In the context of software engineering for image processing (IP), we consider the notion of reusability of algorithms. In many software tools, an algorithm's implementation often depends on the type of processed data. In a broad definition, discrete digital images may have various forms : classical 2D images, 3D volumes, non-regular graphs, cell complexes, and so on : thus leading to a combinatorial explosion of the theoretical number of implementations. Generic programming (GP) is a framework suited to the development of reusable software tools. We present a programming paradigm based on GP designed for the creation of scientific software such as IP tools. This approach combines the benefits of reusability, expressive power, extensibility, and efficiency. We then propose a software architecture for IP using this programming paradigm based on a generic IP library. The foundations of this framework define essential IP concepts, enabling the development of algorithms compatible with many image types. We finally present a strategy to build high-level tools on top of this library, such as bridges to dynamic languages or graphical user interfaces. This mechanism has been designed to preserve the genericity and efficiency of the underlying software tools, while making them simpler to use and more flexible

Brands are recognised as one of the most valuable assets that a company can possess and therefore brands are key role-players in the business strategies of organisations. The rivalry amongst competitors in the pharmaceutical industry is fierce and companies should design their strategies in such a way in order to achieve competitive advantage. Brand loyalty is regarded as a powerful tool in the development of pharmaceutical brands. The main aim of this study was to measure brand loyalty in the pharmaceutical industry of South Africa and to establish whether patients are brand loyal to original pharmaceutical brands and the influence of generics on pharmaceutical brand loyalty. The measurement of brand loyalty in the pharmaceutical industry is based on Moolla’s brand loyalty framework for the FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) industry. This study also aimed to determine whether Moolla’s FMCG brand loyalty framework is applicable to the pharmaceutical industry. The twelve brand loyalty influences identified by Moolla are: Customer satisfaction; Switching costs; Brand trust; Repeat purchase; Involvement; Perceived value; Commitment; Relationship proneness; Brand affect; Brand relevance; Brand performance and Culture. The empirical study was conducted among 250 over-the-counter medicine consumers with different demographic profiles. The methodology included the sampling procedure, data collection, questionnaire development and statistical techniques used. Results were analysed with regards to Factor analysis; the Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy; Cronbach Alpha coefficients; Bartlett’s test of sphericity, mean values and effect sizes. The Empirical results through quantitative analysis included the validity of the research instruments, the calculation of the reliability coefficients which reported on the significance of the research variables. The results were presented in a conceptual framework to measure pharmaceutical brand loyalty. The results of this study concluded that the brand loyalty influences as identified by Moolla are important for measuring pharmaceutical brand loyalty. The results of this study also concluded that patients are indeed brand loyal and do prefer branded pharmaceuticals to generic pharmaceuticals in the over-the-counter medicine industry of South Africa. The importance of this study is the contribution of a brand loyalty framework to measure pharmaceutical brand loyalty which will aid pharmaceutical companies in the strategic management thereof. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Brands are recognised as one of the most valuable assets that a company can possess and therefore brands are key role-players in the business strategies of organisations. The rivalry amongst competitors in the pharmaceutical industry is fierce and companies should design their strategies in such a way in order to achieve competitive advantage. Brand loyalty is regarded as a powerful tool in the development of pharmaceutical brands. The main aim of this study was to measure brand loyalty in the pharmaceutical industry of South Africa and to establish whether patients are brand loyal to original pharmaceutical brands and the influence of generics on pharmaceutical brand loyalty. The measurement of brand loyalty in the pharmaceutical industry is based on Moolla’s brand loyalty framework for the FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) industry. This study also aimed to determine whether Moolla’s FMCG brand loyalty framework is applicable to the pharmaceutical industry. The twelve brand loyalty influences identified by Moolla are: Customer satisfaction; Switching costs; Brand trust; Repeat purchase; Involvement; Perceived value; Commitment; Relationship proneness; Brand affect; Brand relevance; Brand performance and Culture. The empirical study was conducted among 250 over-the-counter medicine consumers with different demographic profiles. The methodology included the sampling procedure, data collection, questionnaire development and statistical techniques used. Results were analysed with regards to Factor analysis; the Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy; Cronbach Alpha coefficients; Bartlett’s test of sphericity, mean values and effect sizes. The Empirical results through quantitative analysis included the validity of the research instruments, the calculation of the reliability coefficients which reported on the significance of the research variables. The results were presented in a conceptual framework to measure pharmaceutical brand loyalty. The results of this study concluded that the brand loyalty influences as identified by Moolla are important for measuring pharmaceutical brand loyalty. The results of this study also concluded that patients are indeed brand loyal and do prefer branded pharmaceuticals to generic pharmaceuticals in the over-the-counter medicine industry of South Africa. The importance of this study is the contribution of a brand loyalty framework to measure pharmaceutical brand loyalty which will aid pharmaceutical companies in the strategic management thereof. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Purpose: To estimate the willingness and ability of private plans to manage costs during the generic drug procurement reform era that began in 2006 in Canada. Two cost management aspects were assessed; the prices paid for generic drugs and the extent to which private plans have enacted measures to increase generic substitution. Methods: IMS-Brogan Pharmastat data was used to estimate the price of commonly prescribed generic drugs and generic share of prescriptions, by plan type, province and quarter from 2003 to 2012. Results: Prices did not decline unless the provincial governments mandated the reductions. Savings from this mandate was approximately $264 million in Ontario. Rates of generic substitution were unaffected by the price reductions, possibly because the rates were high beforehand. Conclusion: Private plans did not independently obtain lower generic prices. Due to already high substitution rates, there may have been limited potential for additional savings from mandatory substitution controls.

Purpose: To estimate the willingness and ability of private plans to manage costs during the generic drug procurement reform era that began in 2006 in Canada. Two cost management aspects were assessed; the prices paid for generic drugs and the extent to which private plans have enacted measures to increase generic substitution. Methods: IMS-Brogan Pharmastat data was used to estimate the price of commonly prescribed generic drugs and generic share of prescriptions, by plan type, province and quarter from 2003 to 2012. Results: Prices did not decline unless the provincial governments mandated the reductions. Savings from this mandate was approximately $264 million in Ontario. Rates of generic substitution were unaffected by the price reductions, possibly because the rates were high beforehand. Conclusion: Private plans did not independently obtain lower generic prices. Due to already high substitution rates, there may have been limited potential for additional savings from mandatory substitution controls.

This thesis presents a critical reading on the apartment blocks transformed by urban programs in Kizilay urban core. The ultimate aim is to understand the transformative relationships of city and architecture within divergent conceptual levels through an analysis of generic building and processes of building consumption.

This thesis explores the relationship between information literacy and learning. In formal education, students are frequently required to independently find and use information to learn about a topic, and information literacy is often claimed to be a generic skill and graduate attribute. However, to date; the experienced relationship between information literacy and learning has not been investigated. In order to investigate this experience, I have based this research on interviews with 19 students enrolled in third year music composition courses, and 18 students enrolled in a third year tax law course at an Australian university. My primary research question was 'What is the experienced relationship between information literacy and learning?' The secondary research question was "What are the generic and situated aspects of information literacy?' In this study, I have used phenomenography to describe the qualitatively different ways that students in two distinct disciplines experience the relationship between information literacy and learning. I have suggested curriculum implications of this description based on a relational approach to learning and teaching. The outcomes of the study include two related sets of categories which map the experience of students in music composition and tax law, and the theoretical GeST windows model for information literacy which is based upon literacy models and theories. The key findings of this study include: * A description of the nature of the experienced relationship between information literacy and learning in music composition and tax law as 1) Applying, 2) Discovering and 3) Expressing (music) or Understanding (tax law); * the theoretical GeST windows model and alignment of the model with the empirical study; * the presentation of curriculum implications in music and tax law, and * an exploration of the nature of information as-it-is-experienced. The findings may be used by teachers, students, librarians, academic skills advisors, academic developers and policy makers in higher education.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: p. 333-339.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-137). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Αποτελεί αδιαμφισβήτητο γεγονός ότι τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες η βιομηχανία γενόσημων φαρμάκων σημειώνει παγκοσμίως σημαντική πρόοδο και ανάπτυξη. Η εκτεταμένη διείσδυση των γενόσημων φαρμάκων στο χώρο της υγείας δεν είναι καθόλου τυχαία και οφείλεται κατά κύριο λόγο στην οικονομική και αξιόπιστη θεραπευτική λύση που προσφέρουν. Με άλλα λόγια το πλεονέκτημά τους είναι ότι επιφέρουν ισότιμο θεραπευτικό αποτέλεσμα, όπως και τα πρωτότυπα φάρμακα, σε συνδυασμό με τον περιορισμό των φαρμακευτικών δαπανών. Η ιδιαιτερότητά τους αυτή καθορίζεται και εξασφαλίζεται μέσω του ελέγχου της βιοϊσοδυναμίας τους και της χρονικής λήξης των διπλωμάτων ευρεσιτεχνίας των πρωτότυπων φαρμάκων. Από τα παραπάνω λοιπόν, σε συνδυασμό με τη δυσμενή παγκόσμια οικονομική κατάσταση και με τα διογκωμένα οικονομικά προβλήματα που ταλανίζουν το ελληνικό σύστημα υγείας και τους εθνικούς ασφαλιστικούς οργανισμούς, καταδεικνύεται η ανάγκη ευρείας αποδοχής των συγκεκριμένων φαρμάκων από το σύνολο της ελληνικής ιατρικής κοινότητας. Για το σκοπό αυτό η συγκεκριμένη διπλωματική εργασία επιδιώκει να διερευνήσει σε βάθος τις πεποιθήσεις, τα κίνητρα και τις συνταγογραφικές συνήθειες των Ελλήνων ιατρών όσον αφορά τα γενόσημα φάρμακα, τα οποία υπόσχονται τον άμεσο περιορισμό των φαρμακευτικών δαπανών χωρίς την υποβάθμιση της ωφέλειας και της ποιότητας ζωής των ασθενών. Τα ευρήματα που προέκυψαν από την έρευνα που διεξήχθη αποκλειστικά στο Νόμο Αχαΐας είναι σημαντικά και αναλύονται διεξοδικά παρακάτω. Παρολ’ αυτά σε γενικές γραμμές αξίζει να αναφερθεί: α) το υψηλό ποσοστό απόκρισης 75,7% στη συμπλήρωση του ερωτηματολογίου, β) το υψηλό ποσοστό μετεκπαίδευσης των ιατρών που ανέρχεται στο 41.6%, γ) η εξοικείωση των ιατρών με τις νέες τεχνολογίες και το διαδίκτυο που φτάνει το 55.7%, δ) ότι το σύνολο των ιατρών συνταγογραφεί γενόσημα φάρμακα ανεξαρτήτως εάν έχουν θετική γνώμη για αυτά ή όχι, ε) ότι το πρωταρχικό και βασικότερο κριτήριο συνταγογράφησης είναι η αποτελεσματικότητα του φαρμάκου, ενώ και τα οικονομικά κίνητρα συμβάλλουν σε πολύ μεγάλο βαθμό προς την κατεύθυνση αυτή, στ) ότι η απουσία κλινικών δοκιμών των γενόσημων φαρμάκων αποτελεί το σημαντικότερο παράγοντα υστέρησης συγκριτικά με τα πρωτότυπα φάρμακα, ζ) ότι υπάρχουν δευτερογενείς παράγοντες που μπορούν να συμβάλλουν στην αυξημένη συνταγογράφηση των γενόσημων φαρμάκων π.χ. κύρος-όνομα εταιρείας, η επιστημονική ενημέρωση κ.ά., η) ότι οι συνταγογραφικές συνήθειες των ιατρών επηρεάζονται σε μικρό βαθμό από τους ιατρικούς επισκέπτες και σε μεγάλο βαθμό από το όνομα και το κύρος της φαρμακευτικής εταιρείας και θ) ότι δεν εισακούγονται σε μεγάλο ποσοστό 58.5% οι ανάγκες και οι προβληματισμοί των ιατρών από τα φαρμακευτικά στελέχη. Η παρούσα εργασία με τις συγκεκριμένες εστιάσεις προσπαθεί να αποκρυπτογραφήσει τη στάση και τους πιθανούς προβληματισμούς των ελλήνων ιατρών σχετικά με τα γενόσημα φάρμακα και να προσδιορίσει τη συνταγογραφική συμπεριφορά αυτών. Απώτερος σκοπός του παραπάνω εγχειρήματος είναι να βοηθήσει από τη μεριά του στην ανάπτυξη και στη χάραξη πολιτικών και κατευθύνσεων που να είναι σε θέση να βελτιώσουν την οικονομική και κλινική εικόνα του πολύπαθου χώρου της ελληνικής δημόσιας υγείας. / Is it an undeniable fact that in the last decades the manufacture of generic medicinal products marks globally significant progress and development. The vast permeation of generic medicinal products in the health industry is not random at all and is mainly due to the economical and reliable therapeutic solution they offer. In other words, their advantage lies in the fact that they bring equivalent therapeutic results to the reference medicinal products, combined with a reduction of medicinal expenses. This specificity of theirs is determined and secured through the control of their bioequivalence and the expiration time of the letters patent of the reference medicinal products. From all the above and taking into consideration the unfavorable global economic situation and the inflated economic problems which deplore the greek health system and the national insurance organizations, rises the need for a vast acceptance of these particular medicinal products from the greek medical community in its entirety. For this reason, this particular thesis attempts to explore in depth the greek physicians’ beliefs, motives and prescription-writing practices as far as generic medicinal products are concerned – which promise the immediate reduction of medicinal expenses without downgrading the patients’ benefits and quality of living. The findings that emerged from the research which was carried out exclusively within the prefecture of Achaia are significant and are analysed in depth further below. Nevertheless, in general, it is worth mentioning: a) the high rate of responding (75.7%) to the completion of the questionnaire, b) the high rate of doctors’ further education/training which reaches 41.6% c) the doctors’ familiarization with new technologies and the internet which comes to 55.7%, d) the fact that the doctors as a body are prescribing generic medicinal products regardless of their positive or negative views on them, e) that the prime and most fundamental criterion in prescription-writing is the effectiveness of the drug, while economic motives contribute greatly towards this direction, f) that the absence of clinical tests on generic medicinal products is the most significant factor of their lacking in comparison to reference medicinal products, g) that there are secondary factors which can contribute to the increase in prescription of generic medicinal products such as the prestige/brand name of a company, scientific documentation, etc. h) that the physicians’ prescription habits are minorly affected from pharmaceutical representatives and majorly from the brand name and prestige of the pharmaceutical company and i) that in a high rate of 58.5% physicians’ needs and problems are not heard from pharmaceutical executives. This thesis with its particular focuses, attempts to decode greek physicians’ views and possible problems as far as general medicinal products are concerned and to define their attitude towards prescription. A further goal of this attempt is to help the development and tracing of political directions which can be able to improve the economic and clinical image of the much afflicted greek national health system.