Dentre as espécies florestais, o Eucalyptus é o gênero florestal mais plantado no Brasil, com aproximadamente 7,8 milhões de hectares, tendo grande importância econômica para o país. Desta maneira, é importante um melhor conhecimento e quantificação dos fatores que condicionam e reduzem o crescimento e a produtividade das florestas. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivos: i) adaptar, calibrar e avaliar o Modelo da Zona Agroecológica (MZA-FAO) para a estimação do crescimento e da produtividade de oito clones de eucalipto em diferentes regiões brasileiras; ii) determinar a magnitude e as principais causas das quebras de produtividade (yield gaps) da cultura do eucalipto em diferentes regiões produtoras do estado de Minas Gerais; e iii) avaliar a influência de eventos de El Niño, La Niña e Neutros na produtividade de eucaliptos em diferentes localidades produtoras do Brasil. Foram adaptados e calibrados os coeficientes do MZA-FAO, como a correção para o índice de colheita (Cc), o coeficiente de sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico (ky), as curvas características de índice de área foliar (IAF), crescimento radicular (Zr) e coeficiente de cultura (kc), além da inclusão de funções de penalização da produtividade do eucalipto por ocorrência de eventos de geada (ffrost) e mortalidade por longos períodos de deficiência hídrica (fwd). A inclusão das funções de penalização e a calibração dos coeficientes resultaram em uma melhora significativa no desempenho (acurácia e precisão) do modelo, com a REQM passando de 110 m3 ha-1, na fase inicial de calibração, para 39 m3 ha-1, na fase final de calibração, R2 passando de 0,73 para 0,82 e índice d indo de 0,70 para 0,93. Com relação às quebras de produtividade, a deficiência hídrica foi o principal fator de quebra de produtividade, correspondendo a 77% da quebra total (QT), enquanto que as perdas decorrentes do déficit de manejo corresponderam a 23% da QT. Para avaliar o crescimento do eucalipto em eventos de ENOS, no período de 1983 a 2016, foi considerado o Incremento Corrente Anual (ICA) no período de máximo crescimento, ou seja, no 3° ano de seu ciclo. As produtividades e as perdas de produtividade do eucalipto durante a atuação dos eventos de ENOS mostraram-se amplamente variáveis tanto espacialmente quanto temporalmente, como consequência dos diferentes regimes térmicos e hídricos das regiões produtoras, não sendo observado um padrão claro para a relação ENOS e produtividade do eucalipto em diferentes regiões brasileiras avaliadas. / Among the forest species, the Eucalyptus is the most planted one in Brazil, with approximately 7.8 million hectares, having a huge economic importance for the country. Therefore, a better knowledge and quantification of the factors that affect forests growth and yield is of high important. Based on that, this study had as objectives: i) to adapt, calibrate and evaluate the Agroecological Zone Model (AEZ-FAO) to estimate growth and yield of eight eucalyptus clones in different Brazilian producing regions; ii) to identify the magnitude and major causes of yield gaps of eucalyptus in different producing regions of Minas Gerais state, Brazil; and iii) to identify the influence of El Niño, La Niña and Neutral events on eucalyptus yield in 12 Brazilian producing regions. The model´s coefficients, such as correction for the harvest index (Cc), water deficit sensitivity index (ky), leaf area index curve (LAI), root growth curve (Zr) and crop coefficient (kc), were calibrated. Penalization functions for considering the occurrence of frost events (ffrost) and mortality by long periods of accumulated water deficit (fwd) were also included in the model. The calibration and adaptation of the model resulted in a significant improvement of its performance (accuracy and precision), for both calibration and evaluation phases. The RMSE was 110 m3 ha-1 in the initial phase of calibration while in the final phase, RMSE was reduced to 39 m3 ha-1, the R2 was increase from 0.73 to 0.82, and the agreement index (d) was also improved going from 0.70 to 0.93. In relation to the yield gaps, the water deficit was the main factor of yield reduction, corresponding to 77% of the total yield gap (YGT), while losses due to sub-optimum management corresponded to 23% of YGT. In order to evaluate the eucalyptus growth under different ENSO events, from 1983 to 2016, the Current Annual Increment (CAI) in the period of maximum growth, 3rd year of the cycle, was used. The eucalyptus yield and yield gap during the ENSO events were widely variable both spatially and temporally as a consequence of the different thermal and water regimes of the producing regions. It was not possible to identify a clear pattern thee relationship between ENSO and eucalyptus yield in the different Brazilian regions assessed.

Orientadores: Flavio Antonio Maës dos Santos, Maria Imaculada Zucchi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T23:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvestrini_Milene_D.pdf: 3891912 bytes, checksum: 6bb6bd65f788f261b8387e6c9daf17f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A estrutura genética espacial de populações de plantas pode variar ao longo dos estádios ontogenéticos, através das gerações e entre diferentes condições ambientais. Estas mudanças são direcionadas por fatores ecológicos e evolutivos. As espécies pioneiras apresentam histórias de vida e estruturas populacionais características que são afetadas principalmente pelas mudanças ambientais geradas por distúrbios naturais ou antrópicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar como as características do ciclo de vida, os processos ecológicos e fatores genéticos associados aos distúrbios afetam a diversidade e estrutura genética de populações de uma espécie arbórea pioneira. Nós estudamos Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), uma espécie arbórea pioneira abundante em clareiras e em áreas secundárias da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, em duas áreas com níveis contrastantes de distúrbios antrópicos: uma floresta primária e uma floresta secundária em estádio inicial de sucessão. A fim de abordar a principal questão deste estudo, nós avaliamos o padrão de distribuição da espécie sob as diferentes condições ambientais geradas por distúrbios naturais e antrópicos (Capítulo I); testamos e caracterizamos iniciadores universais cloroplastidiais (cpSSR) para C. floribundus (Capítulo II); desenvolvemos e caracterizamos marcadores microssatélites nucleares (SSR) para C. floribundus bem como examinamos algumas características citogenéticas da espécie com o objetivo de testar a ocorrência de poliploidia e avaliar sua implicação para o uso dos marcadores SSR (Capítulo III); avaliamos a diversidade e estrutura genética de C. floribundus entre duas classes de tamanho e entre populações em uma floresta primária e uma floresta secundária em estádio inicial de sucessão (Capítulo IV). C. floribundus foi frequente e igualmente distribuído em clareiras de todos os tamanhos na floresta primária, mas sua estrutura populacional variou entre áreas com níveis contrastantes de distúrbio antrópico. Seis locos cpSSR foram otimizados e caracterizados em C. floribundus. O estudo citogenético permitiu a caracterização mais precisa dos locos SSR, bem como forneceu novos dados sobre a origem e a evolução da espécie. O número de bivalentes observados na meiose, n = 56 (2n = 8x = 112), mostrou a ocorrência de poliploidia em todas as populações estudadas. Altos níveis de diversidade genética foram encontrados para C. floribundus. A dispersão de sementes e as colonizações (e extinções) foram determinantes para a estrutura genética em fina escala encontrada nas populações de C. floribundus em ambos os tipos de florestas. Além disso, os efeitos destes processos associados aos distúrbios antrópicos parecem aumentar fortemente a diferenciação genética entre as populações na floresta em estádio inicial de sucessão. As análises de marcadores moleculares nucleares e cloroplastidias sugeriram que o fluxo gênico por pólen é responsável por manter a diversidade genética dentro das populações de C. floribundus tanto na floresta primária quanto na floresta secundária em estádio inicial de sucessão. Nesta última, o fluxo gênico por sementes parece ser igualmente importante. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a dinâmica de clareiras, o processo de colonização e a dispersão de pólen e sementes afetam a diversidade e estrutura genética da espécie arbórea pioneira, aumentando-os ou diminuindo-os conforme o número de colonizadores, número de populações-fonte, as taxas de fluxo gênico e o nível de perturbação antrópica da área / Abstract: The spatial genetic structure of plant populations may vary across life stages, across generations and among different environmental conditions. These changes are driven by evolutionary and ecological forces. Pioneer tree species exhibit particular life histories and population structures that are mainly affected by environmental changes generated by natural or human disturbances. Our aim was to investigate how the life-history traits, ecological processes, and the genetic factors associated to natural and human disturbances can affect the genetic diversity and structure of populations of a pioneer tree species. We studied Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), a pioneer tree species abundant in gaps and secondary areas of the semi-deciduous tropical forest, in two areas with contrasting levels of human disturbance: a primary forest and an early successional forest. In order to address the main question of this study, we examined the pattern of distribution of the species under the different environmental conditions generated by natural and human disturbances (Chapter I); tested and characterized universal chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) primers for C. floribundus (Chapter II); developed and characterized nuclear microsatellite (SSR) markers for C. floribundus as well as examined some cytogenetic traits of the species in order to test for polyploidy and to evaluate its implications for the appropriate use of the SSR markers (Chapter III); and evaluated the genetic diversity and structure of C. floribundus between two size classes and among populations in the primary forest and in the early successional forest (Chapter IV). C. floribundus was widespread and equally distributed along the gap size range in the primary forest, but its population structure varied between areas with contrasting levels of human disturbance. Six universal cpSSR loci were optimized and characterized for C. floribundus. The cytogenetic study allowed the accurate characterization of SSR loci as well as provided new data on the origin and evolution of the species. The number of bivalents observed in meiosis n=56 (2n=8x=112) showed the occurrence of polyploidy in all populations studied. High genetic diversity levels were found for C. floribundus. Seed dispersal and colonizations (and extinctions) were determinants of the fine-scale genetic structure of C. floribundus in both forest types. Also, their effects associated to the human disturbances seem to strongly increase the genetic differentiation among populations in the early successional forest. Analysis of nuclear and chloroplast markers suggested that gene flow by pollen is responsible for maintaining the genetic diversity within populations of C. floribundus in both primary and early successional forests. In the latter, gene flow by seeds seem to be equally important. The results showed that gap dynamics, colonization process, and pollen and seed dispersal affect the genetic diversity and structure of the pioneer tree species by increasing or decreasing them depending mainly on the number of colonizers, the number of source populations, the gene flow rates, and the level of human disturbance of the area / Doutorado / Ecologia / Doutora em Ecologia

Driven by the Internet of Things, devices and appliances will be increasingly connected to each other and the people within the home. In order for the communication to be possible a standard for communication is needed. In many cases there are too many standards, and for other cases there may instead be an absence of standard. This thesis provides a contemporary view of future developments of homes and the current standardization progress. Four domains in homes are investigated: the automated home domain, the sustainable home domain, the healthy home domain and the manufacturing home domain. Trends and technologies are identified that drive a change in homes. Services are described that may be provided in homes. The thesis discusses how services from different domains may be integrated, with a further investigation of the networked manufacturing service and its underlying communication infrastructure. Finally standards are identified and analyzed in regard to the communication infrastructure of the networked manufacturing service. The standardization development is progressing for each home domain. However, potential standard gaps are still present for many of the cross domain device communication. No standard has been identified for integration of services and integration of the business ecosystem in the manufacturing home domain. Similarly there is no standard for the software of 3D printing. New standards or further development of existing standards is needed to realize the networked manufacturing service.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze the translation of the specific technical language of railway transport from Swedish into German. The analysis is based on a self-conducted translation of selected passages of rules and regulations issued by the Swedish government agency Trafikverket (The Swedish Transport Administration). The following questions serve as a starting point: Which factors influence the final choice of a translation equivalent when several options are available? Which translation strategies can be used to close a lexical gap in the target language? And, furthermore, how can ”false friends” be identified so that terminological errors can be avoided in the target text? The essay is divided into two parts. The first part introduces major concepts such as equivalence, denotative equivalence and false friends. The second part consists of an analysis which discusses a selection of representative examples from the translation. The first part of the analysis focuses on cases where the target language provides several translation equivalents. By analyzing the semantics and comparing the related meanings of these equivalents, it was possible to pin down the most suitable term in the target language. In most cases the final term choice was confirmed by parallel texts. The second part discusses cases where the target language lacks an equivalent technical term. In most cases the lexical gaps could be closed by loaning the source-language term and adding a short explanation in the target text. The final section is devoted to false friends. By consulting parallel texts, several false friends in the target language were identified and also removed from an earlier version of the target text.

Growth release of trees following canopy disturbances is of interest to ecological scientists and forest managers. Using dendroecological techniques, I examined growth release of canopy and subcanopy trees following the formation of natural, fine-scale canopy gaps in old-growth, western red cedar-western hemlock forests of coastal British Columbia. I aimed to quantify detailed information on release of the three shade-tolerant tree species that constitute these stands: western red cedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis). As a first step, I calibrated the radial-growth averaging method to account for regional-scale variability and capture a more complete range of growth releases that may occur following the formation of fine-scale gaps in the study stands. A 25% threshold, 5-year moving average, and 10-year window emerged as appropriate parameters for detecting releases using radial-growth averaging. Basal area increment was also the most appropriate growth index for detecting releases. Establishing these empirically-based criteria was important for quantifying the magnitude and duration of releases. Tree diameter and growth rate prior to release were the most important predictors of the magnitude and duration of releases, but identity of the tree species and distance from the gap center were also important predictors. Western hemlock and Pacific silver fir were often growing slowly both in the canopy and subcanopy, giving them tremendous potential to release. For these species, releases were generally intensive and persistent. In contrast, western red cedar were often growing quickly both in the canopy and subcanopy, giving them less potential to release. Compared to western hemlock and Pacific silver fir, western red cedar releases were less intensive and persistent. Patterns related to distance from the gap center emerged for trees growing along the north-south axis of gaps. Regardless of species, increasing distance from the gap center resulted in decreasing magnitude and duration of releases. However, patterns for duration were complex, as the distance effect was greater for trees north of the gap center. Information on growth release of trees is useful for reconstructing the history of past canopy disturbances, elucidating mechanisms of tree species coexistence, and assessing and predicting stand changes due to forest management in coastal British Columbia. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Les questions relatives à l’intégration des immigrés et de leurs descendants ne sont pas nouvelles dans la littérature économique. Celles-ci ont toutefois majoritairement été traitées du point de vue de l’efficacité économique de l’immigration ou des discriminations. L’assimilation culturelle revient, elle, régulièrement au cœur du débat public et en particulier au travers des notions d’identité nationale et culturelle. La théorie de l’identité est apparue en économie il y a une dizaine d’années et a permis d’améliorer la compréhension des décisions des individus lorsque ceux-ci se définissent par leur appartenance à un ou plusieurs groupes auxquels sont attachées des normes de comportement. A l’aide de cette théorie, nous regardons à quel point l’identité culturelle, considérée comme l’expression de l’assimilation culturelle des immigrés, permet d’améliorer la compréhension des inégalités socioéconomiques. Après avoir rappelé l’importance du contexte familial et du niveau d’éducation dans la réussite professionnelle des immigrés et descendants d’immigrés, nous analysons la formation de l’identité culturelle. Si l’identité ethnique diminue avec le temps passé dans le pays hôte, elle dépend aussi de la manière dont elle est mesurée. Nous mettons ensuite en évidence un impact négatif de l’identité ethnique sur l’accès à l’emploi et la participation politique mais neutre sur le niveau de salaire. Enfin, à l’aide d’une expérience contrôlée en laboratoire, nous vérifions de manière plus générale l’influence significative de l’identité de groupe sur les décisions individuelles. / Immigrants’ and their descendants’ assimilations are old issues in the economic literature. However, they have mainly been investigated in terms of immigration economic efficiency and discriminations. At the same time, cultural assimilation is a recurrent issue in the public debate and particularly through the concepts of national and cultural identity. The identity theory came out in economics more than a decade ago. It allowed improving the understanding of individuals’ decisions when they define themselves by their belonging to one or more groups to which behaving norms are attached. Thanks to this theory, we explore to what extent cultural identity, seen as the expression of immigrants’ cultural assimilation, allows improving the understanding of socioeconomic inequalities. We first highlight the importance of the family context and the educational attainment for the professional outcomes of first and second generations of immigrants. Then, we analyze the formation of the cultural identity. If ethnic identity diminishes with time since arrival in the host country, it also depends on the way it is measured. We exhibit a negative influence of ethnic identity on employment and voting participation but neutral on the wage level. Finally, thanks to a laboratory controlled experiment, we verify in a more general framework the significant role of group identity on individual behaviors.

Den biologiska mångfalden är hotad och det beror troligtvis på antropogena störningar. Detta på grund av att människan exploaterar jordens resurser som bland annat skapar klimatförändringar och förändringar i habitat. Människan är beroende av många ekosystemtjänster så som pollinering, men det råder delade meningar kring hur stor betydelse mångfald har för människan. Planetary Boundaries är ett perspektiv/ramverk som utgår från människans behov, för att sätta upp gränser för olika system på jorden. Det finns nio stycken olika Planetary Boundaries varav Biologisk mångfald är en. Syftet med studien är att undersöka ramverket Planetary Boundaries och belysa kritik, kunskapsluckor och utvecklingsmöjligheter. Studien syftar även till att göra en fördjupad undersökning specifikt gällande Förlust av biologisk mångfald. I denna studie har vi utfört textanalyser där vi analyserar ramverket utifrån våra egna iakttagelser och från vad andra forskare har framför för kritik, kunskapsluckor och utvecklingsmöjligheter för Planetary Boundaries. Utifrån textanalyserna har flera olika teman identifierats. En av de slutsatser vi kunnat dra från studien är att det finns en problematik kring ramverkets avgränsningar. Flera av de studerade artiklarna ansåg att den stora skala som ramverket utgår ifrån försvårar användandet av ramverket på en sub-global nivå. Enligt oss råder det även en inkonsekvens kring ramverkets möjlighet att appliceras på lokal och regional nivå och att detta bör förtydligas. Sociala aspekter bör även inkluderas i ramverket då det grundar sig på ett mänskligt perspektiv. Slutligen, ramverket hanterar komplexa system som troligtvis aldrig kommer kunna redovisa en fullständig bild av jordsystemen. / The world's biodiversity is threatened and it is most likely because of anthropogenic impact. In a world where human exploits the earth's resources and thus make climate change and alterations to habitats. Mankind is dependent of a lot of ecosystem services such as pollination, but there's a difference in opinion how big of a dependency mankind have for biodiversity. Planetary Boundaries is a framework that derives from the needs of mankind and creates limitations on different earth-system processes. There are nine different Planetary Boundaries and biodiversity is one of them. The purpose of the study is to examine the Planetary Boundaries framework and to highlight critique, knowledge gaps and potentialities. The study also aims at doing an in depth research specifically regarding loss of biodiversity. In this study we attempt to find criticism, knowledge gaps and potentialities for Planetary Boundaries. This by conducting text analyses based on research that analyze the framework and through analyzing the framework ourselves. Based on the text analyses several themes have been identified. Several conclusions could be drawn from the study. One of them illustrates the problem regarding the delimitations of the framework. Several of the analyzed articles also considered the large scale that the framework is based on complicates the use of the framework at a sub-global level. According to us, there is also an inconsistency about the framework's ability to apply at local and regional level and thus needs clarification. Since the framework is based on human perspectives social aspects should also be included. Finally, due to the complexity of the systems included in the framework it will probably never be able to present a complete picture of the earth systems.

Bakgrund: Endometrios är en kronisk sjukdom som utlöser inflammation på en eller flera delar av kvinnans könsorgan. Vanliga symtom för endometrios är buksmärta, bäckensmärta och samlagssmärta. Symtomdebut är varierande, dock finns det studier som tyder på att symtom uppkommit redan i tonåren. Vid endometrios är det vanligt med hormonell behandling och i vissa fall även indicerat med operativ behandling. I dag är kunskap kring endometrios försummad och det förekommer felaktigt dragna slutsatser kring orsak till sjukdomen. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av livskvalitet i samband med endometrios. Metod: Arbetet har genomförts som en litteraturöversikt, där resultatet är baserat på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Kvinnor med endometrios hade nedsatt livskvalitet i olika kontext, därefter identifierades subkategorier som beskrev i vilken kontext kvinnor hade nedsatt livskvalitet i. Subkategorier som identifierades var: Relationer - Partnerskap, Familj och vänner, Social isolering, Fertilitet, Åldersrelaterad påverkan, Det vardagliga livet, Kunskapsluckor i vården, Informationsöverföring och Försening av diagnos. Orsaken till den nedsatta livskvaliteten och det som genomsyrade subkategorierna var huvudsakligen smärta av olika typer. Konklusion: Mycket talar för att kvinnor med endometrios har en nedsatt livskvalitet jämfört med kvinnor som inte lider av sjukdomen. Den nedsatta livskvaliteten kan ofta kopplas till en okunskap gällande sjukdomen inom vårdpersonal eller att man som vårdpersonal inte är uppmärksam på symtom hos dessa kvinnor som i förlängningen leder till en nedsatt livskvalitet. / Background: Endometriosis is a chronic disease which causes episodes of inflammation in women’s genital- and reproductive organs. The most common symptoms in women with endometriosis are abdominal pain, pelvic pain and pain during intercourse. The debute of symptoms vary, but several studies claim that symptoms often occur during adolescence. Hormone treatment is often used in women with endometriosis and in other cases surgical treatment is indicated. Today, knowledge about endometriosis is neglected and there are incorrect conclusions about the cause of the disease. Aim: To describe women's experiences of quality of life in correlation to endometriosis. Methods: The study was conducted as a literature review, the result is based on 16 scientific articles. Results: Women with endometriosis had reduced quality of life in different contexts, thereafter subcategories were identified that described in which context women had reduced quality of life in. Subcategories identified were: Relationships – Partnerships and Family, Social Isolation, Fertility, Age-related impact, Everyday life, Gaps of knowledge in health care, Transmission of information and Delay of diagnosis. The reason for the reduced quality of life and what permeated the subcategories was mainly pain of different types. Conclusion: Much speaks for that women with endometriosis have a lower quality of life compared to women who do not suffer from the disease. The reduced quality of life can often be linked to a lack of knowledge about the illness for health care professionals or that as a health care professional, you are not aware of the symptoms of these women which, in the long run, lead to a reduced quality of life.

Honour-related violence and oppression has been politically prioritised in Sweden during the past two decades. National policies have been formulated, laws adopted, and the school has been identified as a crucial actor for preventing this type of violence at the local level. Yet, the prevalence of the violence still constitutes a threat to the freedom and safety of children and youths in the Swedish society. To gain a deeper understanding about the apparent discrepancy between policy and practice, this study adopts a micro-level perspective and zooms in onto the actors responsible for implementing existing policies. Teachers from four different purposefully selected schools have been interviewed. Drawing on insights from street-level policy implementation theories, the study explores how the teachers work to implement the National Agency for Education’s policy targeting honour-related violence and oppression. Notably, Lipsky’s analytical categories for successful street-level policy implementation, comprehension, capacity and will, function as point of departure. The broad nature of the categories have allowed for contextual insights to be included and a number of constraining and enabling mechanisms for successful micro-level policy implementation to be identified. The findings demonstrate how the teachers’ access to information is contingent upon their personal interest in the topic or on other individuals’ commitment. The large room for manoeuvre permits teachers to use their creativity to include the perspective of honour, but likewise allows for misunderstandings and resistance to influence the policy outcomes. The lack of clear bureaucratic goals, limited resources and a high level of discretion force teachers to find their own strategies to adequately implement the policy. To deal with increased pressure they are however likely to resort to simplifications and familiar routines. In turn these may obstruct at-risk students from receiving appropriate support. Finally, the findings confirm the importance of taking the strategies, decisions and motivations of implementing actors seriously when trying to understand policy success or policy failure.

No description available.