This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them.

Th. doct.--Louvain--Université catholique, 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 425-447. Index.

Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--Albert-Ludwig-Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau, 1992. / Contient un catalogue des pièces à inscriptions. Bibliogr. p. 221-266. Index du catalogue.

This study investigates the role of the speech community in maintaining obsolescent languages in general, and Gallo in particular. A questionnaire was designed to elicit information from the Gallo speech community in three key areas: speakers’ beliefs regarding their own use of language, speakers’ attitudes towards Gallo and its status, and speaker’s own proficiency in Gallo. The sample for this study was obtained through Gallo social networks which were identified and contacted thanks to the support of Gallo organisations based in Rennes. The questionnaire was administered to a mixture of older native speakers, employed semi-speakers and student-aged learners of Gallo. The results show that level of education remains the main factor affecting speaker attitudes and language use. Speakers with higher levels of education tend to be the ones engaged in revitalisation efforts while speakers with less education maintain a distance from such activities as well as a strong allegiance to the national language. The study also highlighted the division within the speech community concerning orthographic convention. Although a highly distinct written form is viewed by some as essential to distancing Gallo from French, it would seem that the majority of the speech community prefers accessibility over distanciation. This study provides insight into the impact which a speech community can have on the vitality or obsolescence of a variety. In the case of Gallo, it shows how a group of determined individuals can be influential in maintaining an obsolescent variety despite strong and continued pressure from official institutions.

Le but premier de ce travail est de préciser l’importance des productions végétales au sein des agglomérations secondaires gallo-romaines du centre bassin parisien. Le corpus est motivé par des choix chronologiques et géographiques : l’ensemble des sites est localisé au sein du bassin parisien et occupé entre le Ier et le Ve siècle ap. J.-C. Qu’entendons-nous par productions végétales ? Nous percevons trois cas différents : les productions végétales agricoles et donc alimentaires, que nous retrouvons par exemple dans les contextes urbains sous la forme des céréales produites, en l’état actuel de nos connaissances, dans les exploitations agricoles ; les productions vivrières, toujours alimentaires, produites directement dans les agglomérations (comme les potagers et les vergers) ; les productions végétales qui servent non pas à l’alimentation mais à l’artisanat. C'est le cas du bois du noisetier en vannerie. Le raisonnement autour des productions vivrières est une question centrale : que produisaient les urbains ? Où ? Quelle pouvait être l’importance de ces productions végétales alimentaires ? Afin d'y répondre, notre réflexion se porte sur les espaces non couverts des agglomérations secondaires. Il est certain en effet que la mise en culture des espèces végétales potagères et fruitières nécessite une source de lumière : elle n’est donc praticable que dans des espaces non couverts ou « non bâtis ». / The original intention of this work is to specify the importance of the vegetable productions within the Gallo-Roman small town of the center Paris region. The corpus is justified by chronological and geographical choices: the whole of the sites is localised within the Paris region and occupied between 1th and 5 th century. What we hear by vegetable productions ? We perceive three different cases : vegetable productions agricultural and thus food; productions food, directly produced in the small town (like the kitchen gardens and the orchards); the vegetable productions which are used not for the food but for the craft industry. The reasoning around the food productions is a key question : what produced the urban? Where? Which could be the importance of these vegetable food productions ? In order to answer it, our reflexion goes on not covers spaces of the small towns.

Cette étude à pour objectif de mieux mesurer la place et l'importance du culte des eaux au sein du paysage religieux de l'est de la Gaule, en proposant des scenarii d'évolution du phénomène et des pratiques qui lui sont liées. Au-delà, il s'agira aussi d'aborder plus généralement la question des mutations qui touchent la géographie sacrée de la Gaule suite à son intégration dans la Romanitas. Le cule des eaux en Gaule est un concept nourri par les contradictions. Nous nous sommes donc efforcés de forger notre propre opinion sur ce concept équivoque. Tout d'abord, nous avons exploré ce tour d'horizon par une relecture des sources antiques, ce qui a achevé de nous convaincre que le culte des eaux devait être perçu comme un concept religieux flexible. En Gaule, les communautés se seraient appropriées ce concept et l'auraient adapté à leurs besoins, même si un certain nombre de conventions religieuses paraissaient transcender les époques et les cultures. Afin de vérifier le bienfondé de cette hypothèse, nous l'avons éprouvée face aux données archéologiques sur une sélection de sites centrés sur l'est de la Gaule, ce qui nous a permis d'identifier deux grandes phases chronologiques importantes rythmant l'évolution du culte des eaux en Gaule.La première phase s'étend du Ier siècle avant notre ère à la première moitié du Ier siècle, au moment où cette nouvelle facette du culte est en plein essor. Avant que le discours religieux n'atteigne une forme de maturité, lors de la seconde phase chronologique qui débute au cours du troisième quart du Ier siècle. / This study aims to evaluate the importance of sacred water and cults connected with waters as part of eastern Gaul religious landscape, through the evolution of cult places and ritual practices. By extension, our goals is toprovide a better understanding of the transformations impacting religious activities and how it connects to the promotion of Romanitas by Gallic communities.The religious history of Gaul is well-known for conveying problematic concepts such as "naturist cults" or, in our case, "water cults". Therefore, we strived to study modern literary sources in order to deconstruct historiographical myths. Then, we completed this overview through a diligent re-reading of ancient sources. At this point, we were convinced that "water cult" was a flexible religious concept. Gallic communities would seize the idea of sacred water and cults connected with waters, and adapt it to their needs, even is shared religious norms seem to transcend time and cultures. In order to put this hypothesis to test, we challenged it against archaeological data through a selection of cult places from eastern Gaul, which, in return, allowed us to identify two main chronological phases forming the pattern of the evolution of water cults in Gallo-Roman religious landscape. The first chronological phase stretch from the first century B.C. to the first half of the first century A.D., when this new facet becomes an increasingly growing trend. Afterwards, that new religious discourse reaches a form of maturity starting from the second half of the first century.

This study focuses on the representations of the Gallo language spoken in the Eastern part of Brittany among elder native speakers (group 1) and students of Gallo (group 2). Jones & Singh (2005) and Williams (2000) both stress the importance of an asserted community identity for language transmission and the active involvement of community members in the revitalization process. In light of these two studies and the revitalization models proposed by Grenoble & Whaley (2005), the present research establishes that, in order to obtain a more appropriate and possibly successful revitalization program, it is necessary to consult and probe the approval of native speakers of Gallo. Informants from both groups show little involvement in language planning activities; in contrast, revitalization efforts in the last decades have increased within associative and militant groups. Based on the findings of Jones & Singh (2005) and Williams (2000) on Jersey Norman French and Welsh respectively, this study provides evidence that Gallo is on the verge of achieving a different status. The framework used for the fieldwork was adapted from Boas TGPD project on Texas German (2001). Most of the interviews were conducted in a private setting. Two groups of individuals were involved in this study: older, native speakers (41) and students (17), and half of the respondents participated in a follow-up interview (1-2 hours). The results of field research on language attitudes show a positive Gallo identity: 50% of the native speakers answered that Gallo was part of their identity as much as French and 78.6% of the students selected the same statement. Only 20% of group 1 and 21.4% of group 2 declared that Gallo was not an important part of their identity. In the same set of questions on identity and representations, 90% of group 1 and 85.7% of group 2 expressed positive linguistic attitudes when asked whether or not speaking and/or understanding Gallo was valuable. Overall, above 80% of the informants think that the knowledge of Gallo is an advantage. This research demonstrates that the speech community expresses a more positive Gallo identity than expected, one of the main factors necessary to secure language maintenance. / text

Texte remanié de: Th. Etat--Lettres--Paris-Sorbonne, 1987. / Bibliogr. p. 273-277. Index.

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Les recherches menées ont pour objectif de dresser un bilan, le plus exhaustif possible, sur la céramique gallo-romaine de la partie occidentale de la province de Lyonnaise définie par les territoires des civitates des Vénètes, des Coriosolites, des Osismes et des Riédons. Cette synthèse régionale à d'abord consisté en l'élaboration d'un catalogue de formes, puis d'une approche typo-chronologique. Ce premier corpus est constitué de 792 formes qui se répartissent en 20 grandes catégories techniques et fonctionnelles. Un système de classement ouvert a été employé afin de pouvoir être complété en fonction des nouvelles découvertes. L'analyse de 34 assemblages de céramique issus de 21 sites a permis de définir huit horizons chronologiques couvrant la période de la seconde moitié du Ier s. av. J.-C. jusqu'aux premières décennies du IVe s. ap. J.-C. Ces horizons offrent un premier aperçu de l'évolution des céramiques consommées et des stratégies d'approvisionnement au cours de cette période. / The research aim to take stock, as exhaustive as possible, on the Gallo-Roman ceramic of the western part of Lyonnaise province defined by the territories of the civitates of the Veneti, of Coriosolite, of Osismii and Redones. This regional summary presents the development of a catalogue of forms and a typo chronological approach. This first corpus is composed of 792 forms divided into 20 major technical and functional categories. An open ranking system was used in order to make additions according to new discoveries. The analysis of 34 pottery assemblages from 21 sites defined eight horizons from the second half of the 1st century BC until the first decades of the 4th century AD. They offer a first look of the evolution of consumed ceramics and supplying strategies during this period.