Our purpose with the study was to investigate how the image of a mother’s role is created by the magazines Mama and Husmodern. Mama is an existing magazine, but Husmodern ceased to exist in 1988. Both magazines focus on children, fashion and housework. We wanted to know what qualities you need to become a good or a bad mother. Also who is allowed to give advices on motherhood? We compared the magazines to find out how the mother´s role has changed over time. For that we used six issues of Mama from the year 2011, and six issues of Husmodern from the years between 1941 and 1959. The result of the research shows that mothers, now as well as in the 1940-1950's, are expected to put their children first. Nowadays, in Mama’s context, she is also expected to work. It is no longer socially acceptable to live as a housewife, which was the ideal in the magazine Husmodern. The result also shows that mothers, according to Mama, are in a constant state of stress. The magazine tries to offer them solutions for their stress-related problems. Husmodern on the other hand, puts a greater emphasis on moral, and offers the readers their moral values.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to develop a gender equality program through information technology for junior high school to inquire the individual class students¡¦ gender consciousness-raising and to understand the changes of existing gender-role stereotypes among eighth grade students to offer some implications on adolescent¡¦s gender equity education program in the future. The subjects are one class (17 females, 20 males) of 8th grade students in Junior High School in Kaohsiung County as the case group. The study adopts qualitative and quantitative methods to explore subjects¡¦ the process of gender consciousness-raising. The former of which is major method including, colloquies and worksheets in the class and observation by researcher. In this study, the gender equality education program met for one a week, for 10 weeks. Teacher¡¦s introspection connects with student¡¦s performance would be the feedback to help researcher adjusts teaching strategy. From this process the major findings were as following: (1)By the systematized gender equality program, gender consciousness of students had been roused. (2) The gender consciousness of students presented from indefinitely to perceptively. (3) After taking part in this gender equality program, the mood of the class was developing by degrees into an esteemed¡Bcatholic and harmonious condition. (4) The e-learning experience had broadened students¡¦ horizons. (5) The response of students had positive feedback on teachers and induced their introspection. Finally, based on the research results, we can provide valuable suggestions to school education and further study plans.

In this study, the proposed model was tested and focused on Vietnamese spouses who which participate in the life adaptation and language study courses in Kaohsiung. 213 foreign spouses were asked to answer questionnaires and effective respondents were 187 sets. The complex data was collected and analyzed by One-way ANOVA, T-test, Pearson correlation analysis and multi-regression regression analysis with SPSS. This study is focused on two social psychological factors: marital expectation and gender role attitude, and discusses the relationship between these two variables and marital quality. The conclusions of this research summarize as following: ¤@¡BFor Vietnamese spouses, the length of time that acquainted before married is significant toward the economical expectations of marital expectations. ¤G¡BEducational degree is significant toward the gender role attitudes for Vietnamese spouses; the lower educational degree that Vietnamese spouses have, the higher traditional gender role attitudes they have. ¤T¡BThe methods Vietnamese spouses adopt in order to go to Taiwan are significant toward the familial roles, extrafamilial roles and stereotypes of male/female characteristics and behaviors of gender role attitudes. ¥|¡BThe marital expectations of the Vietnamese spouses are correlated with their marital quality. ¤­¡BThe gender role attitudes of the Vietnamese spouses are highly correlated with their marital quality. ¤»¡BThe reason that Vietnamese spouses getting married is falling in love, marital expectations, and gender role attitudes are positive predict variables towards marital quality. ¤C¡BThe familial roles of gender role attitudes, and getting married by falling in love are also positive predict variables towards value consensus, interaction of spouses, marital happiness, and marital stability of marital quality. Base on the conclusions from this study and suggestions for spouses of transnational marriages, administration and guidance system of government and further studies.

Both The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and My Ántonia by Willa Cather depict characters that perform non-traditional gender roles. In these novels, there are expectations about how women and men should act. The purpose of this comparative study is to look at how the female and male protagonists’ actions correspond to, or differ from, these expectations and if they do so in similar ways. The analytical approach is based on Judith Butler’s theory of gender performance. This study also examines in what ways the characters’ actions conflict with, or conform to, social norms of the time by investigating the social expectations for women in the Puritan society and in the late nineteenth century. Even though the settings are separated by two hundred years, this study shows that the protagonists challenge traditional gender role norms in similar ways and that both female protagonists show a feminist desire to exist outside the binary understanding of gender.

Many young men struggle with mental health issues including depression, anxiety, substance abuse and suicide. Further research has shown that many men have an aversion to help seeking, placing them at greater risk for unresolved mental health issues. In the past thirty years, the Gender Role Conflict framework and related research has emphasized the impact of societal gender roles on men’s psychological problems. Higher education counselors who are familiar with Gender Role Conflict theory and related research will have a potentially useful skill set in counseling male students. This document overviews the Gender Role Conflict paradigm and highlights the most relevant literature for college counselors. Further, practical ideas are offered to help guide counselors in their work with college males, and suggestions for future research are also provided. / text

This research investigated the influence of television viewing on the social identity management or coping strategies endorsed by women. Three studies (N = 536) tested predictions formulated under the aegis of cultivation theory and social identity theory. Cultivation theory suggests that exposure to low-status mediated portrayals of female characters may lead to the internalization of low status in female heavy television viewers, possibly resulting in a negative ingroup or social identity. According to social identity theory, members of low-status groups may cope with negative social identity by adopting any of three identity management strategies: individual mobility (disassociating oneself from the ingroup), social creativity (changing the dimension of comparison with a high-status group or changing the comparison group altogether), and social competition (actively pursuing legal and/or civil means in order to obtain a higher status for the ingroup). By integrating the identity management strategies as outcome variables in a cultivation-led framework, the main predictions of this research were that television viewing would be directly related to strategies of mobility and creativity and inversely related to social competition. A model of television viewing's indirect effects on identity management via its influences on the sociostructural constructs (permeability, stability, and legitimacy) was also tested in this research. Finally, this research examined other theoretically important variables that were predicted to impact television's cultivation effects. These were (i) gender role attitudes, (ii) perceived ingroup vitality, (iii) ingroup identification, (iv) perceived ingroup efficacy, and (v) perceived realism of television programming. The findings from these three studies indicate that television viewing has both direct and indirect influences on identity management in women. Specifically, television viewing was significantly and positively related to individual mobility and significantly and inversely related to attitudes of social competition. As television viewing was not related to any of the sociostructural variables, the preliminary model testing television viewing's indirect effects on identity management was not successful. However, a revised model incorporating perceived status of women, and perceived ingroup vitality, was more successful and consistently explained the data across the three studies. In non-traditional women, television viewing and gender role attitudes interacted to predict heightened mobility and creativity scores, and dampened attitudes of social competition. Similar but weaker effects were observed for more traditional women. Perceived ingroup vitality, ingroup identification, perceived ingroup efficacy, and perceived realism of television did not moderate the relationship between television viewing and identity management. The findings from the dissertation expand and add to the growing body of work integrating media effects and intergroup communication theories. Specifically, it extends the work focusing on media's influences on low-status group members' identity cognitions.

The Disney princess line includes nine films, in our study we have extended this line to include the latest three films from Walt Disney Pictures that follow the same pattern. These films are Tangled (2010), Brave (2012) and Frozen (2013). We have conducted our study using the same method used by England, Descartes and Collier-Meeks (2011) in their study of the first nine films, starting with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs produced in 1937 to Princess and the Frog from 2009. A quantitative study was executed where we focused on gender role portrayal, the main characters behavioral characteristics and performed rescues. We applied the following theories to our result; the Social Constructivism, Laura Mulvey’s theory of the Male Gaze, Michel Foucault’s theory of power and discourse, intersectionality and Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver’s model of communication. Our result of the content coding shows a more nuanced depiction of both male and female main characters where the roles have shifted. The female main characters have been asigned a more traditionally masculine role in the films. The story in all of our three films revolves around the female main characters efforts to achieve their goals. The male main characters have abandoned their shiny armour and white horse and persued a role as the one who leads the female to her goal. A one-way analysis of variance was implemented to see differences over time in gender role portrayal of men and women. The result suggest that the male and female roles have changed over time, altough the men are those who have changed the most.

A sample of 383 toy commercials aired on Nickelodeon Sverige were coded over the duration of two weeks concerning the type of toy, gender portrayal, number of children of both gender, the dominant kind of interaction, the dominant kind of setting and gender orientation. The results were then compared with findings from a previous study conducted in the United States that used the same method to determine a possible relationship between the way the commercials were designed and the two countries' levels of gender equality. In Sweden, the much more gender equal country according to Hofstede's dimension of masculinity/femininity, most commercials featured children of both gender and stereotype usage way more rare than in the United States where also most commercials only showed solely girls or solely boys. Judging from these findings a relationship could therefore be found.

The purpose of this study was to examine the negative effects of intimate partner violence on college women's health promoting behaviors such as physical exercise. Data were collected from 375 college women and 122 male students at a large Midwestern university. Examination of demographic variables and other background factors in both the female and male sample suggested that instances of intimate partner violence frequently occurred in this college student population. Tests of structural equation models with data from the female sample revealed that women's sense of agency and perceived levels of stress fully mediated the relationship between intimate partner violence and women's engagement in physical exercise. Women's gender role attitudes further predicted participation in physical exercise; however, gender role attitudes were not significantly related to other variables in the model. Findings are indicative of the widespread effects of intimate partner violence on positive behaviors as well as negative health behaviors that have been the focus of previous research. The conceptual, empirical, and clinical needs to address and facilitate women's engagement in health promoting behaviors are discussed. High rates of intimate partner violence among college students call for outreach and preventive measures on college campuses. Systemic issues of male to female intimate partner violence are addressed as well as the necessity of culturally sensitive research in this area of investigation.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 69% of adults with child sexual abuse (CSA) experiences. Although the Ehlers and Clark model of PTSD (2000) explains the symptom maintenance cycle in this condition, it is unclear why male CSA survivors are less likely to disclose and seek help. This study proposed incorporating additional perspectives into the cognitive model of PTSD: gender role perceptions as impacting on negative cognitions and disclosure ability as a manifestation of avoidance. One hundred and fifty CSA survivors took part in an online study, which consisted of validated questionnaires and open-ended questions. Statistical regression and mediation models examined the associations between negative cognitions, disclosure ability, gender perceptions, and PTSD symptoms. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes within disclosure and CSA’s impact on gender role perceptions. Posttraumatic cognitions accounted for most of the variance in PTSD scores. Undifferentiation was associated with PTSD scores via more posttraumatic cognitions; androgyny was associated with fewer negative cognitions about the self and the world. Four key themes in participant disclosure experiences and CSA’s impact on gender role perceptions were identified. Clinical implications for therapeutic work with male and female survivors were discussed.