Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-25T13:37:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1699241 bytes, checksum: 2f092c650c435ae41ec42c261fd9c3af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T13:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1699241 bytes, checksum: 2f092c650c435ae41ec42c261fd9c3af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In thisthesis,westudycertaindegenerations/specializationsofthegenericsquare matrix overa eld k of characteristiczeroalongitsmainrelatedstructures,suchthe determinantofthematrix,theidealgeneratedbyitspartialderivatives,thepolarmap de ned bythesederivatives,theHessianmatrixandtheidealofsubmaximalminorsof the matrix.Thedegenerationtypesofthegenericsquarematrixconsideredhereare: (1) degenerationby\cloning"(repeating)avariable;(2)replacingasubsetofentriesby zeros, inastrategiclayout;(3)furtherdegenerationsoftheabovetypesstartingfrom certain specializationsofthegenericsquarematrix,suchasthegenericsymmetric matrix andthegenericsquareHankelmatrix.Thefocusinallthesedegenerations is intheinvariantsdescribedabove,highlightingonthehomaloidalbehaviorofthe determinantofthematrix.Forthis,weemploytoolscomingfromcommutativealgebra, with emphasisonidealtheoryandsyzygytheory. / Nesta tese,estudamoscertasdegenera c~oes/especializa c~oesdamatrizquadradagen erica sobre umcorpo k de caracter sticazero,aolongodesuasprincipaisestruturasrela- cionadas, taiscomoodeterminantedamatriz,oidealgeradoporsuasderivadasparci- ais, omapapolarde nidoporessasderivadas,amatrizHessianaeoidealdosmenores subm aximosdamatriz.Ostiposdedegenera c~aodamatrizquadradagen ericacon- siderados aquis~ao:(1)degenera c~aopor\clonagem"(repeti c~ao)deumavari avel;(2) substitui c~aodeumsubconjuntodeentradasporzeros,emumadisposi c~aoestrat egica; (3) outrasdegenera c~oesdostiposacimapartindodecertasespecializa c~oesdamatriz quadrada gen erica,taiscomoamatrizgen ericasim etricaeamatrizquadradagen erica de Hankel.Ofocoemtodasessasdegenera c~oes enosinvariantesdescritosacima, com destaqueparaocomportamentohomaloidaldodeterminantedamatriz.Paratal, empregamos ferramentasprovenientesda algebracomutativa,com^enfasenateoriade ideais enateoriadesiz gias.

I detta examinationsarbetesrapport för högskoleingenjörsexamen inom Elektronik, presenteras en utredning för att svara på vad som skulle vara den mest generiska pulsgeneratorn för ultraljudstestning inom det klassiska intervallet 0.5 till 15 MHz. Det presenteras flera variabler i teorin, som påverkar en testsignal och varför det inte går att beräkna vad en generisk pulsgenerator bör åstadkomma. Denna rapport presenterar vilka pulsgeneratorer det finns och vad de mer högpresterande pulsgeneratorerna beskrivna i vetenskapliga forskningsresultat har presterat. Samt vilka tekniker som finns och varför vissa tekniker inte är lämpliga. Vid slutet av denna examinationsarbetesrapport presenteras, med hjälp av några antaganden om vad en generisk pulsgenerator behöver prestera, dras en slutsats om vilken av de föreslagna pulsgeneratorerna som är mest generisk. / This bachelor thesis, is a trial in answering what would be a generic pulse generator for ultrasonic testing in the classic test range of 0.5 to 15 MHz. It also goes through multiple variables that affects a test signal and why it really isn't possible to precalculate what a generical pulse generators should achive, in the theory chapter. This thesis also goes through what different types of pulse generators there is and what some of the more high performance pulse generators proposed in scientific articles have achieved and what techniques that have been used and why some techniques are not suitable. In the end of this thesis there is a trial with some assumptions about what a generical pulse generator should achieve, to come to a conclusion about which pulse generator from the proposed ones would be the best generical pulse generator to go with.

In the era of Industry 4.0, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) plays the driving role comparable to steam power in the first industrial revolution. IoT provides the potential to combine machine-to-machine (M2M) interaction and real time data collection within the field of manufacturing. Therefore, the adoption of IoT in industry enhances dynamic optimization, control and data-driven decision making. However, the domain suffers due to interoperability issues, with massive numbers of IoT devices connecting to the internet despite the absence of communication standards upon. Heterogeneity is pervasive in IoT ranging from the low levels (device connectivity, network connectivity, communication protocols) to high levels (services, applications, and platforms). The project investigates the current state of industrial IoT (IIoT) ecosystem, to draw a comprehensive understanding on interoperability challenges and current solutions in supporting of IoT-based smart manufacturing. Based upon a literature review, IIoT interoperability issues were classified into four levels: technical, syntactical, semantic, and organizational level interoperability. Regarding each level of interoperability, the current solutions that addressing interoperability were grouped and analyzed. Nine reference architectures were compared in the context of supporting industrial interoperability. Based on the analysis, interoperability research trends and challenges were identified. FIWARE Generic Enablers (FIWARE GEs) were identified as a possible solution in supporting interoperability for manufacturing applications. FIWARE GEs were evaluated with a scenario-based Method for Evaluating Middleware Architectures (MEMS).  Nine key scenarios were identified in order to evaluate the interoperability attribute of FIWARE GEs. A smart manufacturing use case was prototyped and a test bed adopting FIWARE Orion Context Broker as its main component was designed. The evaluation shows that FIWARE GEs meet eight out of nine key scenarios’ requirements. These results show that FIWARE GEs have the ability to enhance industrial IoT interoperability for a smart manufacturing use case. The overall performance of FIWARE GEs was also evaluated from the perspectives of CPU usage, network traffic, and request execution time. Different request loads were simulated and tested in our testbed. The results show an acceptable performance in terms with a maximum CPU usage (on a Macbook Pro (2018) with a 2.3 GHz Intel Core i5 processor) of less than 25% with a load of 1000 devices, and an average execution time of less than 5 seconds for 500 devices to publish their measurements under the prototyped implementation. / I en tid präglad av Industry 4.0, Internet-of-things (IoT) spelar drivande roll jämförbar med ångkraft i den första industriella revolutionen. IoT ger potentialen att kombinera maskin-till-maskin (M2M) -interaktion och realtidsdatainsamling inom tillverkningsområdet. Därför förbättrar antagandet av IoT i branschen dynamisk optimering, kontroll och datadriven beslutsfattande. Domänen lider dock på grund av interoperabilitetsproblem, med enorma antal IoT-enheter som ansluter till internet trots avsaknaden av kommunikationsstandarder på. Heterogenitet är genomgripande i IoT som sträcker sig från de låga nivåerna (enhetskonnektivitet, nätverksanslutning, kommunikationsprotokoll) till höga nivåer (tjänster, applikationer och plattformar). Projektet undersöker det nuvarande tillståndet för det industriella IoT (IIoT) ekosystemet, för att få en omfattande förståelse för interoperabilitetsutmaningar och aktuella lösningar för att stödja IoT-baserad smart tillverkning. Baserat på en litteraturöversikt klassificerades IIoT-interoperabilitetsfrågor i fyra nivåer: teknisk, syntaktisk, semantisk och organisatorisk nivå interoperabilitet. När det gäller varje nivå av driftskompatibilitet grupperades och analyserades de nuvarande lösningarna för adressering av interoperabilitet. Nio referensarkitekturer jämfördes i samband med att stödja industriell driftskompatibilitet. Baserat på analysen identifierades interoperabilitetstrender och utmaningar. FIWARE Generic Enablers (FIWARE GEs) identifierades som en möjlig lösning för att stödja interoperabilitet för tillverkningstillämpningar. FIWARE GEs utvärderades med en scenariebaserad metod för utvärdering av Middleware Architectures (MEMS). Nio nyckelscenarier identifierades för att utvärdera interoperabilitetsattributet för FIWARE GEs. Ett smart tillverkningsfodral tillverkades med prototyper och en testbädd som antog FIWARE Orion Context Broker som huvudkomponent designades. Utvärderingen visar att FIWARE GE uppfyller åtta av nio krav på nyckelscenarier. Dessa resultat visar att FIWARE GE har förmågan att förbättra industriell IoT-interoperabilitet för ett smart tillverkningsfodral. FIWARE GEs totala prestanda utvärderades också utifrån perspektivet för CPU-användning, nätverkstrafik och begär exekveringstid. Olika förfrågningsbelastningar simulerades och testades i vår testbädd. Resultaten visar en acceptabel prestanda i termer av en maximal CPU-användning (på en Macbook Pro (2018) med en 2,3 GHz Intel Core i5-processor) på mindre än 25% med en belastning på 1000 enheter och en genomsnittlig körningstid på mindre än 5 sekunder för 500 enheter att publicera sina mätningar under den prototyperna implementateringen.

For many Internet of Things (IoT) devices security have not been a priority during the development, but what happens if the makers of IoT devices use a secure framework for developing their devices? In this thesis a number of such frameworks have been evaluated for their suitability to build an access control system around. Both Vanadium and Protocol of Things (PoT) were found to be suitable candidates. Both frameworks employ a distributed access control model where the owner of a device can grant other users access to the device by generating a signed authorization. PoT was ultimately chosen as the framework around which to design the prototype access control system because it was deemed to be slightly more suitable than Vanadium. The prototype takes the rule based and discretionary access control model from the underlying framework and makes it possible for administrators to transparently authorize users to devices through role abstractions. Thus it is possible to transparently manage a class of users at the same time instead of having to manage each individual user. Furthermore the prototype is able to do this in a generic way. The prototype does not contain any code of functionality for any specific device it manages, it is capable of managing access to any PoT device. The design and implementation is deemed both scalable and efficient. Running on a single thread it is possible to generate over one thousand signed authorizations per second. In a system where users are granted access to 200 unique device permissions the total file size of the signed authorizations and accompanying meta data does not exceed 150 kB. It takes approximately 70 ms to establish a secure connection between the client and server software. For large data transfers the throughput is approximately 2.6-2.8 MB per second, including encryption and decryption of request and response from the client to the server. / För många enheter tillhörande sakernas internet har säkerhet inte varit en prioritet under utvecklingen, men vad händer om tillverkare istället använder ett säkert ramverk för att utveckla sina produkter? I den här rapporten presenteras en utvärdering av några sådana ramverks lämplighet för att användas för att bygga ett accesskontrollsystem kring. Både Vanadium och Protocol of Things (PoT) finns vara lämpliga kandidater. Båda ramverken använder en decentraliserad säkerhetsmodell där ägaren av en enhet kan ge andra användare tillgång till enheten genom att generera en signerad auktorisation. PoT är det ramverk som användes för att utforma accesskontrollsystemprototypen kring för att det ansågs vara något mer lämpligt jämfört med Vanadium. Prototypen använder en rollabstraktion för att underlätta arbetet för administratörer att ge användare rätt behörigheter. På så vis blir det möjligt att konfigurera en klass av användare samtidigt istället för att behöva konfigurera varje användare individuellt. Prototypen kan göra allt detta på ett generiskt sätt. Det innebär att prototypen inte innehåller någon kod eller funktionalitet som är specifik för någon enhet så länge det är en PoT-enhet. Den föreslagna designen och implementationen är skalbar och effektiv. Över ett tusen signerade auktorisationer kan genereras per sekund på en exekveringstråd. I ett system där användare ges behörighet till 200 unika behörigheter på olika enheter uppgår den totala filstorleken för de signerade auktorisationerna och tillhörande metadata till mindre än 150 kB. Det tar uppskattningsvis 70 ms att skapa en säker anslutning mellan klient- och server-mjukvara. För stora dataöverföringar är överföringshastigheten uppskattningsvis 2.6-2.8 MB per sekund, vilket inkluderar kryptering och avkryptering av fråga och svar från klienten till servern.

This thesis aims at furthering our understanding of the constitutional structures and processes of sui generic associations such as the European Union. The thesis argues that the problematical constitutionalisation of the European Union has highlighted the limitations of the political thought that has served as the basis of political associationalism since the Treaty ofWestphalia (1648) and the publication of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651). These limitations have resulted in the European Union being described, for want of a better expression, as sui generis. The thesis advances the argument that in order to be in a position to understand constitutional relations in a 'non-statal' setting, what is needed is an alternative variant of political thought that is not based in or dependent on the societas canon that originates with Hobbes. One source of such political thought can be located in the work of Johannes Althusius (1557-1638) who, writing in the city of Emden in the Holy Roman Empire in the early 17th Century, described a constitutional structure of a political association that differs in significant features to the centralised state theories of the societas canon. The thesis also argues that the traditional concepts of constitutionalism and political association applied to sui generic constitutionalism are hampered by the inherent weaknesses of modem political and legal vocabulary. Despite being used ad infinitum in the constitutional discussions on the European Union, there is not a precise definition of either the term 'constitution' or treaty' in political or legal theory. Althusius' work avoids this weakness, due to the fact that the centralised state does not enjoy the same position it does in the societas canon, and so the need to classify 'intra' or 'inter' state relationships does not exist to the same degree. While taking the European Union as a workable model of a sui generic association, this thesis does not aim at solving the European Union's constitutional problems or offering a more suitable term to describe its nature. Rather, based on an analysis of Althusius' work, the thesis aims to offer an alternative understanding of the problems that result from the constitutionalisation of sui generic associations.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to study how television spot and product placement compare in terms of gaining the target audience’s attention, having control over the marketing message and creating credibility for a product or a brand. The context of the study is Finnish television from advertisers’ point of view. Three major theories used are: AIDA, Generic Communications Process and Two-Step Communications. Twelve hypotheses are built based on the theories, the main hypothesis being: “Although a marketing message sent through product placement gains the target audience’s attention better and creates higher credibility for a product or a brand than a television spot, advertisers are keener on sending the marketing message through a television spot than through product placement because they have more control over the message in a television spot and because it historically has a more stable legal position.” Five experts on the field were interviewed to test the hypotheses. In general, the hypotheses were supported.</p>

In English the personal pronouns are morphologically marked for grammatical number, whilst the third-person singular pronouns are also obligatorily marked for gender. As a result, the use of any singular animate antecedent coindexed with a third-person pronoun forces a choice between he and she, whether or not the biological sex of the intended referent is known. This forced choice of gender, and the corresponding lack of a gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun where gender is not formally marked, is the primary focus of this thesis. I compare and contrast the use of the two main candidates for epicene status, singular they and generic he, which are found consistently opposed in the wider literature. Using corpus-based methods I analyse current epicene usage in written British English, and investigate which epicene pronouns are given to language-acquiring children in their L1 input. I also consider current prescriptions on epicene usage in grammar texts published post-2000 and investigate whether there is any evidence that language-external factors impact upon epicene choice. The synthesis of my findings with the wider literature on epicene pronouns leads me to the conclusion that, despite the restrictions imposed on the written pronoun paradigm evident in grammatical prescriptivism, singular they is the epicene pronoun of British English.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline. / Les provinces canadiennes sont présentement aux prises avec des dépenses élevées en matière de médicaments. Afin de contrôler ces dépenses, plusieurs d'entre elles ont adopté différentes politiques visant à promouvoir et à accélérer la vente de médicaments génériques, lesquels sont équivalents aux médicaments novateurs mais de trente à quarante pourcents moins chers. Le gouvernement canadien, en vertu de son pouvoir de réglementation en matière de brevets, pourrait contribuer aux efforts des gouvernements provinciaux en assouplissant les règles relatives aux brevets pharmaceutiques pour ainsi promouvoir l'accélération de la mise en marché de médicaments génériques. Le gouvernement hésite toutefois à le faire en raison de sa politique en matière de brevets pharmaceutiques dont les effets se veulent équilibrés tant pour l'industrie pharmaceutique novatrice que pour l'industrie du médicament generique. Précisément, cette politique vise, d'une part, à encourager les investissements en recherche et développement par l'industrie novatrice et, d'autre part, à garantir la vente rapide de médicaments génériques au Canada pour que soient contrôlées les dépenses en matière de médicaments. Ce mémoire consiste en un examen du cadre juridique de la politique canadienne en matière de brevets pharmaceutiques. Nous y soulevons et analysons particulièrement ses glissements, quant à l'objectif d'équilibre recherché de la politique canadienne, qui résultent de son application dans le contexte juridique, politique, scientifique et économique actuel. Notre intention est de démontrer que, dans l'intérêt des Canadiens à court et à long terme, la politique canadienne en matière de brevets pharmaceutiques ne doit pas être assouplie en faveur de l'industrie du médicament générique seulement, ceci malgré la croissance des dépenses en matière de médicaments. En effet, l'intérêt des Canadiens ne peut être maximisé que si cette politique est rééquilibrée en tenant compte de l'ensemble de ses glissements juridiques observés. / All Canadian provinces are presently facing increasingly growing drug expenditures. In order to control these expenditures the provinces have adopted different policies to promote and accelerate the sale of generic drugs, these drugs being equivalent to brand-name drugs but thirty to fourthly percent less expensive. Considering its jurisdiction in the field of patents, the Canadian government could contribute to the efforts of the provincial governments in making more flexible the Canadian patent rules, thus promoting the marketing ofgeneric drugs in Canada. The government is however hesitating to do so because of its policy on pharmaceutical patents, which policy aims at balancing the interests of both the brand-name and generic drug industries. Effectively, the purpose ofthe poltey is to promote, on the one hand, the investments in research and development of new drugs in Canada and, on the other hand, to guarantee the rapid marketing of generic drugs, thus controlling drug expenditures. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the judicial framework of the Canadian policy on pharmaceutical patents. Its weaknesses, with regard to the balanced objective of the policy, resulting from its application in the present judicial, political, and economical and scientific context are the focus of this analysis. Our goal is to demonstrate that, to reach the Canadian social benefit, both in the short and long run, the Canadian policy on pharmaceutical patents should not be relaxed for the sole benefit of the generic drug industry, although the drug expenditures are growing. Rather, the social Canadian benefit would only be maximised by re-balancing the Canadian policy in the light of all its demonstrated weaknesses.

Magister Legum - LLM / Access to medicines is an essential component of the basic human right to health and a key determinant of the importance attached to the health care system of a country. It essentially entails the availability and acceptability of the essential medicines on the market and the ability of patients to afford such medicines when needed. Globally, countries face access to medicine challenges partly because of patents which undoubtedly accounts for excessive pricing of medicine. As such, efforts have been made to ensure the accessibility of medicines through the Trade-Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) flexibilities of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Beyond these interventions, it is incumbent on Members of the WTO to domesticate the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement before their utilisation because by their very nature, they cannot be self-executed. With an estimated population of 29.6 million, about 310 000 people in Ghana are living with HIV. The country’s health facilities record 40 per cent of outpatient visits each year and about 14 550 per 100 000 of the population are infected with tuberculosis with cancer on the rise. These diseases require medicines which are mostly patented yet Ghana has access to medicine problems despite the existence of a national health insurance system. Ghana has however not fully incorporated the TRIPS flexibilities in its national legislations and therefore unable to fully utilise the flexibilities as an option to access essential medicines. Questions therefore remain as to why and how Ghana can utilise the flexibilities to improve access to medicines. Based on an examination of the WTO’s patent system and legislations of Ghana, this mini- thesis contends that, the extent of incorporation of the flexibilities are inadequate due to the existence of lacunas in the Ghanaian legislations. Furthermore, a comparative assessment with South Africa supports an understanding that conditions are not ripe for full utilisation of all the flexibilities. It further argues that the utilisation of the TRIPS flexibilities by Ghana has been rendered ineffective due to administrative, political, economic and social challenges which adversely affects the full utilisation of the flexibilities incorporated and those yet to be incorporated. It is therefore important that Ghana adopts holistic approaches taking into consideration best practices if the TRIPS flexibilities must be effectively utilised. This mini-thesis concludes that, the TRIPS flexibilities are necessary for accessing essential medicines in Ghana to promote the right to health and that a review of Ghana’s current legislations to fully incorporate the TRIPS flexibilities and addressing other non-legal challenges are the required linchpin for effective utilisation of the TRIPS flexibilities.

Thermodynamic analysis of solid oxide cells Petr Vágner The thesis deals with continuum thermodynamic modeling and analysis of phe- nomena in solid oxide electrochemical cells. A general description of the evo- lution of charged mixtures using partial mass densities, momentum density, entropy density, electric induction, magnetic field, polarization, and magnetiza- tion based on the GENERIC framework is formulated. The formulation is used to recover the Landau-Lifshitz magnetization relaxation model, the Single Re- laxation Time model for dielectrics, and the generalized Poisson-Nernst-Planck model. The latter model is consequently linked to the second part, where a novel double layer model of an yttria-stabilized zirconia interface is formulated within non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The model is solved for numerically in the time domain, and cyclic voltammetry of the system is analyzed. The last part of the thesis demonstrates the limits of Exergy Analysis on a simple solid oxide hydrogen fuel cell model with non-isothermal boundary. It is demon- strated that the minimization of entropy production does not necessarily lead to the maximization of the electric power for certain optimization scenarios. The thesis consists of a compilation of published and unpublished results of the author.