Background: Pectus excavatum is the most common deformation of the chest, affecting mainly boys. The etiology is unclear. Objective: The aim of this study is to characterize the patients with pectus excavatum and clarify changes of posture after surgical correction by Nuss. Method: 19 patients (17.3 ± 1.9 years) with pectus excavatum chest deformity were tested a day before and 6 months after surgical correction of the chest according to Nuss. Testing included: clinical examination of range of motion in the shoulder and hip joint, range of motion of the spine Thomayer test, Shober and Stibor distances, as well as paraclinic test mCTSIB on Balance Master ® System and the questionnaire method by means of Pectus Excavatum Evaluation Questionnaire. Statistical significance was determined at 0.05. Results and Discussion: The results show that the correction of the chest has a significant influence on the evaluation of and satisfaction with appearance, increases range of motion of shoulder joints and spine, and positively affects postural stability and balance. Conclusion: A simple and non-invasive tests have shown that the effect of correction of the chest is not just a cosmetic nature and can be an incentive to continue to study this issue.

The polycultural settlement area in Libeznice (Prague-East district) represents a relatively large complex of many different settlement structures, mostly of Funnel Beaker culture and Hallstat period, as well as three Unetice culture tombs and a skeleton burial probably of La-Téne period. An archaeological excavation, which was caused by the construction of a ring road, took place in the years 2008 and 2009. During the works several dozens of settlement structures of Funnel Beaker culture were uncovered - a large open settlement with a number of long houses and other structures. This thesis follows my bachelor thesis, where a chosen group of sixteen structures is analysed. In this thesis a remaining group of nineteen settlement structures is dealt with and published and its ceramic artefacts and also chipped stone industry, polished stone industry and bone industry are analysed in detail. On the basis of its morphological features coincident with previous results was this settlement dated to the younger period of Funnel Beaker culture, i.e. to the salzmünde phase, followed by a small collection of ceramics of Boleráz phase (Baden culture). Middle Eneolithic period - Funnel Beaker culture - Salzmünde phase - habitation area - Bohemia

This thesis deals mainly with the Middle Neolithic period (ca. 3200-2300 BC) on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The aim is to deepen the understanding of how the islanders related to their surroundings, to the landscape, to places, to objects, to animals and to humans, both living and dead. The archaeological material is studied downwards and up with a focus on practices, especially the handling and deposition of materials and objects in graves, within sites and in the landscape. The study is comparative and the Middle Neolithic is described in relation to the Early Neolithic and the Mesolithic period on the island. From a long term perspective the island is presented as a region where strong continuity can be identified, regarding both way of life and economy. In contrast, substantial changes did occur through time regarding the islander’s conceptions of the world and of social relations. This in turn affected the way they looked upon the landscape, different sites and animals, as well as other human beings. During the Mesolithic, the islanders first saw it as possible to create their world, their micro-cosmos, wherever they were, and they saw themselves as living in symbiosis with seals. With time, though, they started to relate, to connect and to identify themselves with the island, its landscape and its material, with axe sites and a growing group identity as results. The growing group identity culminated during the Early Neolithic with a dualistic conception of the world and with ritualised depositions in border zones. The Middle Neolithic is presented as a period when earlier boundaries were dissolved. This concerned, for example, boundaries towards the world around the islanders and they were no longer keeping themselves to their own sphere. At the same time individuals became socially important. It became accepted and also vital to give expression to personal identity, which was done through objects, materials and animals. Despite this, group identity continued to be an important part in their lives. This is most evident through the specific Pitted Ware sites, where the dead were also treated and buried. These places were sites for ritual and social practices, situated in visible, central and easy accessible locations, like gates in and out of the islands’ different areas. The dead were very important for the islanders. In the beginning of MN B they started to adopt aspects from the Battle Axe culture, but they never embraced Battle Axe grave customs. Instead they held on to the Pitted Ware way of dealing with the dead and buried, and to the Pitted Ware sites, through the whole period, with large burial grounds as a result.

Pectus excavatum é a deformidade congênita na parede torácica anterior mais comum e seu tratamento é essencialmente cirúrgico. Tratamentos cirúrgicos e repouso prolongado no leito levam a alterações metabólicas, músculoesqueléticas, cardiovasculares e respiratórias, que podem prolongar o tempo necessário para a recuperação funcional dos pacientes no pós-operatório, aumentar o tempo de internação e os custos em saúde. A reabilitação precoce após cirurgias, com a realização de exercícios físicos e respiratórios, reduzir estes efeitos adversos, garante melhor recuperação pós-operatória, com aumento da independência dos pacientes, maior bem-estar psicológico e melhores resultados funcionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se os pacientes submetidos a reabilitação precoce após correção cirúrgica de Pectus excavatum pela técnica de Nuss apresentam melhor capacidade funcional de exercício e função pulmonar no dia da alta hospitalar quando comparados com os pacientes submetidos a cuidados convencionais. Os Candidatos a correção cirúrgica foram alocados aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: o grupo reabilitação precoce (GRP), que iniciou a intervenção logo após a cirurgia e o grupo de cuidados convencionais (GC), que recebeu os cuidados de rotina da instituição. O teste de função pulmonar por meio da espirometria simples e a avaliação da capacidade funcional de exercício pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6), foram realizados antes da cirurgia (pré-operatório) e no dia da alta hospitalar (pós-operatório). Quarenta pacientes foram analisados, 20 em cada grupo. No teste de função pulmonar, todos os pacientes apresentaram redução significativa dos valores de CVF, VEF1 e PFE no pós-operatório, sem diferença entre os grupos. Todos os pacientes apresentaram redução significativa da distância percorrida no TC6 pós-operatório comparada com a distância percorrida no pré-operatório (p < 0,005). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o GRP e GC na avaliação pós-operatória (506.26 ± 66.54 vs 431.11 ± 75.61, p=0.02), e a diferença entre as distâncias percorridas no pré-operatório e no dia da alta hospitalar foi significativamente menor no GRP em comparação com o GC (76.57 ± 49.41 vs 166.82 ± 70.13, p < 0.001). Concluímos que os pacientes submetidos a reabilitação precoce após técnica de Nuss apresentam melhor capacidade funcional de exercício no dia da alta hospitalar em comparação com os pacientes do grupo convencional, sem diferença da função pulmonar entre os grupos / Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital chest wall deformity and its treatment is essentially surgical. Surgical treatments and postoperative bed rest lead to metabolic, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory alterations, with the possibility of prolonging the time required for postoperative patient recovery, increasing hospitalization time and health expenditure. Early rehabilitation after surgeries, which involves physical and breathing exercises, reduces these adverse effects and ensure better postoperative recovery, with increased independence of patients, greater psychological well-being and better functional outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess whether patients undergoing early rehabilitation after Pectus excavatum repair using the Nuss procedure have better functional exercise capacity and lung function on hospital discharge day compared with patients undergoing conventional care. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: the early rehabilitation group (ERG) which started rehabilitation after surgery and the group of conventional care (CG) which received routine care of the institution. The lung function was assessed by simple spirometry and the functional exercise capacity by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) were performed before surgery (preoperative) and in hospital discharge day (postoperative). Forty patients were evaluated, 20 in each group. All patients presented a significant reduction in FVC, FEV1 and PEF in the postoperative lung function test and there was no statistically significant difference between groups. All patients showed significant reduction in postoperative distance walked in 6MWT compared with the preoperative distance (p < 0.005). There was statistically significant different in functional exercise capacity between the ERG and CG in the postoperative evaluation (506.26 ± 66.54 vs 431.11 ± 75.61, p=0.02) and the difference between distance walked in the preoperative and postoperative period was significantly lower in the ERC compared to the CG (76.57 ± 49.41 vs 166.82 ± 70.13, p < 0.001). We conclude that patients undergoing early rehabilitation after Nuss procedure presented better postoperative functional exercise capacity in hospital discharge day compared to patients in the conventional group, with no difference in lung function between groups

This thesis analyses the Funnel Beaker Culture on the island of Gotland. Since no comprehensive studies of the remains of the pottery have been made, this is one of the reasons why I chose to study this topic. The purpose of this study is to analyze the pottery and to discuss the chronological and spatial implications. Four sites from the Funnel Beaker Culture on Gotland are studied; Mölner/Gullarve, Gräne, Ardags and Suderkvie. Ceramic samples are analyzed with respect to its ornament and it is discussed if the pottery found at various sites are contemporary. This is done by comparing with pottery from Funnel Beaker sites in Scania. A comparison with Öland is also made, mainly with the site of Runsbäck. Another well excavated Funnel Beaker site is discussed, Skogsmossen in Västmanland. Finally, I have done a detailed spatial analysis of the site Mölner/Gullarve, with focus on the area of Gullarve, to understand the distribution of the ceramics and some of the flint material. This is an attempt to discuss the relations between Gullarve and Mölner, as well as all the sites regionally and their possible interregional relationships with Öland and the Swedish mainland. This thesis has shown that it is possible that the site of Mölner/Gullarve might belong to the earlier part of the early Neolithic era whilst the sites Gräne and Suderkvie might belong to the later part of the same period. Ardags has been a complicated site to date and seem to have been of importance to the people for a long time. The spatial analysis of Mölner/Gullarve has shown that some flint-artifacts have seemingly been more common on Gullarve whilst ceramics seems to have been more common on Mölner. Other things that have been discussed is the possibility of a megalithic tomb near the site of Suderkvie and that the site of Ardags should be further discussed out of a perspective of possible ertebølle-pottery. / Skärvor av en forntid

Investigating Neolithic pottery and vessel use could elucidate the duality between the farming Funnel Beaker Culture and the hunter-gathering Pitted Ware Culture during the Neolithic. The two archaeological groups differ on several accounts that are of great importance when interpreting past societies. However, it is the suggested differential subsistence economies that are of specific interest for this particular investigation. A comparative study based on the absorbed fatty acids in the ceramic material from two different Neolithic sites addresses the food cultures of the farming subsistence and the contrasting, contemporary hunter-gatherer society and the differences in resource-use. The investigation argues that food acts as an active social binder, and stress the importance of incorporating this aspect when discussing past cultures. The results of the analyses display difference in vessel use between the two sites as well as an intra-site difference at Korsnäs. It is argued that these differences are indicative of deviating food-cultures and spatial organisation at Korsnäs respectively. These results are combined with the previously conducted osteological analyses and stable isotopic analyses an approach that contribute to a more dynamic understanding of the Neolithic food cultures than what has been available before. Investigating Neolithic pottery and vessel use could elucidate the duality between the farming Funnel Beaker Culture and the hunter-gathering Pitted Ware Culture during the Neolithic. The two archaeological groups differ on several accounts that are of great importance when interpreting past societies. However, it is the suggested differential subsistence economies that are of specific interest for this particular investigation. A comparative study based on the absorbed fatty acids in the ceramic material from two different Neolithic sites addresses the food cultures of the farming subsistence and the contrasting, contemporary hunter-gatherer society and the differences in resource-use. The investigation argues that food acts as an active social binder, and stress the importance of incorporating this aspect when discussing past cultures. The results of the analyses display difference in vessel use between the two sites as well as an intra-site difference at Korsnäs. It is argued that these differences are indicative of deviating food-cultures and spatial organisation at Korsnäs respectively. These results are combined with the previously conducted osteological analyses and stable isotopic analyses an approach that contribute to a more dynamic understanding of the Neolithic food cultures than what has been available before.

Fresh properties of mortars are important factors in altering the performance of self compacting concrete (SCC). Measurement of the rheological properties of the fine mortar part of concrete is generally used in the mix design of SCC. It can be stated that SCC rheology can be optimized if the fine mortar part of concrete is designed properly. However, measurement of the rheological properties is often impractical due to the need for complex equipment. Therefore, more practical methods of assessing mortar workability are often preferred. In this study, four mineral admixtures, three superplasticizers (SP) and two viscosity modifying admixtures (VMA) were used to prepare self compacting mortar (SCM). The mineral admixtures included fly-ash, brick powder, limestone powder, and kaolinite. Two of the SPs were polycarboxylate based and another one was melamine formaldehyde based. One of the viscosity modifying admixtures was based on an aqueous dispersion of microscopic silica and the other one was based on high molecular weight hydroxylated polymer. Within the scope of the experimental program, 43 mixes of SCM were prepared from different materials with keeping the amount of mixing water constant. Workability of the fresh mortar were determined using V - funnel and slump flow tests. The setting time of the mortars, were also determined. The hardened properties that were determined included the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and the strength which was determined at 7, 28, and 56 days. It was concluded that among the mineral admixtures used, only fly-ash and limestone powder increased the workability of the mixes. The two polycarboxylate based SPs yield approximately the same workability and the melamine formaldehyde based SP was not as effective as the other two.

The Swedish Moderate Party had for a long time varied widely in election results. This essay emerges that the theory of dealignment and realignment explains the variation. Dealignment meaning that contemporary voters in western democracies don’t establish relations with political parties in a wide form as traditional. This essay show that the traditional ways of political identity and later voting acts are not important in the same way as before. The Moderate party has in the public eye been a party that people tend to have strong feelings about. The established explanation, the right left scale and class, were found to be less likely to explain why people like or don ́t like the Moderate Party. It is part of a major social change that has been established in most Western democracies. Essentially, this is about new post material value based parties. This study shows that it also affects a large established party like the Moderate Party and a part of a realignment in Swedish politics where new patterns are established. Also that it is an ongoing development were social background and political scale of the traditional values are becoming more and more ineffective in the cause of contemporary voters' behavior.

Pectus excavatum é a deformidade congênita na parede torácica anterior mais comum e seu tratamento é essencialmente cirúrgico. Tratamentos cirúrgicos e repouso prolongado no leito levam a alterações metabólicas, músculoesqueléticas, cardiovasculares e respiratórias, que podem prolongar o tempo necessário para a recuperação funcional dos pacientes no pós-operatório, aumentar o tempo de internação e os custos em saúde. A reabilitação precoce após cirurgias, com a realização de exercícios físicos e respiratórios, reduzir estes efeitos adversos, garante melhor recuperação pós-operatória, com aumento da independência dos pacientes, maior bem-estar psicológico e melhores resultados funcionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se os pacientes submetidos a reabilitação precoce após correção cirúrgica de Pectus excavatum pela técnica de Nuss apresentam melhor capacidade funcional de exercício e função pulmonar no dia da alta hospitalar quando comparados com os pacientes submetidos a cuidados convencionais. Os Candidatos a correção cirúrgica foram alocados aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: o grupo reabilitação precoce (GRP), que iniciou a intervenção logo após a cirurgia e o grupo de cuidados convencionais (GC), que recebeu os cuidados de rotina da instituição. O teste de função pulmonar por meio da espirometria simples e a avaliação da capacidade funcional de exercício pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6), foram realizados antes da cirurgia (pré-operatório) e no dia da alta hospitalar (pós-operatório). Quarenta pacientes foram analisados, 20 em cada grupo. No teste de função pulmonar, todos os pacientes apresentaram redução significativa dos valores de CVF, VEF1 e PFE no pós-operatório, sem diferença entre os grupos. Todos os pacientes apresentaram redução significativa da distância percorrida no TC6 pós-operatório comparada com a distância percorrida no pré-operatório (p < 0,005). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o GRP e GC na avaliação pós-operatória (506.26 ± 66.54 vs 431.11 ± 75.61, p=0.02), e a diferença entre as distâncias percorridas no pré-operatório e no dia da alta hospitalar foi significativamente menor no GRP em comparação com o GC (76.57 ± 49.41 vs 166.82 ± 70.13, p < 0.001). Concluímos que os pacientes submetidos a reabilitação precoce após técnica de Nuss apresentam melhor capacidade funcional de exercício no dia da alta hospitalar em comparação com os pacientes do grupo convencional, sem diferença da função pulmonar entre os grupos / Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital chest wall deformity and its treatment is essentially surgical. Surgical treatments and postoperative bed rest lead to metabolic, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory alterations, with the possibility of prolonging the time required for postoperative patient recovery, increasing hospitalization time and health expenditure. Early rehabilitation after surgeries, which involves physical and breathing exercises, reduces these adverse effects and ensure better postoperative recovery, with increased independence of patients, greater psychological well-being and better functional outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess whether patients undergoing early rehabilitation after Pectus excavatum repair using the Nuss procedure have better functional exercise capacity and lung function on hospital discharge day compared with patients undergoing conventional care. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: the early rehabilitation group (ERG) which started rehabilitation after surgery and the group of conventional care (CG) which received routine care of the institution. The lung function was assessed by simple spirometry and the functional exercise capacity by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) were performed before surgery (preoperative) and in hospital discharge day (postoperative). Forty patients were evaluated, 20 in each group. All patients presented a significant reduction in FVC, FEV1 and PEF in the postoperative lung function test and there was no statistically significant difference between groups. All patients showed significant reduction in postoperative distance walked in 6MWT compared with the preoperative distance (p < 0.005). There was statistically significant different in functional exercise capacity between the ERG and CG in the postoperative evaluation (506.26 ± 66.54 vs 431.11 ± 75.61, p=0.02) and the difference between distance walked in the preoperative and postoperative period was significantly lower in the ERC compared to the CG (76.57 ± 49.41 vs 166.82 ± 70.13, p < 0.001). We conclude that patients undergoing early rehabilitation after Nuss procedure presented better postoperative functional exercise capacity in hospital discharge day compared to patients in the conventional group, with no difference in lung function between groups

Nous nous intéressons à l'écoulement de milieux granulaires cohésifs soumis à des vibrations horizontales en vue d'une application au remplissage des moules de presse. L'effet des vibrations est analysé pour un grain ou un milieu granulaire déposé sur un plan incliné et un milieu granulaire contenu dans une conduite verticale de section constante. Pour un grain polyédrique, trois régimes sont identifiés : stick, stick-slip et slip. Un modèle basé sur le bilan des forces appliquées à un grain a permis de préciser les limites de ces trois domaines. La vitesse des grains tend vers une asymptote lorsque l'inclinaison est inférieure à 0,7 fois l'angle de frottement entre les grains et le plan. Par ailleurs, l'inertie du grain conduit à une réduction de l'amplitude de son oscillation lorsque l'accélération augmente. La comparaison modèle-expérience permet d'estimer le coefficient de frottement. Pour un milieu granulaire de faible épaisseur, nous retrouvons les mêmes tendances. Les milieux granulaires épais sont le lieu de forts cisaillements provoquant leur étalement très rapide. En conduite verticale, une compétition s'établit entre les déplacements horizontal et vertical des particules. Selon l'inertie, les vibrations appliquées pourront conduire soit à une dilatance soit à une compaction. Cette dernière provient du déplacement de la conduite et du milieu granulaire en sens opposé pendant une partie d'une période de vibration. Si le phénomène de compaction atteint le centre de la conduite, il se forme des arches qui bloquent l'écoulement. Les observations faites à l'échelle mésoscopique permettent d'interpréter les vitesses d'écoulement mesurées à l'échelle macroscopique. / With the target to improve the feeding step during the moulding process, we study the flow of cohesive granular matter submitted to vibration. Vibration effects are first analyzed on the sliding motion of a single particle on inclined plane and also on granular matter sample deposited on an inclined plane or in a vertical funnel. For a single particle, three regimes are identified: stick, stick-slip and slip regimes. A simple model based on the movement equation of one grain allows to determinate the limits between the three regimes. The grain velocity reaches asymptote when the plane inclination is below 0.7 times the friction angle between the grain and the substrate. Otherwise, when the acceleration increases, the grain inertia leads to reduce the transverse amplitude of the grain oscillation motion. The comparison between experimental and numerical results allows to estimate a value for the friction coefficient parameter. For a granular sample, we find the same tendencies. Thick granular layers are submitted to high shear, causing a fast spreading. In vertical funnel, there is a competition between vertical and horizontal motions. Depending on granular inertia, submitted vibrations could lead to dilatancy due to the shear or lead to compaction. This compaction is due to an opposite motion direction between the sample and the funnel during one part of the period vibration. If the compaction reaches the center of the funnel, arches are formed and jammed the flow. Observations realized at mesoscopic scale allow to interpret flow velocities measured at macroscopic scale.