 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias, com pesos médios de 5,66 kg ± 0,44kg e 5,34 ± 0,45kg, no E1 e no E2, respectivamente. Os delineamentos experimentais foram em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (duas fontes de suplementação de Ca e P: inorgânica ou orgânica, dois níveis de ácido fumárico: 0,0 e 1,0%), e no E2, foi em arranjo fatorial 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 (duas fontes de suplementação de Ca e P: inorgânica ou orgânica, dois níveis de ácido fumárico:0,0% e 1,0%, duas épocas de abate: 14º e 37º dia pós desmame, duas porções do intestino delgado: duodeno e jejuno) organizado em blocos casualizados. Não houve interação acidificante e fonte de cálcio e fósforo sobre nenhuma das variáveis estudadas nos dois experimentos. Não foram encontradas diferenças no consumo diário de ração e no ganho diário de peso nos períodos de 0 -17 dias, 0-30 dias e 0-37 dias pósdesmame. A conversão alimentar foi melhor no período de 0-17 dias, quando as rações foram formuladas com fontes inorgânicas de Ca e P, entretanto, no período de 0 a 30 e 0 a 37 dias não foram verificadas diferenças entre as fontes. As médias de altura de vilosidade (AV), profundidade de cripta (PC), relação AV: PC e espessura de mucosa do duodeno e do jejuno, não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Considerando o período total da fase de creche, não houve vantagem do uso de acidificante nas rações, contudo, a fonte orgânica de Ca contendo P estudada pode substituir as fontes inorgânicas nas rações de leitões, sem prejuízo no desempenho e na morfometria do intestino delgado. / Two experiments (E) were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of the addition of fumaric acid and organic source of calcium content phosphorus in diets of weaned pigs on the performance (E1) and intestinal morphology (E2). A total of 96 and 32 pigs with initial mean weights 5,66 kg ± 0,44kg and 5,34 ± 0,45kg , in E1 and in E2, respectively were used. A randomized block design in a 2X2 factorial arrangement: (two supplementary sources of calcium and phosphorus organic or inorganic and two levels of fumaric acid 0.0 or 1.0%. In E2 a 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement (two supplementary sources of calcium and phosphorus organic or inorganic, two levels of fumaric acid 0.0 or 1.0%, two slaughter and two portions of small instentine) were used randomized block design. No interaction between acidifier and source of calcium and phosphorus was found for none of the variables studied in the two experiments. No treatment effects were found on daily feed intake and daily weight gain from 0 to 17 days, 0 to 30 days or 0 to 37 days postweaning. Feed conversion from 0 to 17 days was best (P<0.05) when inorganic sources of Ca and P were fed; however, no such difference was observed from 0 to 30 days or from 0 to 37 days. The averages of villus height (AV), crypt depth (PC), AV: PC relationship and mucous membrane of the duodenum and of the jejunum, didn't differ among treatments. Considering the total nursery period, no benefit was found in using an acidifier, however the organic source of Ca containig P studied may replace the inorganic sources in the diets of piglets, with no damage to performance and to intestinal morphology.

Dans un contexte du développement durable, la bioproduction de synthons (molécules plateformes, ou building blocks) de façon biosourcée à partir de biomasse végétale, constitue une voie de remplacement des actuelles molécules prétrosourcées. Ce travail de thèse concerne spécifiquement l’utilisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique, renouvelable et abondante, pour la production de deux acides organiques d’intérêt : l’acide itaconique et l’acide fumarique. Ces molécules ont été choisies notamment car elles peuvent générer des polymères aux propriétés intéressantes. Les travaux expérimentaux ont consisté à utiliser le son de blé et les rafles de maïs, déchets agricoles, comme substrats pour la fermentation de quatre souches de champignons filamenteux du genre Aspergillus. Des criblages des meilleures conditions fermentaires montrent que les rafles de maïs permettent d’atteindre des rendements plus élevés, surtout en fermentation en milieu solide. Parmi d’autres résultats marquants, nous avons montré pour la première fois la capacité d’Aspergillus oryzae à produire l’acide itaconique. L’ensemble de nos résultats montrent que l’utilisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique est une alternative prometteuse pour la production de ces deux synthons d’intérêt industriel. / In the context of sustainable development, the bioproduction of building blocks (chemical platforms) from biomass is way to substitute the current fossil-based chemical molecules. This thesis is focused on the use of lignocellulosic biomass, renewable and abundant, towards the production of two organic acids (potential building blocks): itaconic acid and fumaric acid. These molecules have been chosen especially because they can generated polymers with interesting properties. The experimental work consisted in using wheat bran and corn cobs, agricultural wastes, as substrates for fermentation by four strains of filamentous fungi from Aspergillus genus. Screenings of the best fermentation conditions show that enzymatically pretreated corn cobs, especially in solid state fermentation achieve higher yields, especially in solid state fermentation. Among other notable results, we have shown for the first time the ability of Aspergillus oryzae to produce itaconic acid. Overall, our results show that the use of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising alternative for the production of these two building blocks of industrial interest.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the performance of lactating sows and their piglets fed with high moisture corn diets with or without acidifiers. Fifteen sows of commercial genetic lines were used in a randomized complete block with three treatments (negative control diet elaborated each 24h; control diet with 0.5% of benzoic acid elaborated each 24h; control diet with 0.5% of fumaric acid elaborated each 24h) with five replications each. Diets elaborated with high moisture corn with benzoic or fumaric acids did not modify (P>0.05) the backfat thickness. The average daily feed intake (7.93kg/NM) of lactating sows was not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. The average daily weight gain (0.22kg) and average weaning live weight (6.2kg) of piglets were not influenced (P>0.05) by diets with benzoic or fumaric acids. The addition of fumaric acid in diets of lactation sows decreased (P<0.05) the liquid feces frequency in piglets comparated with negative control diet. The addition of acidifiers in diets containing high moisture corn does not alter performance of lactating sows neither their piglets. / O objetivo desta dissertação foi avaliar o desempenho de porcas lactantes e suas leitegadas alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com ou sem acidificantes. Foram utilizadas quinze porcas de genética comercial em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos (dieta controle negativo elaborada a cada 24h; dieta com adição de 0,5% de ácido benzóico elaborada a cada 24h e dieta com adição de 0,5% de ácido fumárico elaborada a cada 24h) com cinco repetições cada. As dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com ácidos benzóico ou fumárico não alteraram (P>0,05) a espessura de toicinho. O consumo diário de alimento das porcas lactantes foi de 7,93kg/MN não variando (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. O ganho médio diário de peso dos leitões foi de 0,22kg, não variando (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. O peso vivo médio dos leitões ao desmame foi de 6,2kg não diferindo (P>0,05) entre leitões de porcas lactantes alimentadas com dietas com ácido benzóico ou fumárico. No período total de 21 dias, a adição de ácido fumárico na dieta de porcas lactantes diminuiu em 30% (P<0,05) a freqüência de fezes líquidas dos leitões em relação à dieta controle. A adição de ácidos fumárico e benzóico em dietas elaboradas com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho não alteram os desempenhos de porcas lactantes e nem o de suas leitegadas.

Depuis quelques années, un des défis de la Recherche est de valoriser les co-produits agro-industriels. Une des voies permettant la valorisation de ces « déchets » est la fermentation en milieu solide.Le but de ce travail est de produire de l'acide itaconique par des souches d'Aspergilli (Aspergillus itaconicus et Aspergillus terreus) à partir de ressources renouvelables. Le substrat choisi dans cette étude est le son de blé, coproduit largement disponible en Champagne-Ardenne.L'acide itaconique a été classé dans le TOP 12 des molécules plateformes par le Department Of Energy Américain. Ces molécules plateformes peuvent être produites à partir de biomasse ligno-cellulosique et peuvent être utilisées à la place de molécules d'origine pétrochimique.Dans notre étude, nous n'avons pas mis en évidence de production d'acide itaconique par la souche Aspergillus terreus NRRL 1960 mais nous avons observé, pour la première fois, la production d'acide fumarique par fermentation en milieu solide. L'acide fumarique est tout aussi intéressant que l'acide itaconique puisqu'il fait également partie du TOP 12 des molécules plateformes. La production maximale obtenue est de 0,44 mg/g de matière sèche par fermentation en milieu solide sur son de blé humidifié à 70% et à pH 3, après 5 jours d'incubation à 30°C.De plus, nous avons montré qu'Aspergillus itaconicus NRRL 161 est capable de produire 6,77 mg d'acide itaconique/g de matière sèche par fermentation en milieu solide sur son de blé humidifié à 60% par une solution de saccharose à 400 g/L et à pH 3, après 4 jours d'incubation à 30°C.Dans une dernière partie, nous avons mis en évidence, chez Aspergillus itaconicus NRRL 161, la présence potentielle du gène codant pour la Cis-Aconitic acid Decarboxylase, enzyme clé dans la production d'acide itaconique. / Since a few years, one of research's challenges is to valorise agro-industrial by-products. One of the ways permitting the valorisation of these “wastes” is solid-state fermentation.The aim of this work is to produce itaconic acid with Aspergilli (Aspergillus itaconicus and Aspergillus terreus) strains from renewable resources. The chosen substrate in this study is wheat bran, by-product widely available in Champagne-Ardenne.Itaconic acid is classified among the TOP 12 of building blocks by the American Department Of Energy. Building blocks can be produced from ligno-cellulosic biomass and can be used instead of petrochemical-based molecules.In our study, we have not highlighted itaconic acid production by Aspergillus terreus NRRL 1960, but we have observed fumaric acid production by solid state fermentation. Fumaric acid is as interesting as itaconic acid since it also belongs to the TOP 12 of building blocks. Maximal production of fumaric acid is 0.44 mg/g dry matter by solid-state fermentation on wheat bran moistened at 70% and at pH 3, after 5 days of incubation at 30°C.Furthermore, we have shown that Aspergillus itaconicus NRRL 161 is able to produce 6.77 mg of itaconic acid/g dry matter by solid state fermentation on wheat bran moistened at 60% with sucrose solution at 400 g/L and at pH 3, after 4 days of incubation at 30°C.In a last part, we have highlighted, in Aspergillus itaconicus NRRL 161, the potential presence of the Cis-Aconitic acid Decarboxylase encoding gene, key enzyme in itaconic acid production.

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No description available.

This Project identified the relationships between storage conditions, dry matter losses (DMLs) caused by Fusarium species in cereal grains and mycotoxin contamination and assessed novel control strategies for post-harvest grain management including chemical control and ozone. F. graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. langsethiae were inoculated on wheat, maize and oats and stored under environmental conditions where marginal to optimum spoilage and mycotoxin contamination can occur. DMLs were calculated from the CO2 produced and were significantly correlated with deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUMs) and T-2 and HT-2 toxins respectively. Mycotoxin levels in wheat and maize exceeded the EU legislative limits with 0.9-1% DMLs. Therefore, CO2 monitoring during storage can indicate the level of contamination in a stored batch. Using CO2 production data at different water activity (aw) and temperature conditions, the environmental regimes at which F. langsethiae can grow and contaminate oats with T-2 and HT-2 toxins were identified for the first time. Five acids were examined in vitro and little effect was observed on Fusarium growth, in the aqueous form, while the effect on mycotoxin production varied. Dissolved in ethanol, adipic, fumaric and ferulic acids inhibited fungal growth and controlled DON and FUMs, but T-2 toxin was stimulated by the ethanol. Two garlic essential oils, propyl-propylthiosulfinate (PTS) and propyl propylthiosulfonate (PTSO) were studied for the first time. In vitro, 200 ppm reduced fungal growth (50-100%) and mycotoxin production by >90%. The efficacy was species-dependent. In naturally contaminated oats of 0.93 aw stored for 20 days, 16 ppm PTSO reduced T-2 and HT-2 toxins by 66% and ochratoxin A (OTA) by 88%, while 200 ppm PTS reduced OTA by 95%. In wheat, 100 ppm PTS reduced DON and ZEA and 300 ppm PTS reduced fumonisins by 40-80%. PTSO:PTS (1:1) at 400 and 600 ppm was very effective against DON and ZEA in wheat of 0.92 aw. Ozone (O3) exposure at 200 ppm for 30 min delayed Fusarium spore germination on media of 0.98 aw and inhibited germination at 0.94 aw. O3 was more effective against fungal spores than mycelium and little effect was observed on growing cultures. In vitro, mycotoxin production after exposure depended on the stage of life of the fungi. O3 reduced fungal populations in grains. Mycotoxin production in wet grains treated with 100-200 ppm O3 for 60 min and stored for up to 30 days was reduced or completely inhibited, depending on the species and the exposure system. Simultaneous drying of the grain due to the O3 passage was observed.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire de thèse concerne pour l'essentiel, l'utilisation des dialkylzincs en tant que médiateurs de réactions radicalaires. La particularité de ces organométalliques réside dans le fait qu'ils sont, d'une part, de très bons précurseurs de radicaux alkyle en présence d'oxygène, et d'autre part, qu'ils peuvent subir des réactions de substitution homolytique bimoléculaire permettant de passer au cours d'une même réaction d'une espèce radicalaire à une espèce organométallique. Ainsi, les dialkylzincs sont de très bons médiateurs de réactions radicalaires et polaires en cascade en milieu aérobie.Cette méthodologie a été appliquée à la synthèse one-pot stéréosélective de γ-lactones disubstituées et de pyrrolizidines à partir du fumarate de diéthyle. La synthèse inédite de dérivés fumariques tri- et tétrasubstitués a été réalisée, à partir de l'acétylènedicarboxylate de diéthyle. Des cétoesters ont également été préparés à partir du bromoacrylate d'éthyle et de cétones silylées. L'utilisation d'azoture d'alkyle comme accepteur de radicaux s'est révélée infructueuse mais a permis de détecter une réactivité originale des azotures d'alkyle, qui en présence d'iodure de tertiobutyle, sont convertis en iodures correspondants. Enfin, une étude fondamentale par RPE du mécanisme d'oxydation des dialkylzincs a été réalisée afin de mieux appréhender les différences de comportement observées pour les divers dialkylzincs à l'échelle préparative. / The research work reported in this thesis is essentially concerned with the use of dialkylzincs in radical reactions. The peculiar behavior of these organometallic reagents resides in the fact that they are good precursors of alkyl radicals in the presence of oxygen and that they are good partners for bimolecular homolytic substitution reactions that enable to generate polar species from radical ones. Thereby, dialkylzincs are reagents of choice to perform radical-polar cascades in aerobic medium.This methodology has been applied to the one-pot stereoselective synthesis of disubstituted γ-lactones and pyrrolizidines from diethylfumarate and to the original formation of tri- and tetrasubstituted fumaric derivatives from diethylacetylene dicarboxylate. Ketoesters have also been prepared from bromoethylacrylate and sylilated ketones. The use of alkyl azide as radical acceptor in this process failed but a new reactivity of alkyl azides was detected during this study, i.e, their original conversion into the corresponding alkyl iodides in the presence of t-BuI.Finally, mechanistic studies have been achieved to investigate the mechanism of the oxidation of dialkylzincs. EPR experiments have been performed with the aim to gain a better understanding of the behavior observed for various dialkylzincs at preparative scale.