In 2022, Namibia recorded over five thousand cases of gender-based violence (GBV), highlighting the alarming and persistent nature of this issue. GBV is both a consequence and reinforcement of deeply ingrained gender inequalities in Namibian society, stemming from factors such as colonial history, power imbalances, and traditional norms. Sport is recognized as a valuable strategy to promote gender equality by challenging stereotypes and structural norms. However, fostering these gender equalities requires understanding the perceptions and educational knowledge of youth who represent the future of Namibian society.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and investigate students’ educational knowledge and perceptions of GBV and gender equality, as well as their perceptions of sport and its contribution to personal and social development and gender equality. Hereby, their experiences, traditions, and beliefs were at the center of the study. Data was collected from 24 students from disadvantaged communities who are enrolled in grades 8 to 12 in the after-school center of Physically Active Youth (P.A.Y.) in Windhoek, Namibia. The data collection process utilized an explanatory sequential mixed-method approach, collecting data from an online self-administered questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with two staff members and three students. The results of this study showed that educational and societal factors largely influence students’ perceptions and knowledge of GBV and gender equality. Students advocate for more comprehensive education and inclusive sports programs to foster personal and social development and challenge traditional gender norms. Moreover, they pointed out the need for community support and safe spaces for open discussions. Despite recognizing the barriers posed by patriarchal values, students believe in the potential of sport and education to promote gender equality and social change and to prevent GBV in Namibia.

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Kenyan informal settlements have been thoroughly depicted by previous researchers as biophysical, epidemiological, and economic risk environments in which food insecurity is recognised as one of the most persistent everyday challenges. Although unemployment and illness are key contributors to the inability to purchase sufficient food, the reasons why households experience food insecurity are more complicated and not fully understood. Part of the problem is that few previous studies have privileged socio-political contributions (e.g. gender-based power inequalities and the impacts of social networks) to household food security risk. Whilst food security researchers commonly utilise the concept of vulnerability to address household-scale risk, this concept is rarely applied to interpersonal dynamics within households. Using data gathered through participant observation, questionnaires, and 109 in-depth interviews with 67 participants, this thesis provides an ethnographic account of household food insecurity in an informal settlement which addresses three primary questions: (1) In what ways might interpersonal relationships within households contribute social and political obstacles to achieving food security? For instance, how and why might risk for food insecurity emerge from experiences of interpersonal conflict? (2) What role do extra-household social networks play in experiences of food security within households? (3) How useful is the concept of vulnerability for addressing experiences of risk which are negotiated between household members? In the informal settlement of 'Bangladesh', Mombasa, Kenya, conflict within domestic, especially conjugal, relationships represents a potential source of risk to food security for individual members or entire households. Contributing to this conflict are gender inequality, power differentials, the failure to meet marital expectations, and how people respond when presente with risk. Resulting experiences of food insecurity are shown to contribute to further conflict in the household, thereby creating a cycle of conflict and food insecurity. Those who find that they have insufficient food at home may receive assistance (food or money) from members of their social networks. However, these relationships may also contribute to experiences of conflict, and therefore insecurity, within households. Applying concepts of vulnerabilty to account for experiences of risk and their consequences (food insecurity) requires differentiating between what represents a hazard, a response, and an outcome. Within multi-person households, it is exceedingly difficult to divide lived experiences involving interpersonal conflict among these three categories. Thus, I argue that vulnerability is less useful for research concerning intra-household dynamics than it is for studies which assume households to be undifferentiated units.

<p>This study concerns the complete oeuvre by the British author Helen Zahavi: Dirty Weekend (1991), True Romance (1994), and Donna and the Fatman (1998). Her novels are here read as a trilogy dealing with the dialectics of gender and violence in 20th century discourse, drawing on theories of how the construction of subjects is produced by power, of the relation between power and sexuality.</p><p>The heroines of Zahavi’s novels try their best to move about in a world where their freedom of movement is limited to their female identity. In Dirty Weekend the protagonist tries to shoot her way out, claiming revenge on every man that is forcing himself upon her. She gains some freedom of movement by refusing subordination, but does not really change the order of power. The protagonist in True Romance instead finds salvation in love of the master. She learns to love the man who keeps her as a sex slave in his apartment, and when confronted with the choice between the freedom by violent action and submission by passive acceptance, she chooses the latter. The protagonist in Donna and the Fatman manage to refuse both superiority and submission. She has a debt to settle with the gangster boss Henry, but in the end blows both herself and her opponent to pieces. I argue that by doing this, Donna breaks out of the order of language. </p><p>The order of power presented in Zahavi’s novels is a tyranneous dichotomy which cathegorize individuals as either victims or perpertrators. This construction is seemingly a natural order which we have to accept, but the actions of Zahavi’s last protagonist eventually proves it to be nothing but a mask, a lie. This lie is, in the words of one of Zahavi’s characters, a tenacious lie, and the only way to break out of the construction of power is to break out of the construction of the order of power. Thus the blowing up of both victim and perpertrator may enable a new world to be born.</p>

Gender-based violence is a widespread health problem all over the world and in Tanzania, domestic violence and rape within marriage are widely spread. Since nursing students are likely to meet abused women within their future profession, it is important to explore their attitudes towards the subject. The aim with the study was to describe nursing students' attitudes towards domestic violence. The method used was descriptive, quantitative and the instrument used was a questionnaire containing questions from Domestic Violence Blame Scale (DVBS) and Domestic Violence Myths Acceptance Scale (DVMAS), two selfconstructed questions were also added. The respondents (n=30) were nursing students at KCM College, in Moshi Tanzania. The result shows that the general opinion among the students was that the likeliness of domestic violence to occur was affected by situational factors, such as family living conditions. Almost half of the respondents strongly agreed that the Tanzanian society was male-dominated, and that it contributes to the occurrence of domestic violence and many of the students thought that women instigate domestic violence and that they have themselves to blame. Since the result shows that many of the students seem not to fully understand the mechanisms of domestic violence and that they tend to blame the victim for the crime it is essential with more education on the subject. / Våld mot kvinnor är ett omfattande hälsoproblem över hela världen och i Tanzania är våld mot kvinnor, såsom våld i nära relationer och våldtäkt inom äktenskapet, vida spritt. Eftersom sjuksköterskestudenter troligtvis kommer att möta våldsutsatta kvinnor i sitt framtida yrke är det viktigt att undersöka deras attityder kring ämnet. Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskestudenters attityder till våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Metoden för studien var deskriptiv, kvantitativ och instrumentet som använts är ett frågeformulär med frågor från Domestic Violence Blame Scale (DVBS) och Domestic Violence Myths Acceptance Scale (DVMAS), samt två frågor tillagda av författaren till studien. Respondenterna (n=30) var sjuksköterskestudenter på KCM College, I Moshi Tanzania. Resultatet visar att den generella åsikten bland studenterna var att situationen, som till exempel familjeförhållanden påverkar sannolikheten för att våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer ska uppstå. Knappt hälften av respondenterna höll med om att samhället är mansdominerat, vilket bidrar till förekomsten av våld mot kvinnor och många av studenterna tyckte att våld i nära relationer är en konsekvens av kvinnans eget beteende och att hon får skylla sig själv. Eftersom resultatet visar att många av studenterna inte fullt förstod mekanismerna kring våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer, och att de tenderade till att skuldbelägga kvinnan för brottet, är mer utbildning i ämnet av högsta vikt.

A violência contra a mulher é fenômeno universal que atinge todas as classes sociais, etnias, religiões e culturas, ocorrendo em populações de diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento econômico e social. As mulheres que sofrem violência física perpetrada por parceiros íntimos também estão sob risco da violência sexual, indicando uma relação entre a violência física e psicológica. No Brasil, o tema ainda é pouco estudado; existem poucos dados confiáveis da violência sexual no país. A notificação, ponto de partida para a investigação, é muito inferior ao número de agressões que acorrem pelo fato de que muitas vítimas evitam a exposição pública. Mediante esse cenário, o estudo teve como objetivo principal caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de violência sexual contra mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos, registrados na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo tipo levantamento, no período de 2006 a 2008. Foram consideradas 245 notificações as quais indicaram que 71,84% dos casos registrados eram de mulheres abaixo dos 30 anos, brancas (62,4%), solteiras (68,6%), com um nível educacional baixo (59,2%) e sem nenhuma deficiência descrita (84,9%). O agressor, na maioria dos casos, foi classificado como desconhecido (43,3%), o estupro foi o agravo mais acometido (69%), sendo a residência (33,5%) o local mais frequente em que aconteceu a violência. Sabe-se que à violência sexual, na maioria das vezes, está associada a alguma outra. O presente estudo descreve que 67,8% dos casos registrados apresentavam a violência física associada, com valores similares à violência psicológica que representou 62% dos casos. Em 68% dos casos notificados foram encaminhados para Ambulatório. Como conclusão, o estudo teve como propósito contribuir como mais um instrumento no combate a violência sexual, mediante sua relevância para a Saúde Pública. / Violence against women is a universal phenomenon that affects all social classes, ethnicities, religions and cultures, occurring in populations of different levels of economic and social development. Women who suffer physical violence perpetrated by intimate partners are also at risk of sexual violence, indicating a relationship between physical violence and psychological violence. In Brazil, the subject is still tens studies, and reliable data from sexual violence. The notification, the starting point for research, is much lower than the number of attacks by the fact that many victims avoid public exposure. Under this scenario, the study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of cases of sexual violence against women aged 14 years, registered in the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto - SP. It is a descriptive study of such survey of the period 2006 to 2008. We considered 245 reports which indicated that 71.84% of reported cases were in women under age 30, White (62.4%), single (68.6%), with a low educational level (59.2%) and with no reported disability (84.9%). The attacker, in most cases was classified as unknown (43.3%), rape was most affected tort (69%), and the residence (33.5%) the most frequent site of violence happen. It is known that sexual violence, most often, is associated with some other violence. The present study describes that 67.8% of reported cases had associated physical violence, with values similar to psychological violence was 62% of cases. In 68% of the reported cases were referred to an outpatient clinic. In conclusion, the study aimed to contribute as one more as a tool in combating sexual violence by their relevance to public health.

Violence against women (VAW) is a global problem existing in all cultures. This study is performed because there is a lack of knowledge about how healthcare personnel treat VAW to promote health and to alleviate suffering. The aim is to describe how healthcare workers experience violence against women and how it influences the care. Qualitative semi structured individual interviews were made with three nurses and one medical student in Egypt. The interviews were taped and transcribed before the text was analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The result showed that women were subordinated and discriminated in Egypt and in the healthcare. The care for the abused women was focused on first aid, and the respondents expressed that it was the woman’s own decision and responsibility to report or do any further actions. Often the violence was ignored or silenced. Violence and threats was accepted by the society and individuals as a mean for handling conflicts and was used in the healthcare settings as well. The respondents expressed a need for change and a wish for decreasing the violence, work for equality and stressed the importance of education in society. They also emphasised the need for women to gain more economic independence. Attitudes of healthcare workers need to be addressed and further investigation is necessary to prevent VAW. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

A violência contra a mulher é fenômeno universal que atinge todas as classes sociais, etnias, religiões e culturas, ocorrendo em populações de diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento econômico e social. As mulheres que sofrem violência física perpetrada por parceiros íntimos também estão sob risco da violência sexual, indicando uma relação entre a violência física e psicológica. No Brasil, o tema ainda é pouco estudado; existem poucos dados confiáveis da violência sexual no país. A notificação, ponto de partida para a investigação, é muito inferior ao número de agressões que acorrem pelo fato de que muitas vítimas evitam a exposição pública. Mediante esse cenário, o estudo teve como objetivo principal caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de violência sexual contra mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos, registrados na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo tipo levantamento, no período de 2006 a 2008. Foram consideradas 245 notificações as quais indicaram que 71,84% dos casos registrados eram de mulheres abaixo dos 30 anos, brancas (62,4%), solteiras (68,6%), com um nível educacional baixo (59,2%) e sem nenhuma deficiência descrita (84,9%). O agressor, na maioria dos casos, foi classificado como desconhecido (43,3%), o estupro foi o agravo mais acometido (69%), sendo a residência (33,5%) o local mais frequente em que aconteceu a violência. Sabe-se que à violência sexual, na maioria das vezes, está associada a alguma outra. O presente estudo descreve que 67,8% dos casos registrados apresentavam a violência física associada, com valores similares à violência psicológica que representou 62% dos casos. Em 68% dos casos notificados foram encaminhados para Ambulatório. Como conclusão, o estudo teve como propósito contribuir como mais um instrumento no combate a violência sexual, mediante sua relevância para a Saúde Pública. / Violence against women is a universal phenomenon that affects all social classes, ethnicities, religions and cultures, occurring in populations of different levels of economic and social development. Women who suffer physical violence perpetrated by intimate partners are also at risk of sexual violence, indicating a relationship between physical violence and psychological violence. In Brazil, the subject is still tens studies, and reliable data from sexual violence. The notification, the starting point for research, is much lower than the number of attacks by the fact that many victims avoid public exposure. Under this scenario, the study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of cases of sexual violence against women aged 14 years, registered in the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto - SP. It is a descriptive study of such survey of the period 2006 to 2008. We considered 245 reports which indicated that 71.84% of reported cases were in women under age 30, White (62.4%), single (68.6%), with a low educational level (59.2%) and with no reported disability (84.9%). The attacker, in most cases was classified as unknown (43.3%), rape was most affected tort (69%), and the residence (33.5%) the most frequent site of violence happen. It is known that sexual violence, most often, is associated with some other violence. The present study describes that 67.8% of reported cases had associated physical violence, with values similar to psychological violence was 62% of cases. In 68% of the reported cases were referred to an outpatient clinic. In conclusion, the study aimed to contribute as one more as a tool in combating sexual violence by their relevance to public health.

<p>The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with reporting incidents of sexual violence after seventy-two hours at the sexual assault service centre in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal. This descriptive study was based on retrospective analysis of 534 medical records of victims of sexual violence at the Newcastle hospital between 2005 and 2009. A data collection sheet was designed to extract information from three sources namely: the victims‟ hospital files, J88 forms and specific hospital forms that were completed for sexual assault victims. The collected data were entered into and processed for analysis using EPI INFO statistical package. Frequencies, means and standard deviations were calculated for the data set. Test of significance was also done using the Chi-square test and presented using odds ratios with 95% CI and p-value of &lt / 0.05. The victims‟ age range was 2-81years (mean= 18.84, &sigma / =13.25). Approximately 87% were female and 59.4% of the victims were aged 0-17 years. One in five victims (19.7%) was HIV positive, and most (74.4%) reported rape with vaginal penetration. Fifty-nine percent reported within 72 hours of being assaulted. The most common reason for delayed reporting (21.5%) was fear of the perpetrator. Most of the sexual assaults were committed by male (96%) and single perpetrator (90%). Nearly a third (32.4%) of the sexual violence occurred within intimate relationships and more than two-thirds (68%) knew the perpetrators. In all, 35% sustained injuries during the assault and a third (34.5%) reported the use of weapons during the assault. Nearly half of the victims (48.7%) were referred to hospital by their relatives who also accompanied them to the facility (42.1%). Of the 198 victims that were offered post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), 87% collected the full 28-day course.</p>