A common critique from scholars towards gender mainstreaming (GM) strategy is that the integration of a gender perspective can sometimes be seen as too narrow in its outcome as secure discrimination protection. Sweden is a veteran when it comes to both GM strategy and equality. But as in many other places, discrimination based on other grounds than gender is present within Swedish society too. Hence, this thesis’s concern is to examine how the Swedish Gender Equality Authorities construct gender equality. This, with the intent to gain an understanding of what the joint assumptions of gender equality look like. The material was analysed by using the ‘What's the Problem Represented to Be’ method and to operationalize and deepen the understanding further the theoretical concept of intersectionality was applied. As expected when concerning GM strategy, the findings established that the construction is predominantly centred around women and men. Other dimensions of identity such as for example faith, socioeconomic belonging, ethnicity, skin colour often end up in the periphery of the construction. The findings also showed that the wording, articulation, exclusion and inclusion of certain groups of people, plays a vital role in how the construction can be perceived.

This essay is about flexibility in relation to employment protection through a gender perspective. It handles the regulations of fixed term employments and how they are regulated in collective agreements in different sectors. The sectors studied are chosen by statistics on male- and female dominated sectors to apply a gender perspective. 90 percent of Swedish workers are covered by collective agreements and many of the studied agreements differ markedly from both the regulation in the Swedish law and from each other. The study shows that depending on which sector you are working in your employment protection will differ. Especially in female dominated sectors the regulations of fixed term employments are even more flexible than the law and the regulations in male dominated sectors. According to the gender structure of the labor market, women have lower status, which could be an explanation to why the regulations tend to be less favorable for women. The result of the study shows that collective agreements in female dominated sectors tend to have regulations according to the Swedish law or less favorable than the law. The male dominated sectors on the other hand tend to have collective agreements that are stricter regulated than the law when it comes to the area of fixed term employments. By that said the regulations of fixed term employments seem through a gender perspective be better for men than for women.

Ethiopia is a country that for centuries has been dominated by men. However, since 2018, the Prime Minister Abiye Ahmed has introduced gender reforms, including a gender balanced cabinet. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the gender reforms affect three non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in their work to empower women. The paper focuses on the following research questions: 1) How do non-governmental organisations work with women empowerment in Ethiopia? 2) To what extent and how have non-governmental organisations been affected by the gender reforms of the Ethiopian government that took office in 2018? 3) How have Ethiopian women been affected by the gender reforms of the Ethiopian government that took office in 2018 according to non-governmental organisations? The paper follows the theoretical framework by Dibie and Dibie, and Bratton as analytical framework. The methodological framework that has been used is a qualitative method, conducting semi- structured interviews. The NGOs main approach in relation to women empowerment is Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Women Watch Groups. The NGOs are unanimous that the gender reforms have improved NGOs relationship with the government due to a new law that was implemented in relation to the reforms. Finally, the NGOs have a positive image of Ethiopian women’s future and argues that the gender reforms empower women.

"Issues of gender have always, and continue to, inhibit women from access to public office. With the increase of gender mainstreaming and struggle for equality, the internntional community has become increasingly aware of the absence of women in politics. The aims of this dissertation is not only, however, to be conscious of women's absence in politics, but to also take steps to redefine sound strategies to implement gender equality in terms of the political participation of women on the part of governments. This dissertation will focus on the place accorded to South African women in relation to the consolidation of a fairly new democracy, compared and contrasted to the struggle of their Cameroonian counterparts within the context of a much older democracy. Moreover, ratified conventional instruments as well as domestic constitutional dispositions currently in force in Cameroon dictate gender equality, thus calling for the implementation of special measures to enhance the participation of women. Yet, there have been no serious efforts on the part of Cameroon to revise or abrogate numerous coexisting discriminatory provisions and practices that perpetrate systematic discrimination against women in various ways within existing institutions. ... Chapter one sets out the scope of the study through the identification of the research problem and outlines the chosen methodology. This chapter also states the aims and objectives of the paper as well as its limitations. Chapter two considers the international and regional provisions governing women's rights. The main aim of this chapter is to recoup dispositions in human rights instruments with specific reference to gender equality and the participation of women in public life. Chapter three gives a historical backdrop of the participation of women in politics in both countries and sets out the domestic and constitutional provisions that relate to the status of women in politics in both Cameroon and South Africa. It also contains case studies to elucidate the particular challenges faced by women in these two countries. Chapter four analyses the extent to which Cameroon and South Africa have complied with international, regional as well as national human rights standards pertaining to women's political participation rights. The final chapter will contain conclusions and recommendations." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Letitia van der Poll, Faculty of Law of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

La presente investigación plantea como objetivo conocer cuál es la percepción de los estudiantes de moda de la UPC sobre la indumentaria genderless como una forma de comunicación de equidad de género en Lima en la actualidad (2020). En Perú, actualmente, el género está definido por un sistema formado por estereotipos binarios. La sociedad está presentando cambios frente a las críticas de dichos estereotipos que impiden la libertad de expresión y aceptación del ser humano. Esto puede verse reflejado en la indumentaria y los mensajes sociales, políticos, económicos y culturales que esta comunica. La indumentaria genderless que las personas puedan comunicar factores desligados a lo superficial, lo que contribuye con la libertad para construir su identidad. Esta investigación proporciona un punto de vista sobre la posible relación de la indumentaria genderless y la equidad de género. La investigación se realizó con una metodología con enfoque cualitativo y diseño de investigación fenomenológico. Para lograr esto se realizará una recopilación de información teórica y una investigación de campo mediante entrevistas a alumnas de la carrera de Diseño y Gestión en Moda de la UPC. / The present investigation aims to know which is the perception of the fashion students of the UPC about the genderless clothing as a form of communication of gender equity in Lima at the present time (2020). In Peru, gender is currently defined by a system formed by binary stereotypes. Society is changing because of criticism of these stereotypes, which inhibit freedom of expression and acceptance of human beings. This can be reflected in clothing and the social, political, economic and cultural messages it communicates. Genderless clothing allows people to communicate factors unrelated to the superficial appearance, allowing them freedom to build their identity. This research provides a point of view on the possible relationship between genderless clothing and gender equity. The research was carried out with a qualitative approach methodology and phenomenological research design. To achieve this, a collection of theoretical information and field research will be carried out through interviews with students of the Fashion Design and Management career at the UPC. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of this thesis is to describe the institutional and financial security of the gender equality policy from 1998 to the present in the background of the interactions and relationships between its key actors - Gender Equality Unit (Office of the Government of the Czech Republic), Gender Equality Advisory bodies (Office of the Government of the Czech Republic), Department of Family and Ageing Policy (Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs), Division of Gender Equality Projects (Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs) and Gender Equality Nonprofit Organizations (Gender Equality NGO). Theoretical support of this thesis is the state/market feminism theory and theoretical concepts policy and governance. The outcomes of the analysis and expert interviews show the institutional and financial security of the gender equality policy is continual, horizontal and fragmented process created by internally and externally different actors. These actors implement their gender equality policies differently and their work is parallel. However, at the same time they are mutually dependent through different sources thereby different interactions (both cooperation and coaction) and relationships (both formal and informal) as well as tension and problems arise. Negotiations about funding of the policy measures and...

(in English): The aim of the theses is to map the development of feminization of two main British political parties, Conservative and Labour party from the point of view of descriptive participation, i.e. women representation in the party and parliamentary structure. Incorporation of women organization into the party structure including also integration of women's concerns into the party manifesto is another topic presented in the text. Attitude towards women advancement and women enfranchisement based on the overall perception of women identity are also included. The second part of the thesis focuses on specific premiership period of Tony Blair and David Cameron with regards to the aspect of feminization mentioned above and legislative steps and their influence on life and position of women in wider society. As a part of the theses, the comparison of both terms of office, from the point of view of their attitudes towards women's issues and strategies of promoting women political participation, are involved.

'Leaving no one behind' is the slogan for strategies and action plans. Goal 3 of the Agenda aims to "Ensure healthy lives and promote being for all at all ages" which includes sexual and reproductive health. However, it leads ther the policy frameworks are leading to the goal of 'leaving no one behind'. In order to answer the question, migrants' rights is one of them. The construction of the inequalities in the discourse will be

The aim of this study was to examine the handling process within financial assistance from a gender equality perspective, in order to problematize and create a deeper understanding of notions of gender in the social services. The different working methods of the social services were compared with the politically based gender equality goals. The study was based on eight individual qualitative semi-structured interviews with social workers in financial assistance from different municipalities in Sweden. The main subjects of the interviews were how the authority works on the basis of gender equality in their payments of financial assistance, their guidelines and future change from a gender equality aspect. To analyze the data, theories of gender perspectives were used from the social theorists Yvonne Hirdman and Raewyn Connell. This study showed that the social services were using four different payment methods. To conclude, the study indicated that the different municipalities fulfilled the requirements of the gender equality goals to varying degrees and reproduced or challenged notions of gender. Despite these varying results, our study showed that, in relation to previous research, there has been a development in the financial assistance services in terms of gender equality.

Sweden has one of the most sexually segregated labor markets in the world, which creates unbalanced working groups. In this paper we have analyzed women and men's experiences of a male dominated workplace in electricity industry. The purpose of the study was to analyze men and women's experiences of the male dominance in a workplace where women are in minority. The study also aimed to investigate the perceived organizational culture and whether the interviewees perceived that the workplace was equal. Previous research shows that male dominated workplaces create problematic working conditions for women in particular. Our study was based on semistructured interviews. Six people have been interviewed, of which as many women as men. The result of the study showed that the differences between men and women's experiences are relatively small. Both men and women was satisfied with their work situation, however it appears that women felt a greater need to prove themselves unlike men. Women and men agreed that the culture was perceived as hard and humorous, it differed depending on whether you worked in the office or out in the production.