Contaminated soils are a worldwide problem. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants in soil at former industrial areas, especially at old gasworks sites, gas stations and former wood impregnation facilities. Risk assessments of PAHs in contaminated soils are usually based on chemical analysis of a small number of individual PAHs, which only constitute a small part of the complex cocktail of hundreds of PAHs and other related polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the soils. Generally, the mixture composition of PAH-contaminated soils is rarely known and the mechanisms of toxicity and interactions between the pollutants are far from fully understood. The main objective of this thesis was to characterize remediated PAHcontaminated soils by use of a chemical and bioanalytical approach. Bioassay specific relative potency (REP) values for 38 PAHs and related PACs were developed in the sensitive H4IIE-luc bioassay and used in massbalance analysis of remediated PAH contaminated soils, to assess the contribution of chemically quantified compounds to the overall aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity observed in the H4IIE-luc bioassay. Mixtures studies showed additive AhR-mediated effects of PACs, including PAHs, oxy PAHs, methylated PAHs and azaarenes, in the bioassay, which supports the use of REP values in risk assessment. The results from the chemical and bioassay analysis showed that PAH-contaminated soils contained a large fraction of AhR activating compounds whose effect could not be explained by chemical analysis of the 16 priority PAHs. Further chemical identification and biological studies are necessary to determine whether these unknown substances pose a risk to human health or the environment. Results presented in this thesis are an important step in the development of AhR-based bioassay analysis and risk assessment of complex PAH-contaminated samples. / <p>Other funders: Sparbanksstiftelsen Nya and Ångpanneföreningen</p>

Afin d’étudier la santé d’un écosystème marin et le potentiel toxique d’une contamination telle que celle liée à la présence d’hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), il est nécessaire, outre de connaître les niveaux de contamination du milieu, de pouvoir accéder à la fraction toxique à laquelle les organismes aquatiques ont été exposés et de connaître les effets toxiques des contaminants incriminés. L’exposition et la contamination des organismes aquatiques aux HAP ont généralement été évaluées par le dosage des HAP bioaccumulés dans les tissus. Or, cette approche est critiquable si l'on tient compte des capacités de biotransformation des organismes, notamment des vertébrés, et des propriétés toxiques des produits de transformation formés. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les phénomènes de bioccumulation et de biotransformation des HAP chez les organismes marins via l’étude des métabolites de HAP. Un effort de validation de biomarqueurs pertinents pour évaluer la génotoxicité des HAP en lien avec la contamination chimique des tissus et la production de métabolites est nécessaire. Des méthodes de dosage des métabolites de HAP dans les matrices biologiques ont tout d’abord été mises au point. Ces outils analytiques sensibles, innovants et performants ont ensuite été appliqués lors d’expositions de poissons à des HAP via différentes voies de contamination en milieu contrôlé. Ils ont permis une meilleure connaissance des phénomènes de biotransformation des HAP. Enfin, des études de terrain ont été réalisées, notamment dans le cadre de l’étude de la contamination de la Baie de Seine, montrant l’applicabilité du dosage des métabolites de HAP dans l’évaluation de l’exposition des organismes aux HAP en milieu naturel. Dans le cadre d’une approche intégrée chimie/biologie, ces travaux ont permis d’apporter une contribution dans le transfert méthodologique des biomarqueurs de génotoxicité des HAP pour des applications en surveillance de l’Atlantique Nord et notamment dans la Manche. / In order to study the health of a marine ecosystem and the toxic potential of a contamination such as that related to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it is necessary, in addition to the determination of environmental contamination levels, to have access to the fraction for aquatic organisms have been exposed to and to identify the toxic effects of the contaminants. The exposure and contamination of aquatic organisms to PAHs have generally been evaluated by the quantification of bioaccumulated PAHs in tissues. However, this approach is criticable when taking into account the biotransformation capabilities of organisms such as vertebrates and the toxic properties of biotransformation products. In this way, the aim of this study is to study PAH bioaccumulation and biotransformation phenomena through the PAH metabolites study. An effort for the validation of relevant biomarkers to evaluate the link between the genotoxicity of PAHs, PAHs body burden and PAH metabolites production, is necessary. Analytical techniques to quantify PAH metabolites in biological matrices have first been set up. Then, these sensible, innovating and powerful analytical tools have been applied to the study of fish exposures to PAHs through differents contamination sources in controlled conditions. This allowed to have a better understanding of PAH biotransformation phenomena. Finally, field studies have been led, notably to study the contamination of the Seine bay, demonstrating the applicability of the quantification of PAH metabolites to evaluate the exposure and the contamination of organisms to PAHs in natural environment. Within the framework of an integrated approach chemistry/biology, this work led to a contribution in the methodological transfer of biomarkers of PAH genotoxicity

Gasoline is produced by distilling petroleum oil. This is done at a refinery, where a lot of other products are produced as well. With increasing interest in bio-fuels the fuel companies started to produce substances such as biodiesel as well as the petroleum-based fuels. These products are then transported to where they are going to be used or sold, there included both gasoline, which is a petroleum-based fuel, and biodiesel (FAME), which in Sweden is based on rapeseed oil. If the vessel for transporting gasoline, or pipeline/connections filling and emptying the tanks, has previously been used for biodiesel, there is a risk of contaminating the gasoline with biodiesel. This contamination can have a lot of different effects such as either clogging filters or injectors in both gasoline- and ethanol-based engines, or even change the properties and therefore quality of the fuel.  To ensure that the results from tests and research involving gasoline can be used and compared with each other, the quality of the fuel must have the same properties throughout all tests. This is controlled by taking samples on a regular basis and analyzing the quality and level of impurities in the fuel used in that specific test. Screening for FAME is therefore necessary which is where this thesis becomes relevant.  This thesis was carried out with the purpose to develop a new or verify an already developed method to quantify FAME in gasoline. To determine the FAME content, a standard gas chromatography method, IP 585, was used. It was changed to fit in this application, since it was originally made to determine FAME content in diesel, not gasoline. It was concluded that it was possible to determine the FAME content in gasoline when IP 585 was used as is. There were some possible alternatives to IP 585 and they will be discussed in the literature study. / Bensin framställs genom destillation av råolja. Detta görs på ett raffinaderi där ett flertal andra produkter också utvinns. På senare tid har ögonen öppnats för "biobränslen", bland annat biodiesel. Det händer därför att detta också framställs på samma plats som bensinen. Dessa produkter säljs sedan och brukar fraktas i stora tankar till företagen som köpt dem. Ifall tankarna vid transport eller rören bränslet går igenom till tankarna först använts till biodiesel och sedan används till bensin finns det stor risk att en del biodiesel hamnar i bensinen. Detta kan leda till en rad olika problem. Ett exempel är att biodieseln kan sätta igen och förstöra injektorer i bensin- och etanolmotorer. Det kan även påverka testresultat i olika testriggar, vilket är ett av fallen på Volvo. Ifall bränslet inte bibehåller samma kvalitet för varje test det används i leder det till svårigheter vid jämförelser och resultatens riktighet. Det blir därför nödvändigt att kontrollera bensinens innehåll, där inräknat screening av FAME. Detta arbete utfördes med syftet att utveckla en ny eller verifiera en redan beprövad metod för att bestämma koncentrationen FAME i bensin. För att mäta koncentrationen FAME användes en standardmetod till GC-MS, IP 585. Den modifierades något för att passa in i denna applikation då den från början var gjord för kvantifiering i diesel och inte bensin. Slutsatsen drogs att det är möjligt att mäta koncentrationen FAME i bensin med IP 585 använd som den är. Det fanns möjliga alternativ till metoden, dessa bemöts i litteraturstudien.

A preocupação com os danos provocados à saúde do trabalhador rural e ao meio ambiente devido ao uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos tem aumentado nos últimos anos. O uso generalizado e intensivo destas substâncias tem gerado diversos problemas relacionados à saúde pública e ao desequilíbrio ambiental, incluindo: intoxicações de agricultores, contaminação de alimentos, água e solos. O tomate é hoje, uma hortaliça bastante conhecida e de elevado consumo no mundo. Sua cultura é bastante afetada por quebras de rendimento e depreciação da qualidade de matéria- prima, em razão da ocorrência de doenças, pragas e estresses abióticos. Apesar da preocupação com o monitoramento dos resíduos de agrotóxicos nos alimentos, poucas metodologias analíticas podem alcançar resultados de alta qualidade simultaneamente para uma gama extensiva de agrotóxicos. No presente estudo, foi desenvolvida e validada a metodologia de análise de multirresíduos QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) para quantificação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em tomate. Este método provê resultados de forma rápida, fácil, com custo acessível e com alta qualidade. Foram analisados agrotóxicos utilizados principalmente no controle de insetos, sendo: buprofezina, carbofurano, \'alfa\'-endossulfam, \'beta\'-endossulfam, sulfato de endossulfam e monocrotofós. Para isso, realizou-se a fortificação do tomate, previamente homogeneizado, com soluções contendo os agrotóxicos em 3 níveis de fortificação (0,0625; 0,25 e 1,00 mg/Kg). A purificação dos extratos foi realizada através de clean-up dispersivo, e em seguida os extratos foram analisados por CG-EM modo SIM. Neste estudo avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros de validação do método: linearidade da curva analítica, sensibilidade, limite de detecção (LD), limite de quantificação (LQ), o efeito matriz, bem como a precisão e a exatidão (em termos de percentual de recuperação). A faixa linear de concentração das curvas analíticas situou-se entre 0,25 a 4,0 ng.\'mü\'L-1 com valores de r2 maiores que 0,99 (na matriz). A técnica CG-EM modo SIM promoveu a quantificação (critérios de recuperação entre 70 e 120% e valores de CV% menores que 20%) de todos os agrotóxicos estudados. Portanto, conclui-se que o método mostrou-se adequado às análises multirresíduos dos agrotóxicos em tomate, apresentando sensibilidade e seletividade adequadas, e todos os parâmetros de validação encontram-se de acordo com os limites sugeridos para validação de métodos cromatográficos. Foram coletadas amostras (n=33) em varejões na cidade de Piracicaba e os níveis residuais de agrotóxicos apresentaram-se abaixo dos limites de detecção para os produtos analisados. Os produtos acefato, deltametrina, difenoconazole e fenpropatrina foram avaliados no sistema CG-EM e não apresentaram sensibilidade e seletividade nas condições cromatográficas aplicadas. A implementação de novos métodos cromatográficos para análise de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos devem ser fomentados para contribuir com o monitoramento eficiente, visando avaliar a qualidade e segurança dos alimentos consumidos pela população, caracterizar as fontes de contaminação e proporcionar uma avaliação quanto ao uso inadequado e não autorizado dos agrotóxicos / The concernment about the damage caused to the health of rural workers and the environment due to indiscriminate use of pesticides has increased in recent years. The commonly and intensive use of these substances has created several problems related to public health and environmental disequilibrium, including poisoning of farmers, contamination of food, water and soil. Nowadays, the tomato is a well known vegetables and high consumption in the world. Its culture is highly affected by loss of yield and depreciation of the quality of raw material, due to the occurrence of diseases, pests and abiotic stresses. Considering the concernment about the monitoring of pesticide residues in food, few analytical methods can achieve high quality results for both a wide range of pesticides. In this study, was developed and validated the methodology of multiresidue analysis QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) for quantification of residues of pesticides in tomatoes. This method provides results quick, easy, inexpensive and high quality. Were analyzed mainly pesticides used to control insects, are: buprofezina, carbofuran, \'alfa\'-endossulfam, \'beta\'- endossulfam, sulphate endossulfam and monocrotophos. Then, performed a spiking of tomatoes homogenized previously, with solutions containing pesticides, in 3 of fortification levels (0.0625, 0.25 and 1.00 mg/kg). The purification of the extracts was performed by dispersive clean-up, and then the extracts were analyzed by GC-MS using SIM mode. This study evaluated the following parameters for validation of the method: linearity, sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effect, precision and accuracy (in terms of percentage of recovery). The linear range of concentration of the analytical curves was between 0.25 to 4.0 ng.\'mü\'L-1 with r2 values of greater than 0.99 (in the matrix). The technique GC-MS SIM mode promoted quantification (criteria of recovery between 70 and 120% and RSD% values of less than 20%) of all pesticides studied. Therefore, concluded that the method proved to be appropriate for multiresidue analysis of pesticides in tomatoes, showing sensitivity and selectivity adequate, and all parameters of validation are according with the limits suggested for validation of chromatographic methods. Samples were collected (n = 33) in the Piracicaba city in local market and the levels of pesticide residues were below the limits of detection for the products analyzed. The products acephate, deltamethrin, difenoconazole and fenpropathrin were evaluated in the GC-MS and showed no sensitivity and selectivity in the chromatographic conditions applied. The implementation of new chromatographic methods for analysis of pesticide residues in food should be encouraged to contribute to efficient monitoring to evaluate the quality and safety of food consumed by the population, identify the sources of contamination and provide an assessment as to the misuse and use unauthorized pesticides

A literatura relata variações espaciais e rítmicas para diferentes classes de metabólitos secundários, entretanto os dados são consistentes apenas para espécies que ocorrem em áreas temperadas. Lychnophora ericoides Mart. tem sido muito empregada popularmente como antiinflamatório e analgésico. É relatado o uso de suas partes aéreas pela população que vive nas proximidades de seu habitat em tratamentos de lesões cutâneas. L. eriocides representa uma das várias espécies da família Asteraceae endêmicas ao cerrado que biossintetizam uma ampla gama de terpenoides. Embora pouco estudada, sabe-se que a fração volátil de suas partes aéreas apresenta constituição terpênica. O presente estudo tem como objetivo determinar a constituição química desta fração volátil por meio de técnicas brandas de pré-concentração dos analitos e avaliar a variabilidade química desta fração a nível intraespecífico e temporal. Dessa forma, as coletas foram realizadas durante um período de 15 meses e utilizou-se HSSPME e CG-EM para avaliar as amostras coletadas. Um método para pré-concentração dos compostos voláteis (COVs) foi desenvolvido a partir da otimização dos parâmetros para obtenção do equilíbrio termodinâmico em HS-SPME. A obtenção de cromatogramas, determinação de índices de retenção relativos e aquisição de espectros de massas com ionização por elétrons possibilitaram a identificação de 7 monoterpenos majoritários e 1 sesquiterpeno também majoritário. Foi detectada a presença de um sesquiterpeno em amostras analisadas por HS-SPME que não se faz presente, de forma majoritária, nos óleos essenciais. Foram também realizados processos de hidrodestilação para obtenção dos óleos essenciais. A partir dos óleos essenciais foi possível isolar 3 sesquiterpenos por meio de CCDP e, para duas dentre estas substâncias, foram adquiridos dados de IES-EM, IES-EM/EM e RMN uni e bidimensionais. Um sesquiterpeno inédito na literatura, o acetato de bisabolila, teve sua estrutura elucidada por meio dos espectros adquiridos a partir de material isolado. Este sesquiterpeno, que está presente em preparados hidroalcoólicos utilizados na medicina popular, foi submetido a ensaios para avaliação do potencial anti-nociceptivo in vitro utilizando-se macrófagos peritoneais de ratos Wistar. Os resultados sugerem um efeito analgésico, devido à redução dos mediadores IL-1X e TNF-Y, os quais estão envolvidos no processo da dor inflamatória. É possível observar uma uniformidade intraespecífica nos níveis de COVs e uma tendência de comportamento a nível intraplanta e a nível circadiano de apresentar percentuais mais elevados de sesquiterpenos em épocas chuvosas e quentes (verão) e, analogamente, menos elevados em períodos de menor temperatura ambiente (durante a noite). Nas folhas mais jovens há uma têndencia destes valores relativos serem mais elevados / Literature does report spatial and time-scale shifting on several secondary metabolites, despite such data are relevant just for those species which occurs within a temperate clime region. Lychnophora ericoides Mart. has been widely used as a folk medicine against pain and inflammation process. Off the region where is located L. ericoidess habitat there is an evident and extensive use of its aerial parts by the people which live there in order to treat several types of skin wound. In Brazilian Cerrado, tropical savanna, there a large numbers of endemic Asteraceae species, including L. ericoides, which are capable of biosynthesizing a wide variety of terpenoids. Considering the poor number of studies carried out concerning the L. ericoides volatile fraction it can be said that this fraction is quite formed by different classes of terpenes. This work aims to find the chemical composition of L. ericoides volatile fraction by using soft pre concentration techniques of compounds and investigate the chemical variability at time-scale and intraspecific levels. Thus, harvests were done throughout a 15 months period and HS-SPME & GC-MS were used to analyze the samples. A pre concentration method was developed by reaching optimum values for parameters involving the ideal thermodynamic equilibrium in HSSPME. The chromatograms acquisition, relative retention index calculations and electron ionization mass spectra acquisition, combined, made possible the identification of 7 monoterpenoids and 1 sesquiterpenoid. A particular sesquiterpene could have been identified only by using HS-SPME pre concentration and not by essential oils analysis. Using prep-TLC of the essential oils, 3 sesquiterpenes were isolated. The ESI-MS, ESI-MS/MS as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectra of two of these three isolated terpenes were acquired. One new sesquiterpene, bisabolyl acetate, had his structure elucidated at the end of this process. This sesquiterpene is displayed in hydro alcoholic extracts used in folk medicine. Bioassays for in vitro antinociceptive investigations using peritoneal macrophages isolated of Wistar rats were done using the bisabolyl acetate. Results on this investigation may suggest that a pain relief effect could be described for this compound, every since it was possible to notice a reducing on IL-1X and TNF-Y levels. These two cytokines are involved in inflammatory pain. A regular pattern on volatile levels within the samples couldve been noticed, and it is what could be called an intraspecific uniformity. A trend on both intraplant and circadian investigations couldve been observed and what tends to happen is a rising on sesquiterpenes level by the period of year which the rainy and warm summer is governing the weather. In an opposite way these levels tend to diminish by the period in which the lower temperatures are registered (throughout the night time). Among the younger leaves there is also a trend on higher sesquiterpenes levels to occur.

O estilbeno resveratrol é um composto fenólico potencialmente benéfico à saúde, principalmente devido a sua atividade cardioprotetora. Apesar de abundante em uvas e vinhos tintos, o resveratrol encontra-se ausente na maioria das frutas e vegetais que compõe a dieta humana. Recentemente, este estilbeno foi detectado em cacau e chocolates da Europa e Estados Unidos, configurando-os como sua segunda maior fonte comestível. A escassez de estudos acerca da ocorrência de resveratrol em alimentos consumidos pela população brasileira torna evidente a importância da investigação por fontes que o contenham. Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais, a atividade antioxidante de extratos aquosos e alcoólicos de cacau e derivados produzidos no Brasil, além do teor de resveratrol. Foram analisados 14 produtos que incluíram nibs de cacau, chocolates 70% e 56% de cacau, chocolates meio amargos, ao leite, brancos, achocolatados em pó e bebidas lácteas achocolatadas, de marcas populares do mercado brasileiro. Os compostos fenólicos totais foram quantificados pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e a atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelos métodos DPPH, ABTS, FRAP e auto-oxidação do sistema \'beta\'-caroteno/ácido linoleico. A identificação do resveratrol nas amostras foi confirmada pela técnica de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e a quantificação foi feita pela técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Os extratos aquosos apresentaram teores mais elevados de compostos fenólicos totais (mg AG.g-1), na seguinte ordem: nibs de cacau (21,54) > chocolate 70% (10,45) > chocolate 56% (9,51) > chocolates meio amargos (8,15) > achocolatados em pó (5,91) > chocolates ao leite (3,77) > chocolates brancos (1,22) > bebidas lácteas achocolatadas (0,96). A mesma sequência foi encontrada para a atividade antioxidante obtida pelos métodos indiretos, exceto para chocolates brancos, que exibiram os menores potenciais. Os extratos aquosos apresentaram a maior atividade antioxidante, variando de 86,53 a 1,55% pelo método DPPH; 141,27 a 3,2 \'mü\'m trolox.g-1 pelo método ABTS e 354,42 a 2,27 \'mü\'mol Fe++.g-1 pelo método FRAP. Por meio da auto-oxidação do sistema \'beta\'- caroteno/ácido linoleico, os extratos aquosos e alcoólicos mostraram valores similares para atividade antioxidante, a qual foi maior que 70% para nibs de cacau e chocolates 70% e 56%. O estilbeno resveratrol foi identificado em todas as amostras analisadas por CG-EM, entretanto em virtude da presença de teores abaixo do limite de quantificação, não foi possível a sua quantificação na maioria das amostras pela técnica de CLAE. Chocolates meio amargos exibiram os maiores teores de resveratrol, os quais foram superiores aos relatados para os mesmos produtos europeus e americanos. Apesar do cacau brasileiro não estar entre os de melhor qualidade, os resultados obtidos mostram seu elevado potencial antioxidante e de seus derivados, contribuindo para a ingestão de antioxidantes pela população brasileira, dentre os quais o estilbeno resveratrol / The stilbene resveratrol is a phenolic compound potentially beneficial to human healthy, mainly due it cardioprotector properties. Despite it abundance in grapes and wines, this stilbene lacks in most fruits and vegetables that compose human diet. Recently, resveratrol was detected in cocoa and chocolates commercialized in Europe and United States, making these products the second edible source of resveratrol. The lack of studies about resveratrol occurrence in Brazilian diet makes evident the need for investigation of the stilbene sources. This study aimed at analyzing the amount of total phenolic compounds, the antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of cocoa and cocoa products from Brazil, and the resveratrol level. A total of 14 products were analyzed, including cocoa nibs, chocolates 70% and 56% cocoa, dark, milk and white chocolates, chocolate Milk beverages and chocolate powders, of popular Brazilian trademarks. The total phenolic compounds were quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and \'beta\'-carotene bleaching assays. Identification of resveratrol in the samples was confirmed by gás chromatography/mass spectrometry method (GC-MS) and quantification was obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aqueous extracts showed a higher phenolic content (mg GAE.g-1), following the sequence: cocoa nibs (21,54) > chocolate 70% (10,45), chocolate 56% (9,51), dark chocolates (8,15) > chocolate powders (5,91) > milk chocolates (3,77) > white chocolates (1,22) > chocolate milk beverages (0,96). The same sequence was detected for the antioxidant activity obtained by indirect methods, except for white chocolates, which exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity. Aqueous extracts showed a higher antioxidant activity, ranging from 86,53 to 1,55% in the DPPH assay; 141,27 to 3,2 \'mü\'m trolox.g-1 in the ABTS assay and 354,42 to 2,27 \'mü\'mol Fe++.g-1 in the FRAP assay By the \'beta\'-carotene bleaching method, methanolic and aqueous extracts showed similar antioxidant activities, which were higher than 70% for cocoa and chocolates 70% and 56% cocoa. Resveratrol was identified in all the samples analyzed by GCMS, but its presence below the limit of quantification doesnt allow its determination in all samples by HPLC. Dark chocolates exhibited the highest resveratrol levels, which were higher than those related for the same European and American products. Although Brazilian cocoa isnt recognized for its quality, the results obtained show it high antioxidant activity and of its derivatives, contributing for antioxidants intake by Brazilian population, among them the stilbene resveratrol

Macroalgas vermelhas da espécie Bostrychia radicans (Rhodomelaceae) foram coletadas em diferentes ecossistemas de Ubatuba, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, mais especificamente nos costões rochosos da Praia Dura e no manguezal do Rio Escuro. Os extratos e frações obtidos dos espécimes, provenientes das duas regiões, expressaram diferentes respostas quando avaliadas as atividades tripanocida, leishmanicida, antitumoral, antifúngica e citotóxica. Estes resultados nos levaram a inferir que há uma possível relação entre as variações ambientais e a produção de metabólitos secundários biologicamente ativos nesta espécie. Concomitantemente ao estabelecimento do potencial biológico de extratos e/ou frações, foram realizadas avaliações comparativas do perfil químico da espécie B. radicans, coletada nos diferentes ecossistemas citados anteriormente. Através da comparação dos constituintes voláteis destas amostras, obtidos por microextração em fase sólida, foi possível observar diferenças significativas entre estas; sendo que a amostra proveniente dos costões apresentou uma maior diversidade de metabólitos. Em contrapartida, as análises comparativas dos constituintes apolares, realizadas por CG-EM, não revelaram diferenças significativas quanto à composição química da espécie. Com relação ao perfil cromatográfico das substâncias polares, obtido via CLAE, também foi observada semelhança quanto aos constituintes presentes em ambas as amostras. Ainda, a partir dos estudos químicos desta espécie foi possível o isolamento do colesterol e 4-hidroxi-N-(2-hidroxietil)-benzamida, além de outras substâncias isoladas em mistura, tais como: heptadecano, esqualeno, ácidos tetradecanóico e hexadecanóico, ésteres 9-octadecenoato e hexadecanoato de metila, os diterpenos trans-fitol e neofitadieno; além das substâncias aromáticas: 4-metoximetilfenol, 4-hidroxibenzaldeído, 4-hidroxibenzenoacetato de metila, 4-hidroximandelato de metila, 4-diidroxibenzenopropanoato de metila, hidroquinona, 4-hidroxibenzoato de metila, ácido 4-hidroxibenzenoacético e 4-formilcarbonilfenol. / Red macroalgae from Bostrychia radicans (Rhodomelaceae) species were collected in different ecosystems in Ubatuba, north littoral of São Paulo state, more specifically in Praia Dura rocky shores and Rio Escuro mangrove. The extracts and fractions obtained from specimens, of the two regions, expressed different responses when the trypanocide, leishmanicide, antitumoral, antifungic and citotoxic activities were evaluated. Based on these results, we could infer that there is a possible relation between the environmental variations and the production of secondary metabolites with biological activity, in this specie. At the same time, comparative analyses of chemical profiles of B. radicans from the different ecosystems were done in order to stabilish the influence of the habitat. The chemical profile of volatile compounds of B. radicans, obtained by solid phase microextraction, diverged significantly according to their habitat (mangrove or rocky shore) and the rocky shore specimens showed more variability of compounds. On the other hand, the chemical profile of apolar constituents, performed by GC-MS, were not significantly different in their midst. Concerning the chromatographic profile of polar constituents, obtained by HPLC, it was observed that these compounds were very similar. Moreover the chemical study of this species led to the isolation of cholesterol, and 4-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-benzamide, and other constituents isolated together, like: heptadecane, squalene, tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids, methyl 9-octadecenoate and methyl hexadecanoate, trans-phytol e neophytadiene; behind the phenols: 4-metoxymethylphenol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, methyl 4-hydroxybenzeneacetate, methyl 4-hydroxymandelate, methyl 4-dihydroxybenzenepropanoate, hydroquinone, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid and 4-fomylcarbonyl-phenol.

Atmospheric aldol self-reactions of octanal, heptanal and hexanal in a range of aqueous H2SO4 w/v% concentrations as a catalyst were studied in both bulk liquid-liquid experiments and gas-liquid experiments. Initially, a new practical methodology was developed and enhanced to monitor aldol reactions in aqueous acidic media. The evaluation of a quenching and extracting method were performed, confirming the suitability, reliability and reproducibility of the extraction method. In bulk studies, aldol products of the three aldehydes were separated and identified by preparative HPLC, GC-MS and NMR. The major aldol products observed at high acid concentrations were alpha,β-unsaturated aldehyde (dimer), trialkyl benzene (trimer) and tetraalkylcycloocta-tetraene (tetramer). The trimer of octanal was formed as trioxane in low sulfuric acid concentration and the possible mechanism accretion reaction pathways of high and low acid concentrations are proposed in this study. A systematic kinetic study of octanal, heptanal and hexanal in the bulk experiments at 65, 60 and 55 w/v% H2SO4 at 294 K were monitored using gas chromatographic equipped with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). The rate constants were generally estimated using second order kinetics and observed to increase as a function of sulfuric acid concentrations and also as the chain length of aliphatic aldehyde increased. The aldol self-reaction in the bulk experiment was too fast at room temperature to be easily measured using a quenching method therefore attempts were made to follow the reaction at low temperature (0 °C). The result at low temperature indicated that the rate constant of aldehyde was reduced but there was an issue of rapid rise in temperature as a result of mixing concentrated sulfuric acid with aqueous solution of the aldehyde. A gas bubbling system was developed which better simulates atmospheric reality, and which also resolves the issue of temperature rise on mixing. Two different methodologies were used: one in which the aldehyde was continually added, and one where a fixed amount was added from the gas phase and the reaction was then allowed to proceed, monitored at selected time intervals. The precision and accuracy of the fixed method was then further improved by the addition of an internal standard (IS). Using this, the concentrations of aliphatic aldehydes (C6-C8) were calibrated using an experimentally determined response factor and used to follow the loss of the reactant aldehydes. Similar methods were applied to the aldol dimers (C6-C8), which were purified and used to calibrate the chromatographic response. The rate constant for octanal, heptanal and hexanal at 76 wt% and 294 K were 0.0969 M-1 s-1, 0.1497 M-1 s-1 and 0.2622 M-1 s-1 respectively. There are some observations based upon the results presented in this thesis that may be of atmospheric significance: (i) phase separation between organic and aqueous layers in both the bulk experiment and in the bubbling system; (ii) the acid strength dependence and concentration-dependence of the various products; (iii) the faster rates than previously reported, and variation between bulk and bubbling; and (v) the time-dependent colour changes. Further work to explore these observations is proposed.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-18T11:50:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Frances Regiane dos Santos.pdf: 3889746 bytes, checksum: 193cd2f941ca3560b1dd12601120624e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-18T11:50:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Frances Regiane dos Santos.pdf: 3889746 bytes, checksum: 193cd2f941ca3560b1dd12601120624e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The Myrtaceae family comprises more than 3,500 species, which are widely distributed on all continents (except Antarctica). The chemical diversity and the biological potential of essential oils extracted from fresh leaves of Myrtaceae species cultivated in the Botanical Garden of UFRRJ were described. Six different species were studied: Eugenia uniflora L. (?pitanga?), Eugenia brasiliensis L. (?grumixama?), Psidium cattleianum Sabine (?ara???), Psidium guajava L. (?goiaba?), Syzygium cumini (?jamel?o?) and Syzygium malaccense (L.) (?jambo?). Chemical, statistical and biological methods were used, with the aid of chromatographic analysis (GC-FID and GC-MS), chemometrics (PCA and HCA statistical analysis) and biological activities (larvicide, trypanocidal, fungicidal and antioxidant) to determine these essencial oils. The essential oil of species E. uniflora L, E. brasiliensis, P.cattleianum and P. guajava showed mainly sesquiterpenes in its compositions, while the oil from S. cumini was rich in monoterpenes and S. malaccense presented, mostly, chemical constituents not derived isoprene metabolites.. The chemometric analysis of GC-MS data of the oils extracted from leaves of six species, discriminated three groups of essential oils, according to the similarity of the composition of volatile components for each species. Specifically, for the P.cattleianum and P. guajava data, the ?-caryophyllene and ?-humuleno constituents could be considered markers of Psidium genus. The biological results suggested that the essential oils of the species studied were effective as they showed larvicide and fungicidal activity . The essential oil of E. uniflora and its isolated furanodiene showed antioxidant activity, with the TBARS method, and also showed potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity, which suggests that both are an interesting alternative to combat infectious diseases such as Chagas disease / A fam?lia Myrtaceae compreende mais de 3.500 esp?cies, que est?o amplamente distribu?das por todos os continentes (exceto Ant?rtida). Este trabalho descreve a diversidade qu?mica e o potencial biol?gico dos ?leos essenciais extra?dos de folhas frescas de esp?cies de Myrtaceae cultivadas no Jardim Bot?nico da UFRRJ. Seis esp?cies diferentes foram estudadas: Eugenia uniflora L.(pitangueira), Eugenia brasiliensis Lam (grumixameira), Psidium cattleianum Sabine (ara?azeiro), Psidium guajava L. (goiabeira), Syzygium cumini (jameleiro) e Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry (jambeiro vermelho). Os seus ?leos essenciais foram extra?dos por hidrodestila??o e avaliados com o aux?lio de an?lises cromatogr?ficas (CG-DIC e CG-EM), quimiometria (utilizando An?lise de Componentes Principais - ACP e An?lise de Agrupamentos Hier?rquicos ? AAH) e atrav?s de atividades biol?gicas (larvicida, tripanocida, fungicida e antioxidante). O ?leo essencial das esp?cies E. uniflora L, E. brasiliensis P.cattleianum e P. guajava apresentou, principalmente, sesquiterpenos em sua composi??o, enquanto o ?leo de S. cumini foi rico em monoterpenos e o de S. malaccense apresentou constituintes qu?micos n?o oriundos de metab?litos do isopreno. Os resultados obtidos atrav?s da quantifica??o e identifica??o qu?mica dos ?leos essenciais por Cromatografia em Fase Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM) aplicadas ?s an?lises quimiom?tricas permitiu discriminar tr?s agrupamentos de ?leos essenciais, de acordo com a similaridade na composi??o de constituintes vol?teis para cada esp?cie. Especificamente para P. cattleianum e P. guajava os constituintes ?-cariofileno e ?-humuleno foram considerados os marcadores do g?nero Psidium. Para os ensaios biol?gicos realizados, os resultados obtidos com os ?leos essenciais das esp?cies estudadas mostraram-se eficazes quanto ? atividade larvicida e fungicida. O ?leo essencial de E. uniflora e o furanodieno isolado apresentaram atividade antioxidante pelo m?todo TBARS, e tamb?m apresentaram potencial atividade tripanocida, sugerindo que ambos sejam uma alternativa interessante para combater doen?as parasit?rias como a doen?a de Chagas

A literatura relata variações espaciais e rítmicas para diferentes classes de metabólitos secundários, entretanto os dados são consistentes apenas para espécies que ocorrem em áreas temperadas. Lychnophora ericoides Mart. tem sido muito empregada popularmente como antiinflamatório e analgésico. É relatado o uso de suas partes aéreas pela população que vive nas proximidades de seu habitat em tratamentos de lesões cutâneas. L. eriocides representa uma das várias espécies da família Asteraceae endêmicas ao cerrado que biossintetizam uma ampla gama de terpenoides. Embora pouco estudada, sabe-se que a fração volátil de suas partes aéreas apresenta constituição terpênica. O presente estudo tem como objetivo determinar a constituição química desta fração volátil por meio de técnicas brandas de pré-concentração dos analitos e avaliar a variabilidade química desta fração a nível intraespecífico e temporal. Dessa forma, as coletas foram realizadas durante um período de 15 meses e utilizou-se HSSPME e CG-EM para avaliar as amostras coletadas. Um método para pré-concentração dos compostos voláteis (COVs) foi desenvolvido a partir da otimização dos parâmetros para obtenção do equilíbrio termodinâmico em HS-SPME. A obtenção de cromatogramas, determinação de índices de retenção relativos e aquisição de espectros de massas com ionização por elétrons possibilitaram a identificação de 7 monoterpenos majoritários e 1 sesquiterpeno também majoritário. Foi detectada a presença de um sesquiterpeno em amostras analisadas por HS-SPME que não se faz presente, de forma majoritária, nos óleos essenciais. Foram também realizados processos de hidrodestilação para obtenção dos óleos essenciais. A partir dos óleos essenciais foi possível isolar 3 sesquiterpenos por meio de CCDP e, para duas dentre estas substâncias, foram adquiridos dados de IES-EM, IES-EM/EM e RMN uni e bidimensionais. Um sesquiterpeno inédito na literatura, o acetato de bisabolila, teve sua estrutura elucidada por meio dos espectros adquiridos a partir de material isolado. Este sesquiterpeno, que está presente em preparados hidroalcoólicos utilizados na medicina popular, foi submetido a ensaios para avaliação do potencial anti-nociceptivo in vitro utilizando-se macrófagos peritoneais de ratos Wistar. Os resultados sugerem um efeito analgésico, devido à redução dos mediadores IL-1X e TNF-Y, os quais estão envolvidos no processo da dor inflamatória. É possível observar uma uniformidade intraespecífica nos níveis de COVs e uma tendência de comportamento a nível intraplanta e a nível circadiano de apresentar percentuais mais elevados de sesquiterpenos em épocas chuvosas e quentes (verão) e, analogamente, menos elevados em períodos de menor temperatura ambiente (durante a noite). Nas folhas mais jovens há uma têndencia destes valores relativos serem mais elevados / Literature does report spatial and time-scale shifting on several secondary metabolites, despite such data are relevant just for those species which occurs within a temperate clime region. Lychnophora ericoides Mart. has been widely used as a folk medicine against pain and inflammation process. Off the region where is located L. ericoidess habitat there is an evident and extensive use of its aerial parts by the people which live there in order to treat several types of skin wound. In Brazilian Cerrado, tropical savanna, there a large numbers of endemic Asteraceae species, including L. ericoides, which are capable of biosynthesizing a wide variety of terpenoids. Considering the poor number of studies carried out concerning the L. ericoides volatile fraction it can be said that this fraction is quite formed by different classes of terpenes. This work aims to find the chemical composition of L. ericoides volatile fraction by using soft pre concentration techniques of compounds and investigate the chemical variability at time-scale and intraspecific levels. Thus, harvests were done throughout a 15 months period and HS-SPME & GC-MS were used to analyze the samples. A pre concentration method was developed by reaching optimum values for parameters involving the ideal thermodynamic equilibrium in HSSPME. The chromatograms acquisition, relative retention index calculations and electron ionization mass spectra acquisition, combined, made possible the identification of 7 monoterpenoids and 1 sesquiterpenoid. A particular sesquiterpene could have been identified only by using HS-SPME pre concentration and not by essential oils analysis. Using prep-TLC of the essential oils, 3 sesquiterpenes were isolated. The ESI-MS, ESI-MS/MS as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectra of two of these three isolated terpenes were acquired. One new sesquiterpene, bisabolyl acetate, had his structure elucidated at the end of this process. This sesquiterpene is displayed in hydro alcoholic extracts used in folk medicine. Bioassays for in vitro antinociceptive investigations using peritoneal macrophages isolated of Wistar rats were done using the bisabolyl acetate. Results on this investigation may suggest that a pain relief effect could be described for this compound, every since it was possible to notice a reducing on IL-1X and TNF-Y levels. These two cytokines are involved in inflammatory pain. A regular pattern on volatile levels within the samples couldve been noticed, and it is what could be called an intraspecific uniformity. A trend on both intraplant and circadian investigations couldve been observed and what tends to happen is a rising on sesquiterpenes level by the period of year which the rainy and warm summer is governing the weather. In an opposite way these levels tend to diminish by the period in which the lower temperatures are registered (throughout the night time). Among the younger leaves there is also a trend on higher sesquiterpenes levels to occur.