Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana de Souza Ramos.pdf: 1475499 bytes, checksum: 272675159261639245a986c118355c16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The core of this research was to show that the development of resilience among three generations of black women is culturally invested. The periodized life turns out to establish relationships between groups of different age, articulating an important dimension to understand the forms of resistance, formation of self-esteem, family and ethnic sense of belonging. As a methodology, were conducted interviews, questionnaires and participant observation about the different generations of black women (in this case Grandparents, mothers and daughters) living in the city of Diadema. As a result of the analysis and, in addition to in depth knowledge of the issues involving generations, black advocacy, public policies (especially in education), family and memories, the research indicated that families go through a process of reinvention in which feminine generations assume their role as protagonists of their lives. They are the majority in the formal and informal labor market, articulating the decline in fertility. They are also the ones that have the highest life expectancy rate (even with double and/or triple shift of work) and that, when it comes to education, are outperforming black men. And, doing so, they are changing the black feminine universe, once remembered mainly by lower wages and grades of schooling when compared to other Brazilians / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi mostrar que o processo da formação de resiliência entre três gerações de mulheres negras é investido culturalmente, e que a vida periodizada acaba por estabelecer relações entre as diferentes faixas etárias, articulando uma dimensão importante para a compreensão das formas de resistência, formação da auto-estima, pertencimento familiar e étnico. A metodologia utilizada foi composta de entrevistas, questionários e observação participante sobre as diferentes gerações de mulheres negras (no caso avós, mães e filhas) moradoras da cidade de Diadema. Como resultado das análises realizadas e, além do aprofundamento dos conhecimentos sobre as temáticas envolvendo gerações, protagonismo negro, políticas públicas (principalmente na área da educação), família e memórias, a análise permitiu concluir que as famílias passam por um processo de reinvenção em que as gerações femininas assumem seu papel de protagonistas das próprias vidas. São elas a maioria no mercado de trabalho formal e informal, que articulam a queda da fecundidade, que possuem a maior expectativa de vida (mesmo com a dupla e/ou tripla jornada de trabalho) e que na questão da escolaridade, estão superando os homens negros. E, assim, estão mudando o universo feminino negro, antes lembrado, principalmente, pelos baixos salários e escolaridade em relação aos demais brasileiros e brasileiras

Esta pesquisa trata dos processos de formação e transmissão de valores, condutas e comportamentos relacionados ao mundo da política entre moradores do bairro Ferrazópolis, na cidade de São Bernardo do Campo (SP), bairro popular de tradição operária que tem passado por diversas alterações em sua configuração ao longo do tempo, parte delas em função das transformações ocorridas no mercado de trabalho da região do ABC Paulista. O objetivo central da pesquisa é, então, compreender os processos de socialização política, ou seja, processos de transmissão de valores, percepções, atitudes e comportamentos em relação à política entre duas gerações de moradores nesse bairro: a primeira geração, constituída por trabalhadores migrantes nascidos entre as décadas de 1940 e 1960; e a segunda, constituída por seus filhos, nascidos no ABC entre as décadas de 1970 e 1990. Para cumprir os objetivos da pesquisa, a metodologia mobilizada foi executada nas seguintes etapas: i) realização de observações no bairro; (ii) aplicação de questionário em uma amostra dos domicílios do bairro sobre a trajetória da família e de suas posições políticas; (iii) mapeamento e análise de tendências percebidas entre as famílias no que tange aos seus modos de se relacionar com a política, classificadas entre tendências de militância, engajamento pontual e desinteresse por política; (iv) realização de entrevistas em profundidade com famílias representantes das tendências encontradas na fase anterior, ferramenta por meio da qual pudemos observar a existência de diferentes tipos de transmissão intergeracional de política, que variam entre sólidas e porosas. / This research deals with the processes of formation and transmission of values, conducts and behaviors related to the world of politics among residents of the Ferrazópolis neighborhood,in the city of São Bernardo do Campo (SP), a popular neighborhood with a working tradition that has been passing through various changes in its configuration over the time, part of them due to the changes occurred in the labor market in the ABC Paulista region. The main goal of the research is to understand the processes of political socialization or processes of transmission of values, perceptions, attitudes and behaviors related to politcs, between two generations of residents. The first generation is mainly composed by migrant workers who were born between the 40s and the 60s, the second is composed by their children, who were born in the ABC region between the 70s and the 90s. In order to fulfill the objectives of the research, the methodology was executed in the following stages: i) observations in the neighborhood; (ii) the application of a questionnaire in a sample of the households in the neighborhood about the trajectory of the family and its political positions; (iii) mapping and analyzing perceived \"tendencies\" among families regarding their ways of relating to politics, classified among militancy tendencies, punctual engagement and disinterest in politics; (iv) interviews with families representing the \"trends\" found in the previous phase, a tool through which we could observe the existence of different types of intergenerational politics transmission, ranging from solid to porous.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of acceptable use of social media among teachers, students, and parents. In doing so the researcher touched on generational factors, communication, instructional practice with social networking and the perceptions of what was acceptable among these 3 groups within a middle school setting. This qualitative study examined how students, parents, and teachers perceived the use of social networking. 30 subjects were randomly chosen and interviewed: 10 students, 10 parents and 10 teachers. There were 4 emerging themes: (a) types of social networking preferred and the reason, (b) relationships and acceptable usage, (c) uncertainty of safety of social networking, and (d) the positives in being able to communicate. Research suggests that the generations that were interviewed lean toward different types of communication. The Baby Boomers prefer to communicate via email, telephones, and face-to-face. Generation Xers use email but also include Instant Messaging and mobile phones. Generation Y prefers to text prefers to text or use cell phones as does Generation Z which has yet to be identified and uses these forms as well as all forms of social networking (Entrepreneur Magazine, 2009) Through interviewing and coding the researcher found that each subgroup identified that communication was essential to survival. What differed was the type of communication and the safety involved in that type. It was also found that the research on this subject is limited but is growing with advances. The research has changed to include more positives on this subject. With this, the implication for further study in this area is definite. Recommendations for further study include but are not limited to: looking at a study like this in a larger area, opening the subject group to different demographics, looking into how this will affect school systems in the future.

No description available.

Fault location reveals the exact information needed for utility crews to timely and promptly perform maintenance and system restoration. Therefore, accurate fault location is a key function in reducing outage time and enhancing power system reliability. Modern power systems are witnessing a trend of integrating more distributed generations (DG) into the grid. DG power outputs may be intermittent and can no longer be treated as constants in fault location method development. DG modeling is also difficult for fault location purpose. Moreover, most existing fault location methods are not applicable to simultaneous faults. To solve the challenges, this dissertation proposes three impedance-based fault location algorithms to pinpoint simultaneous faults for power transmission systems and distribution systems with high penetration of DGs. The proposed fault location algorithms utilize the voltage and/or current phasors that are captured by phasor measurement units. Bus impedance matrix technique is harnessed to establish the relationship between the measurements and unknown simultaneous fault locations. The distinct features of the proposed algorithms are that no fault types and fault resistances are needed to determine the fault locations. In particular, Type I and Type III algorithms do not need the information of source impedances and prefault measurements to locate the faults. Moreover, the effects of shunt capacitance are fully considered to improve fault location accuracy. The proposed algorithms for distribution systems are validated by evaluation studies using Matlab and Simulink SimPowerSystems on a 21 bus distribution system and the modified IEEE 34 node test system. Type II fault location algorithm for transmission systems is applicable to untransposed lines and is validated by simulation studies using EMTP on a 27 bus transmission system. Fault area identification method is proposed to reduce the number of line segments to be examined for fault location. In addition, an optimal fault location method that can identify possible bad measurement is proposed for enhanced fault location estimate. Evaluation studies show that the optimal fault location method is accurate and effective. The proposed algorithms can be integrated into the existing energy management system for enhanced fault management capability for power systems.

Tax systems are used for economic and social concerns such as promoting the economic growth or decreasing the income inequality and tax evasion, increasing the social welfare, etc. Researchers argue that the consumption taxes are quite high in Turkey compared to other OECD countries. Therefore, the proposed tax reform in this study is to decrease the Value Added Tax (VAT) rate and to increase the top statutory income tax rate. This thesis constructs and presents first set of a 55-period overlapping generations (OLG) model for Turkey to analyze and evaluate the impact of tax reform on the Turkish macroeconomic variables and welfare. The results show that the proposed tax reform provides welfare gains to the low and middle income individuals while high income individuals are suffered.

La presente ricerca si propone di analizzare la trasmissione dei valori in famiglie con figli adolescenti. Il campione è composto da 381 famiglie italiane (adolescente, genitori e nonna); tutti gli adolescenti sono studenti di scuola media superiore (età media=17 anni). I soggetti hanno compilato un questionario contenente il Portrait Values Questionnaire per la misurazione dei dieci domini valoriali descritti nella teoria di Schwartz (1992). La ricerca si articola in tre studi. Nel primo studio, le priorità valoriali degli adolescenti sono state confrontate con le priorità dei genitori e delle nonne allo scopo di misurare il livello di similarità entro ciascuna diade familiare, controllando l'effetto stereotipico (modalità di risposta tipica per generazione sociale di appartenenza). Il secondo studio ha preso in esame il Two-step model of value acquisition di Grusec e Goodnow (1994): come suggerito da questo modello, l'accuratezza con cui il figlio percepisce i valori genitoriali e l'accettazione rappresentano due pre-condizioni per la somiglianza tra i valori di genitori e figli. Il terzo studio ha indagato alcune variabili che influenzano l'accuratezza e l'accettazione. La ricerca evidenzia l'importanza di assumere una prospettiva relazionale-intergenerazionale nello studio della trasmissione e la necessità di indagare i processi familiari entro il più ampio contesto sociale. / This research intended to analyze the value transmission in families with adolescents. The sample was composed of 381 Italian families (adolescent, both parents and one grandmother); adolescents were high school students (mean age=17 years). Subjects filled in a questionnaire, including the Portrait Values Questionnaire to measure the ten value types described in Schwartz's theory (1992). The research was divided into three studies. In the first study, adolescents' value priorities were compared to their own parents' and grandmothers' priorities in order to measure the unique value similarity within each family dyad, controlling for the stereotype effect (that is the typical cultural response). The second study tested the Two-step model of value acquisition by Grusec and Goodnow (1994): as suggested by this model, child's accuracy in perceiving parental values and the acceptance of these values were both necessary preconditions for parent-child value similarity. The third study identified some family variables that influence child's accuracy and acceptance. The research highlighted the importance of assuming a relational-intergenerational perspective in the study of transmission and the importance of analyzing family processes within the larger social context.

This thesis contributes to the fields of Public Economics and Development Economics by studying human capital formation under three scenarios. Each scenario is represented in an individual paper between Chapters 2 to 4 of this thesis. Chapter 2 examines the effect of child care financing, through human capital formation, on growth and welfare. There is an extensive literature on the benefits of child care affordability on labour market participation. The overall inference that can be drawn is that the availability and affordability of appropriate child care may enhance parental time spent outside the home in furthering their economic opportunities. In another front, the endogenous growth literature exemplifies the merits of subsidizing human capital in generating growth. Again, other contributions demonstrate the negative implications of taxes on the returns from human capital on long run growth and welfare. This paper assesses the long run welfare implications of child care subsidies financed by proportional income taxes when human capital serves as the engine of growth. More specifically, using an overlapping-generations framework (OLG) with endogenous labour choice, we study the implications of a distortionary wage income tax on growth and welfare. When the revenues from proportional income taxes are channelled towards improving economic opportunities for both work and schooling investments in the form of child care subsidies, long run physical and human capital stock may increase. A higher level of growth may ensue leading to higher welfare. Chapter 3 answers the question of how child care subsidization works in the interest of skill formation, and specifically, whether child care subsidization policies can work to the effect of human capital subsidies. Ample studies have highlighted the significance of early childhood learning through child care in determining the child’s longer-term outcomes. The general conclusion has been that the quality of life for a child, higher earnings during later life, as well as the contributions the child makes to society as an adult can be traced back to exposures during the first few years of life. Early childhood education obtained through child care has been found to play a pivotal role in the human capital base amongst children that can benefit them in the long run. Based on this premise, the paper develops a simple Overlapping Generations Model (OLG) to find out the implications of early learning on future investments in human capital. It is shown that higher costs of child care will reduce skill investments of parents. Also, for some positive child care cost, higher human capital obtained through early childhood education can induce further skill investments amongst individuals with a higher willingness to substitute consumption intertemporally. Finally, intervention that can internalize the intra-generational human capital externalities arising from parental time spent outside the home - for which care/early learning is required to be purchased for the child - can unambiguously lead to higher skill investments by all individuals. Chapter 3 therefore proposes policy intervention, such as child care subsidization, as the effect of such will be akin to a human capital subsidy. The objective of Chapter 4 is to understand the implications of inter-regional mobility on higher educational investments of individuals and to study in detail the impact of mobility on government spending for education under two particular scenarios – one in which human capital externalities are non-localized and spill over to other regions (e.g. in the form of R&D), and another in which the externalities are localized and remain within the region. It is shown that mobility enhances private investments in education, and all else equal, welfare should be higher with increased migration. The impacts on government educational expenditures are studied and some policy implications are drawn. In general, with non-localized externalities, all public expenditures decline under full-migration. Finally under localized externalities, the paper finds that governments will increase their financing of education to increasingly mobile individuals only when agglomeration benefits outweigh congestion costs from increases in regional population.

Classical view of power system is characterized by a unidirectional power flow from centralized generation to consumers. Power system deregulation gave impetus to a modern view by introducing distributed generations (DGs) into distribution systems, leading to a bi-directional power flow. Several benefits of embedding DGs into distribution systems, such as increased reliability and reduced system losses, can be achieved. However, when a zone of the distribution system remains energized after being disconnected from the grid, DGs become islanded and early detection is needed to avoid several operational issues. In response to this call, a wavelet-based approach that uses the mean voltage index is proposed in this work to detect islanding operation in distribution systems embedding DGs. The proposed approach has been tested in several islanding and non-islanding scenarios using IEEE 13-bus distribution system. The results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to other islanding approaches previously published in the literature. / UOIT

This thesis contributes to the fields of Public Economics and Development Economics by studying human capital formation under three scenarios. Each scenario is represented in an individual paper between Chapters 2 to 4 of this thesis. Chapter 2 examines the effect of child care financing, through human capital formation, on growth and welfare. There is an extensive literature on the benefits of child care affordability on labour market participation. The overall inference that can be drawn is that the availability and affordability of appropriate child care may enhance parental time spent outside the home in furthering their economic opportunities. In another front, the endogenous growth literature exemplifies the merits of subsidizing human capital in generating growth. Again, other contributions demonstrate the negative implications of taxes on the returns from human capital on long run growth and welfare. This paper assesses the long run welfare implications of child care subsidies financed by proportional income taxes when human capital serves as the engine of growth. More specifically, using an overlapping-generations framework (OLG) with endogenous labour choice, we study the implications of a distortionary wage income tax on growth and welfare. When the revenues from proportional income taxes are channelled towards improving economic opportunities for both work and schooling investments in the form of child care subsidies, long run physical and human capital stock may increase. A higher level of growth may ensue leading to higher welfare. Chapter 3 answers the question of how child care subsidization works in the interest of skill formation, and specifically, whether child care subsidization policies can work to the effect of human capital subsidies. Ample studies have highlighted the significance of early childhood learning through child care in determining the child’s longer-term outcomes. The general conclusion has been that the quality of life for a child, higher earnings during later life, as well as the contributions the child makes to society as an adult can be traced back to exposures during the first few years of life. Early childhood education obtained through child care has been found to play a pivotal role in the human capital base amongst children that can benefit them in the long run. Based on this premise, the paper develops a simple Overlapping Generations Model (OLG) to find out the implications of early learning on future investments in human capital. It is shown that higher costs of child care will reduce skill investments of parents. Also, for some positive child care cost, higher human capital obtained through early childhood education can induce further skill investments amongst individuals with a higher willingness to substitute consumption intertemporally. Finally, intervention that can internalize the intra-generational human capital externalities arising from parental time spent outside the home - for which care/early learning is required to be purchased for the child - can unambiguously lead to higher skill investments by all individuals. Chapter 3 therefore proposes policy intervention, such as child care subsidization, as the effect of such will be akin to a human capital subsidy. The objective of Chapter 4 is to understand the implications of inter-regional mobility on higher educational investments of individuals and to study in detail the impact of mobility on government spending for education under two particular scenarios – one in which human capital externalities are non-localized and spill over to other regions (e.g. in the form of R&D), and another in which the externalities are localized and remain within the region. It is shown that mobility enhances private investments in education, and all else equal, welfare should be higher with increased migration. The impacts on government educational expenditures are studied and some policy implications are drawn. In general, with non-localized externalities, all public expenditures decline under full-migration. Finally under localized externalities, the paper finds that governments will increase their financing of education to increasingly mobile individuals only when agglomeration benefits outweigh congestion costs from increases in regional population.