Syften: Syftet med studiet är dels att redogöra för huvudorsaken som har gett upphov till uppkomsten av snabblånebranschen. Dels att framställa väsentliga faktorer som har föranlett att branschen kan stanna kvar på snabblånemarknaden. Metod: Med avseende på studiets två frågeställningar har vi använt oss dels av kvalitativ ansats för att kunna beskriva noggrant anledningen till uppkomsten av snabblånebranschen via en tolkning av en del intervjufrågor. Dels tillämpades en kvantitativ ansats för att komma till viktiga faktorer som resulterat i att företagen inom denna bransch stannat kvar på kreditmarknaden. Teoretisk referensram: Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av vetenskapliga artiklar och  böcker som handlat om informationens asymmetriska påverkan, finansiella gap och  entreprenöriska möjligheter. Vidare har relevant material från Finansinspektionen,  Kronofogden och Konsumentverket använts som grund till den kvalitativa undersökningen  för det empiriska studien. Empiriska studier: Den empiriska studien utförts på åtta av branschens fyrtiofyra företag snabblåneföretag, som tillhör branschorganisationen S.K.E.F. Slutsats: Till följd av asymmetrisk information mellan parter (kreditgivare & kredittagare) avstår stora och traditionella kreditinstitutioner från att förmedla krediter till vissa kredittagare som har låg kredittrovärdighet. Därigenom skapas en marknad som utmärks av obalans mellan utbud av kapital och efterfrågan på kapital vilket leder till uppkomsten av ett finansiellt gap. Entreprenörer upptäcker affärsmöjligheter genom att skapa nya tjänster som efterfrågas av marknaden. På så vis fyller snabblåneföretagen det finansiella gapet på kreditmarknaden som inte fylls av andra kreditinstitutioner. Studiens resultat visar att snabblåneföretag erhåller låga vinster. Men om företagen motverkar kreditrisker genom regelrätta och noggranna kreditbedömningar leder detta troligtvis till högre vinst. / Purposes: The purpose of the study is partly to account for the main reason that has given rise to the emergence of instant loans industry. Secondly to produce significant factors have led the sector to remain on the instant lending market.  Methods: With respect to the study's two issues, we have used both a qualitative approach to describe accurately the reason for the emergence of instant lending industry through the interpretation of some interview questions. We have partly applied a qualitative approach to understand the important factors that constitute the fact that the sector manage to remain in the credit market. Theoretical framework: The study's theoretical framework is made up of scientific articles and books that dealt with media information’s asymmetric impact, financial gaps and entrepreneur opportunities. Furthermore, the relevant material from the Financial Supervisory Authority, The Swedish Enforcement Authority and Swedish Consumer Agency has been used in order to obtain a qualitative survey of the empirical study.   Empirical studies: Our empirical study consists of eight out of the industry's forty-four instant loan companies that belong to the trade organization S.K.E.F. Conclusion: As a result of asymmetric information between the parties refrain large and traditional credit institutions from providing loans to borrowers by low of credibility. A market characterized by imbalance between supply of capital and demand for capital lead to an emergence of a financial gap within the market. Entrepreneurs find business opportunities by creating new services demanded by the market. Thus fills the instant loans companies the financial gap on the credit market that is not filled by other credit institutions. The result of this study concludes that firms obtain low profits. But if companies counteracts credit risk this will likely lead to a higher profit by making regular and thorough credit checks on the borrower.

SILVA, Mauricélio Bezerra da. Propriedades estruturais, eletrônicas e ópticas dos cristais anidros das bases pirimidínicas: simulações na teoria do funcional da densidade. 2016. 143 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-03-18T16:29:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_mbsilva.pdf: 5690802 bytes, checksum: 94fbc87b68d0551214a7a67d6328e488 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-03-18T16:47:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_mbsilva.pdf: 5690802 bytes, checksum: 94fbc87b68d0551214a7a67d6328e488 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-18T16:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_mbsilva.pdf: 5690802 bytes, checksum: 94fbc87b68d0551214a7a67d6328e488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Uracil (U), thymine (T) and cytosine (C) are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type. These along with the other two bases purines adenine (A) and guanine (G), form the essential basis of the ribonucleic acid molecule (RNA) and acid deoxyribonucleic (DNA), which contains the genetic information used by living cells. DNA and RNA crystals have enough attractive semiconductor characteristics in the field of organic electronics, and for this reason are strong candidates in the manufacture of molecular nanodevices. However, advancements in this area are still premature. This work presents the structural, electronic and optical of the anhydrous crystals of pyrimidine nucleotide bases. The theoretical results were obtained after calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), with an energy cut of 830 eV, using the approximations of local density (LDA) and generalized gradient (GGA), this last one including empirical corrections to dispersive interactions (PBE + TS) available at CASTEP package. The computational results were then compared with the crystals experiments of optical absorption and UV absorption. Theoretical studies applied to the crystals cytosine, thymine, adenine and guanine are already available in the literature. However, it is still missing a description using a more sophisticated functional as was used in this work. The absorption values obtained for the uracil, thymine and cytosine crystals shows that these have, respectively, indirect, direct and indirect gaps with values of 4.03 eV, 3.80 eV and 4.20 eV. As expected, the theoretical results exhibited energy gaps lower than the experimental values: 3.45 eV (U), 3.47 eV (C) and 3.50 eV (T). Effective mass calculations confirm literature data that the bases are generally wide gap semiconductor. Finally, the results obtained by DFT suggest a reasonable degree of optical anisotropy for the absorption and complex dielectric function, especially in uracil and thymine. As expected, the theoretical results exhibited energy gaps lower than the experimental values: 3.45 eV (U), 3.47 eV (C) and 3.50 eV. (T). Effective mass calculations confirm the literature data that the bases are semiconductor with wide gaps. Finally, the results obtained by DFT suggest a reasonable degree of optical anisotropy for the absorption and complex dielectric function, especially in the uracil and thymine cases. / Uracila (U), timina (T) e citosina (C) são bases nitrogenadas do tipo pirimidínicas. Essas juntamente com as outras duas bases púricas adenina (A) e guanina (G), formam as bases essenciais da molécula do ácido ribonucleico (ARN) e ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN), que contém as informações genéticas usadas pelas células vivas. Os cristais de ADN e ARN apresentam características semicondutoras bastantes atrativas na área de eletrônica orgânica, e por este motivo são fortes candidatos na fabricação de nanodispositivos moleculares. No entanto, os avanços nessa área ainda são prematuros. Nesse trabalho são apresentadas as propriedades estruturais, eletrônicas e ópticas dos cristais anidros das bases nucleotídicas pirimidínicas. Os resultados teóricos foram obtidos após cálculos baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade DFT, sob uma energia de corte de 830 eV, utilizando a aproximações da densidade local (LDA) e do gradiente generalizado (GGA), nessa última foi incluindo correções empíricas para interações dispersivas (PBE+TS) disponíveis no pacote CASTEP. Os resultados computacionais foram comparados então com os experimentos de absorção ótica e de absorção UV para os cristais. Estudos teóricos aplicados a cristais de citosina, timina, adenina e guanina já estão disponíveis na literatura. No entanto, faltava ainda uma descrição utilizando funcionais mais sofisticado como o adotado neste trabalho. Os valores de absorção apresentados para os cristais de uracila, timina e citosina mostra que estes possuem, respectivamente, gaps indireto, direto e indireto com valores obtidos de 4,03 eV, 3,80 eV e 4,20 eV. Como esperado, os resultados GGA+TS mostraram gaps de energia menores dos que os valores experimentais: 3,45 eV (U), 3,47 eV (C) e 3,50 eV (T). Cálculos de massa efetiva confirmam os dados da literatura de que as bases, em geral, são semicondutores de gaps largos. Por fim, os resultados obtidos por DFT sugerem um razoável grau de anisotropia óptica para a absorção e função dielétrica complexa, especialmente na uracila e timina.

Uracila (U), timina (T) e citosina (C) sÃo bases nitrogenadas do tipo pirimidÃnicas. Essas juntamente com as outras duas bases pÃricas adenina (A) e guanina (G), formam as bases essenciais da molÃcula do Ãcido ribonucleico (ARN) e Ãcido desoxirribonucleico (ADN), que contÃm as informaÃÃes genÃticas usadas pelas cÃlulas vivas. Os cristais de ADN e ARN apresentam caracterÃsticas semicondutoras bastantes atrativas na Ãrea de eletrÃnica orgÃnica, e por este motivo sÃo fortes candidatos na fabricaÃÃo de nanodispositivos moleculares. No entanto, os avanÃos nessa Ãrea ainda sÃo prematuros. Nesse trabalho sÃo apresentadas as propriedades estruturais, eletrÃnicas e Ãpticas dos cristais anidros das bases nucleotÃdicas pirimidÃnicas. Os resultados teÃricos foram obtidos apÃs cÃlculos baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade DFT, sob uma energia de corte de 830 eV, utilizando a aproximaÃÃes da densidade local (LDA) e do gradiente generalizado (GGA), nessa Ãltima foi incluindo correÃÃes empÃricas para interaÃÃes dispersivas (PBE+TS) disponÃveis no pacote CASTEP. Os resultados computacionais foram comparados entÃo com os experimentos de absorÃÃo Ãtica e de absorÃÃo UV para os cristais. Estudos teÃricos aplicados a cristais de citosina, timina, adenina e guanina jà estÃo disponÃveis na literatura. No entanto, faltava ainda uma descriÃÃo utilizando funcionais mais sofisticado como o adotado neste trabalho. Os valores de absorÃÃo apresentados para os cristais de uracila, timina e citosina mostra que estes possuem, respectivamente, gaps indireto, direto e indireto com valores obtidos de 4,03 eV, 3,80 eV e 4,20 eV. Como esperado, os resultados GGA+TS mostraram gaps de energia menores dos que os valores experimentais: 3,45 eV (U), 3,47 eV (C) e 3,50 eV (T). CÃlculos de massa efetiva confirmam os dados da literatura de que as bases, em geral, sÃo semicondutores de gaps largos. Por fim, os resultados obtidos por DFT sugerem um razoÃvel grau de anisotropia Ãptica para a absorÃÃo e funÃÃo dielÃtrica complexa, especialmente na uracila e timina / Uracil (U), thymine (T) and cytosine (C) are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type. These along with the other two bases purines adenine (A) and guanine (G), form the essential basis of the ribonucleic acid molecule (RNA) and acid deoxyribonucleic (DNA), which contains the genetic information used by living cells. DNA and RNA crystals have enough attractive semiconductor characteristics in the field of organic electronics, and for this reason are strong candidates in the manufacture of molecular nanodevices. However, advancements in this area are still premature. This work presents the structural, electronic and optical of the anhydrous crystals of pyrimidine nucleotide bases. The theoretical results were obtained after calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), with an energy cut of 830 eV, using the approximations of local density (LDA) and generalized gradient (GGA), this last one including empirical corrections to dispersive interactions (PBE + TS) available at CASTEP package. The computational results were then compared with the crystals experiments of optical absorption and UV absorption. Theoretical studies applied to the crystals cytosine, thymine, adenine and guanine are already available in the literature. However, it is still missing a description using a more sophisticated functional as was used in this work. The absorption values obtained for the uracil, thymine and cytosine crystals shows that these have, respectively, indirect, direct and indirect gaps with values of 4.03 eV, 3.80 eV and 4.20 eV. As expected, the theoretical results exhibited energy gaps lower than the experimental values: 3.45 eV (U), 3.47 eV (C) and 3.50 eV (T). Effective mass calculations confirm literature data that the bases are generally wide gap semiconductor. Finally, the results obtained by DFT suggest a reasonable degree of optical anisotropy for the absorption and complex dielectric function, especially in uracil and thymine. As expected, the theoretical results exhibited energy gaps lower than the experimental values: 3.45 eV (U), 3.47 eV (C) and 3.50 eV. (T). Effective mass calculations confirm the literature data that the bases are semiconductor with wide gaps. Finally, the results obtained by DFT suggest a reasonable degree of optical anisotropy for the absorption and complex dielectric function, especially in the uracil and thymine cases.

No description available.

Farmers’ markets have increasingly become a popular venue for purchase of fresh, locally-grown produce, with the number of farmers’ markets in Kentucky reaching an all-time high of 159 in 2016. Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) is a program created by the USDA’s Agriculture Marketing Service to function as a food safety audit for small-scale fresh produce growers, such as those who sell fresh produce at local farmers’ markets. However, under the provisions of the Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011, small-scale farmers who sell an average of $25,000 in annual fresh produce sales across the span of three years are exempt from mandatory food safety certification. Many smallscale farmers in Kentucky fall below this threshold, and do not hold food safety certification. This study had two objectives: to investigate the practices, perceptions, and implementation of GAPs among small-scale Kentucky farmers who sell at farmers’ markets; and to create and evaluate the effectiveness of commodity-specific informational factsheets to disseminate food safety knowledge among small-scale Kentucky farmers. Data from the perceptions, practices, and implementation survey were analyzed from 160 completed surveys of small-scale fresh produce growers on-site at farmers’ markets in 21 counties across the state of Kentucky (see Appendix A). The results were mixed, with 90% of participants indicated familiarity with GAPs, but only 47% opting to practice water quality GAPs and 55% choosing to observe soil amendment GAPs. Participants did report slightly higher compliance with field sanitation (71%) and sanitary facilities (73%) GAPs, but indicated that cost (67%) and time (68%) were significant perceived barriers to completing a GAPs audit on their farm. Participants also failed to identify many sources of potential microbiological contamination, with soil only being identified as a source of pathogenic contamination by 41% of participants and irrigation water identified by 51% of participants. Even fewer participants believed that contamination could result from ice (26%) or refrigeration and cooling (28%). However, most respondents indicated a desire to undergo further GAPs education, and the factsheet evaluation data indicated that the factsheets were highly effective and had resulted in significant GAPs knowledge increases for participants.

A mesure que les demandes dans le domaine de l'électronique de puissance tendent vers des conditions de plus en plus extrêmes (forte densité de puissance, haute fréquence, haute température,…), l'évolution des systèmes de traitement de l'énergie électrique se heurte aux limites physiques du silicium. Une nouvelle approche basée sur l'utilisation des matériaux semi-conducteurs grand gap permettra de lever ces limites. Parmi ces matériaux, le diamant possède les propriétés les plus intéressantes pour l'électronique de puissance: champ de rupture et conductivité thermique exceptionnels, grandes mobilités des porteurs électriques, possibilité de fonctionnement à haute température… Les récents progrès dans la synthèse du diamant par des méthodes de dépôt en phase vapeur (CVD) permettent d'obtenir des substrats de caractéristiques cristallographiques compatibles avec l'exploitation de ces propriétés en électronique de puissance. Cependant, l'utilisation du diamant en tant que matériau électronique reste toutefois délicate à ce jour du fait de la grande difficulté de trouver des dopants convenables (en particulier les donneurs) dans le diamant. En outre, certaines propriétés du diamant telles que sa dureté extrême et son inertie chimique, faisant de lui un matériau unique, posent aussi des difficultés dans son utilisation technologique. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse a été dans un premier temps d'évaluer les bénéfices que pourrait apporter le diamant en électronique de puissance ainsi que l'état de l'art de sa synthèse par dépôt en phase vapeur. Ensuite, différentes étapes technologiques nécessaires à la fabrication de composants sur diamant ont été étudiées: Gravure RIE, dépôt de contacts électriques. Enfin, ces travaux ont été illustrés par la réalisation et la caractérisation de diodes Schottky, dispositifs élémentaires de l'électronique de puissance. Les résultats obtenus permettent d'établir un bilan des verrous scientifiques et technologiques qu'il reste à relever pour une exploitation industrielle de la filière diamant. / As applications in the field of power electronics tend toward more extreme conditions (high power density, high frequency, high temperature ...), evolution of electric power treatment systems comes up against physical limits of silicon, the main semiconductor material used in electronic industry for over 50 years. A new approach based on the use of wide bandgap semiconductor materials will permit to overcome those limits. Among these materials, diamond is a very attractive material for power electronics switch devices due to its exceptional properties: high electric breakdown field, high carriers mobilities, exceptional thermal conductivity, high temperature operating possibility... However, the use of diamond as an electronic material is still very problematic due to the difficulty in the synthesis of high electronic grade CVD diamond and to find suitable dopants (in particular donors) in diamond. Besides, some of the unique properties of diamond, such as its extreme hardness and chemical inertness that make it an attractive material also cause difficulties in its application. Nevertheless, recent progress in the field of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis of diamond allow the study of the technological steps (RIE etching, ohmic and Schottky contacts, passivation,...) necessary for future diamond power devices processing. This is the aim of this thesis. In a first section, the uniqueness of diamond, the promise it bears as a potential material for specific electronic devices and the difficulties related to its application were reviewed. Then, the different technological steps required for power switching devices processing were studied: RIE etching, Ohmic and Schottky contacts. Finally, these works were illustrated by carrying out and electrical characterizations of Schottky Barrier Diodes. The achieved results allow us to make a summary of scientific and technological locks that remain for an industrial exploitation of diamond in power electronic switch devices field.

La presente investigación realiza un análisis sobre las barreras del crecimiento profesional en las mujeres trabajadoras de entre 20 y 45 años en la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana, que ocupan puestos gerenciales y de mandos medios, basados en un caso de estudio en tres empresas del Grupo Romero: Corporación de Servicios GR S.A., Corporación Primax S.A. y Ransa Comercial S.A. Asimismo, se cuenta con la posición de expertos en temas sobre la igualdad de género y la participación del Estado. Los tres factores mencionados, las tres empresas de estudio, la posición de los expertos y el Estado, fueron analizados y comparados para evaluar si existen similitudes o diferencias para identificar las barreras que la mujer tiene que afrontar para desarrollarse profesionalmente. En el primer capítulo se define el tema, el problema, la hipótesis, el objetivo general y los objetivos específicos y se describe la situación problemática inicial de la investigación. El segundo capítulo desarrolla el marco teórico y la relevancia del estudio sobre el impacto económico y social que se obtendría en una sociedad donde la brecha de género no existiera. En el tercer capítulo se define la metodología que se utilizó para el desarrollo de la tesis. En el cuarto capítulo se menciona los hallazgos encontrados en el proceso de la investigación. Por último, se presentan las conclusiones que responde al objetivo general y los objetivos específicos realizados, así como las recomendaciones que se hacen para reducir la brecha de género. / This research analyzes the barriers to professional growth in working women between 20 and 45 years of age, in the city of Lima - Peru, which performs is managerial and middle management positions, this Study cases is based on three enterprise of Romero Group: Corporación de Servicios GR S.A., Corporación Primax S.A. y Ransa Comercial S.A Likewise, this is a perception of experts on issues of gender equality and participation of competent government authorities. The three mentioned factors, the three study companies, the position of the experts and the government, were analyzed and compared to assess if there are similarities or differences to identify the barriers that the woman has to face in order to develop professionally. In the first chapter the subject, the problem, the hypothesis, the general objective and the specific objectives are defined and the initial problematic situation of the investigation is described. The second chapter develops the theoretical framework and the relevance of the study on the economic and social impact that would be obtained in a society where the gender gap did not exist. In the third chapter the methodology that was used for the development of the thesis is defined. In the fourth chapter, the findings found in the research process are mentioned. Finally, conclusions are presented that respond to the general objective and the specific objectives, as well as the recommendations made to reduce the gender gap. / Tesis

Cette étude examine les élaborations de politique fiscale en se concentrant sur un cas particulier: celui du Venezuela sur la période 2000-2010. La sélection de ce cas particulier permet d’intégrer deux aspects marquants, connus pour avoir des effets importants sur la performance rentière: un saisissant choc pétrolier de 2004 à 2008 et l’introduction d’un nouveau régime politique de type semi-autoritaire. Au cours de la première décennie du 21ème siècle, le régime politique du Venezuela a substantiellement été transformé. Les modes de gouvernance du pays et précisément ceux du secteur pétrolier ont connu une profonde mutation. L’institution fiscale du Venezuela changea considérablement dans les années 2000 avec une nouvelle conception du management des ressources politiques. Le paradigme ‘semer le pétrole’ fut remplacé par un modèle de distribution directe et centralisé des rentes pétrolières. Grâce à un gouvernement récemment élu et l’adoption d’une nouvelle constitution en 1999, une série de changements substantiels débuta, amorçant de véritables métamorphoses institutionnelles et de nouvelles dynamiques au sein des sphères politiques, économiques et sociales. Plusieurs réformes légales ont été progressivement introduites pour modifier les normes du système de Management des Finances Publiques (PFM) ainsi que les normes budgétaires, générant ainsi de nouvelles dynamiques dans l’aménagement des dépenses publiques, dans les modèles d’allocation de rente, et dans l’ensemble de la gestion des ressources. Ces mesures créant de nouvelles élaborations fiscales, et plus important encore, une nouvelle architecture de finances publiques. / This study examines fiscal policy designs by focusing on one particular case: Venezuela during the period 2000-2010. The selection of this particular case of study allows to integrate two prominent aspects known to have important effects on rentier performance: a striking oil boom from 2004-2008 and the introduction of a new political regime. During the first decade of the 21st century, the political regime of Venezuela was substantially transformed modifying the overarching governance modes of the country and more specifically, those of the oil sector, the most important sector of the country’s economy. The fiscal institution of Venezuela considerably changed in the 2000s with a new conception over the management of oil rents. The ‘sowing the oil’ paradigm was displaced by a model of direct distribution of oil rents through a centralized spending system. With a newly elected government and the enactment of a new Constitution in 1999, a series of substantial changes were begun, introducing institutional makeovers and new dynamics across political, economic and social spheres. These multiple institutional rearrangements drew a dividing line from previous time periods, progressively developing a discernible preference for centralizing policy-making decisions, circumventing institutional structures and restructuring policy arrangements to make them compatible with the newly established governance modes. In this sense, the assessment of Public Financial Management (PFM) system adjustments in the light of controlling expanding resource rents can potentially contribute to the study of fiscal implementation distortions in naturally endowed economies in particular.

Dentre as espécies florestais, o Eucalyptus é o gênero florestal mais plantado no Brasil, com aproximadamente 7,8 milhões de hectares, tendo grande importância econômica para o país. Desta maneira, é importante um melhor conhecimento e quantificação dos fatores que condicionam e reduzem o crescimento e a produtividade das florestas. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivos: i) adaptar, calibrar e avaliar o Modelo da Zona Agroecológica (MZA-FAO) para a estimação do crescimento e da produtividade de oito clones de eucalipto em diferentes regiões brasileiras; ii) determinar a magnitude e as principais causas das quebras de produtividade (yield gaps) da cultura do eucalipto em diferentes regiões produtoras do estado de Minas Gerais; e iii) avaliar a influência de eventos de El Niño, La Niña e Neutros na produtividade de eucaliptos em diferentes localidades produtoras do Brasil. Foram adaptados e calibrados os coeficientes do MZA-FAO, como a correção para o índice de colheita (Cc), o coeficiente de sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico (ky), as curvas características de índice de área foliar (IAF), crescimento radicular (Zr) e coeficiente de cultura (kc), além da inclusão de funções de penalização da produtividade do eucalipto por ocorrência de eventos de geada (ffrost) e mortalidade por longos períodos de deficiência hídrica (fwd). A inclusão das funções de penalização e a calibração dos coeficientes resultaram em uma melhora significativa no desempenho (acurácia e precisão) do modelo, com a REQM passando de 110 m3 ha-1, na fase inicial de calibração, para 39 m3 ha-1, na fase final de calibração, R2 passando de 0,73 para 0,82 e índice d indo de 0,70 para 0,93. Com relação às quebras de produtividade, a deficiência hídrica foi o principal fator de quebra de produtividade, correspondendo a 77% da quebra total (QT), enquanto que as perdas decorrentes do déficit de manejo corresponderam a 23% da QT. Para avaliar o crescimento do eucalipto em eventos de ENOS, no período de 1983 a 2016, foi considerado o Incremento Corrente Anual (ICA) no período de máximo crescimento, ou seja, no 3° ano de seu ciclo. As produtividades e as perdas de produtividade do eucalipto durante a atuação dos eventos de ENOS mostraram-se amplamente variáveis tanto espacialmente quanto temporalmente, como consequência dos diferentes regimes térmicos e hídricos das regiões produtoras, não sendo observado um padrão claro para a relação ENOS e produtividade do eucalipto em diferentes regiões brasileiras avaliadas. / Among the forest species, the Eucalyptus is the most planted one in Brazil, with approximately 7.8 million hectares, having a huge economic importance for the country. Therefore, a better knowledge and quantification of the factors that affect forests growth and yield is of high important. Based on that, this study had as objectives: i) to adapt, calibrate and evaluate the Agroecological Zone Model (AEZ-FAO) to estimate growth and yield of eight eucalyptus clones in different Brazilian producing regions; ii) to identify the magnitude and major causes of yield gaps of eucalyptus in different producing regions of Minas Gerais state, Brazil; and iii) to identify the influence of El Niño, La Niña and Neutral events on eucalyptus yield in 12 Brazilian producing regions. The model´s coefficients, such as correction for the harvest index (Cc), water deficit sensitivity index (ky), leaf area index curve (LAI), root growth curve (Zr) and crop coefficient (kc), were calibrated. Penalization functions for considering the occurrence of frost events (ffrost) and mortality by long periods of accumulated water deficit (fwd) were also included in the model. The calibration and adaptation of the model resulted in a significant improvement of its performance (accuracy and precision), for both calibration and evaluation phases. The RMSE was 110 m3 ha-1 in the initial phase of calibration while in the final phase, RMSE was reduced to 39 m3 ha-1, the R2 was increase from 0.73 to 0.82, and the agreement index (d) was also improved going from 0.70 to 0.93. In relation to the yield gaps, the water deficit was the main factor of yield reduction, corresponding to 77% of the total yield gap (YGT), while losses due to sub-optimum management corresponded to 23% of YGT. In order to evaluate the eucalyptus growth under different ENSO events, from 1983 to 2016, the Current Annual Increment (CAI) in the period of maximum growth, 3rd year of the cycle, was used. The eucalyptus yield and yield gap during the ENSO events were widely variable both spatially and temporally as a consequence of the different thermal and water regimes of the producing regions. It was not possible to identify a clear pattern thee relationship between ENSO and eucalyptus yield in the different Brazilian regions assessed.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-25T11:29:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Maria do Carmo Correa Lagos - 2017.pdf: 2467574 bytes, checksum: 6103756464e3e1a5794c7464d5406eac (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-25T11:30:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Maria do Carmo Correa Lagos - 2017.pdf: 2467574 bytes, checksum: 6103756464e3e1a5794c7464d5406eac (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T11:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Maria do Carmo Correa Lagos - 2017.pdf: 2467574 bytes, checksum: 6103756464e3e1a5794c7464d5406eac (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / The central theme of this thesis is about the edge effect from the fragmentation of ecosystems and our central objective is to contribute to the knowledge about this effect in forest fragments in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes. In this sense, we propose here two different approaches for each of these biomes: In the Cerrado Biome the great "Knowledge Gap" on the production of Litter in fragments of this biome was emphasized and we propose possible measures to fill these gaps.In the Atlantic Forest an approach was taken on the edge effect in forest fragments, where we verified how this effect occurs from the edge to the center of the fragments using the NDVI vegetation Index. In addition, it was verified the most suitable model to analyze the dynamics of the edge effect. When evaluating the quality of the linear model and the nonlinear model we found that the nonlinear model was the most adequate for the description of the edge effect in the Atlantic Forest biome. Based on the study of all these aspects about the edge effect, we hope to subsidize works on fragmentation in these two Biomes and also contribute to the execution of projects that aim at the conservation of forest fragments in a wide scale / O tema central dessa tese é sobre o efeito de borda proveniente da fragmentação de ecossistemas e o nosso objetivo principal é o de contribuir para o conhecimento sobre esse efeito em formações savânicas e florestais nos biomas Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. Nesse sentido, propomos aqui duas abordagens diferentes para cada um desses biomas: No Bioma Cerrado foi enfatizado a grande “Lacuna de Conhecimento” sobre a produção de Serapilheira em fragmentos desse bioma e propomos possíveis medidas para o preenchimento dessas lacunas. Na Mata Atlântica foi realizada uma abordagem sobre o efeito de borda em fragmentos florestais, onde verificamos como esse efeito ocorre desde a borda ao centro dos fragmentos utilizando o Índice de vegetação NDVI. Além disso, foi verificado qual o modelo mais adequado para analisar a dinâmica do efeito de borda. Ao avaliar a qualidade do modelo-linear e o modelo não – linear constatamos que o modelo não-linear foi o mais adequado para a descrição do efeito de borda no bioma Mata Atlântica. Com base no estudo de todos esses aspectos relacionados ao efeito de borda, esperamos subsidiar trabalhos sobre fragmentação nesses dois Biomas e ainda contribuir para a execução de projetos que visam a conservação de fragmentos florestais em uma escala ampla.