Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a campanha de vacinação da Prefeitura de São Paulo na área da SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros, em 2012. Obteve-se o perfil dos animais e proprietários atendidos e analisou-se a distribuição espacial e áreas de influência dos postos de vacinação, baseando-se na distância euclidiana percorrida pelos proprietários. Realizou-se amostragem não probabilística dos proprietários através da aplicação de um questionário. Os endereços dos animais e postos de vacinação foram plotados em mapas georreferenciados. As distâncias percorridas pelos proprietários foram significantemente maiores ao posto fixo (média de 2.911 metros [2.479-3.343]) do que aos postos volantes (média de 712 metros [657-767]). O meio de transporte mais utilizado até o posto fixo foi o automóvel (76% [69,9-82,1%]), enquanto que, nos postos volantes, a maioria dos proprietários levou seus animais a pé (76% [74,2-77,8%]). Em apenas 19% dos postos de vacinação todos os proprietários residiam no território da SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros, sendo comum a vacinação de animais provenientes de outras regiões. A idade média dos cães foi de 5,8 anos [5,7-6,0] e 51% eram machos. Quanto à participação, 17% dos proprietários afirmaram ser a primeira vacinação de seus cães na campanha. A idade média dos gatos foi de 4,1 anos [3,9-4,4] e 57% eram fêmeas. Quanto à participação, 35% dos proprietários afirmaram ser a primeira vacinação de seus gatos na campanha. A idade média dos proprietários de cães foi de 40,38 anos, sendo 54% mulheres. Quanto ao transporte, 73% [71,6-74,9%] dos proprietários levaram os cães a pé, e 26% [24,7-28%] utilizaram automóvel. A idade média dos proprietários de gatos foi de 39,85 anos, sendo 62% mulheres. Quanto ao transporte, 63% [58,9-66,5%] dos proprietários levaram os gatos a pé, e 35% [31,4-38,9%] utilizaram automóvel. O número de animais vacinados na SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros em 2012 foi o menor das últimas quatro campanhas, havendo decréscimo de 34,1% no número total de vacinados em relação a 2009, com diminuição de 35,8% para cães e 25,6% para gatos. Torna-se necessário aprimorar e adequar a estratégia de vacinação, principalmente em função das diferenças socioeconômicas desta área. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-rabies vaccination campaign in the region of SUVIS (Health Surveillance Supervision) Lapa/Pinheiros in 2012. The profile of the animals immunized and their respective owners was obtained and an analysis of the geographical distribution and the areas under the influence of the vaccination stations was made, based on the euclidean distance travelled by the animal owners. A non-probability sampling of the owners was carried out via questionnaire. The home addresses of the animals and of the vaccination stations were plotted on georeferenced maps. The distances travelled by the animal owners were significantly longer to the stationary station (average of 2.911 meters [2.479-3.343]) than to the mobile units (average of 712 meters [657-767]). The most frequently used mean of transportation to the stationary station was the car (76% [69,9-82,1%]), while most owners walked their animals to the mobile units (76% [74,2-77,8%]). In only 19% of the vaccination stations, all animal owners resided in the region under the supervision of SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros, and the immunization of animals coming from other regions was a usual practice. The average age of the dogs was 5,8 years [5,7-6,0] and 51% of them were male. Regarding the participation in the vaccination campaign, 17% of the owners claimed to be the first vaccination of their dogs in the campaign. The average age of the cats was 4,1 years [3,9-4,4] and 57% of them were female. As for the participation, 35% of the owners claimed to be the first vaccination of their cats in the campaign. The average age of the dog owners was 40,38 years and 54% of them were women. Regarding the transportation, 73% [71,6-74,9%] of the owners walked their dogs to the vaccination station and 26% [24,7-28%] used cars. The average age of the cat owners was 39,85 years and 62% of them were women. As for their transportation, 63% [58,9-66,5%] of the owners walked and 35% [31,4-38,9%] used cars. The number of animals vaccinated in the region of SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros in 2012 was the lowest of the last four campaigns, and there was a decrease of 34,1% in the total number of vaccinated animals in comparison with 2009, with a decrease of 35,8% for dogs and 25,6% for cats. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and adjust the vaccination strategy, mainly due to the socioeconomic differences in this area.

This thesis develops and applies an integrated method of environmental assessment that couples a geographic Information system (GIS) to Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), using bioenergy combustion and CHP sites as a case study. A literature review to identify the gaps in knowledge with respect to spatial MCA and GIS-based approaches to support decision-making and sustainability assessments shows the need for an approach to identify suitable locations for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants using bioenergy combustion and to analyse spatial aspects. CHP plants can improve the efficiency and sustainability of bioenergy generation because they are capable of producing and utilising both electrical and thermal energy. Identifying suitable locations for these, typically decentralised, plants is crucial but challenging because proximity to both feedstock supply and heat demand has to be considered. The thesis develops and applies a novel GIS-based approach to identify suitable locations for CHP bioenergy plants and to analyse spatial aspects. This work stands out as the principal novel contribution of the research presented in this thesis. The science-based technical assessment can be integrated in a formal and structured decision support framework (DSF) which could aid environmental decision-making. There is no single right way to conduct a decision-making process because every process is limited by resources and timelines. The environmental assessment case study described in this thesis uses a modified version of the MCA framework proposed by the Department for Communities and Local Government (2009). The GIS-based approach is integrated in this DSF to couple GIS to MCA. Additionally, specific attention is given to reviewing and selecting sustainability aspects (covering Criteria and Indicators) and MCA methods. These processes are also integrated in the DSF and can be seen as being part of the problem structuring phase of the DSF used in the research presented in this thesis. It is shown how the DSF is applied to assess alternatives for centralised and decentralised generation in a research case study region. By applying the different stages of the DSF, including the GIS-based approach, the selection processes and a selected MCA method (Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)), it can be concluded that the decentralised alternatives should be preferred in the research case study scenarios if regional sustainable bioenergy generation wants to be archived. In the first scenario, the second alternative (A2) clearly dominates with an overall score of 71.82% (A1: 28.18%). However, the results are relatively close in the second scenario (A3: 56.62%, A4: 43.38%), which is mainly due to the similarity of the alternatives in the scenario. The sensitivity analyses show that the rankings of alternatives do not change in both scenarios unless major criteria weight variations or performance adjustments are made.

Este trabalho apresenta o macrozoneamento como instrumento de gestão ambiental que visa compatibilizar, em bases permanentes, o desenvolvimento econômico de uma região à manutenção da qualidade ambiental. Neste contexto, o Sistema de Informações Geográficas se apresenta como ferramenta necessária à síntese da dinâmica econômica-ecológica, a fim de que as rápidas mudanças, inerentes ao modelo de desenvolvimento global, não inviabilizem um processo que deve contemplar a visão sistêmica do meio ambiente. No desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi utilizado o software Idrisi para o processamento dos mapas da área de estudo, que constitui a base do banco de dados. Fundamentando-a, foram abordados os conceitos de gestão e planejamento ambiental e de sistema de informações geográficas, relacionando-os ao macrozoneamento e aos aspectos jurídicos observados no país e, particularmente, no Estado de São Paulo. Como resultado final, o banco de dados digitais e a abordagem do macrozoneamento da região de Ribeirão Preto, através da apresentação e análise de cenários de potenciais usos e conflitos, entre outros, deverão subsidiar a implementação de atividades e diagnósticos regionais. Além disto, o trabalho poderá contribuir para a consolidação e para o direcionamento da inserção do macrozoneamento no sistema de gestão ambiental. / This work presents macro-zonning as an instrument of environmental management which intends to permanently put together economical development and environmental quality maintainance in a determined region. In such a way, the Geographic Information System (GIS) is a necessary tool for the economical/ecological dynamic synthesis, so that the quick changes - which are inherent to the global development model- do not make impossible the process that should have as an aim systemic environmental care. The Idrisi software was used in the development of the research to process the maps of the considered area. In order to supporting data, the concepts of environmental management and planning and GIS were used and they were related to the macro-zonning and the legal aspects which are currently in use in the country and, particularly, in the State of São Paulo. As a result, digital data and the evaluation of the Ribeirão Preto region zonning shall be of great value to help in regional activity and problem identification. Moreover, this work may be important to consolidate and to guide the use of macro-zonning as an instrument in the environmental management system.

Grande parte das cidades brasileiras apresenta muitos impactos ambientais causados pelo processo de urbanização. O gerenciamento de recursos hídricos em pequenas bacias é um fator crucial para resolver estes problemas. Esta dissertação apresenta uma grande ferramenta no suporte de gerenciamento à água urbana: um Sistema de Suporte a Decisão (SSD) para planejar e gerenciar bacias urbanas. O SSD pode manipular diferentes tipos de dados e pode integrar produtos em SIG para diferentes tipos de interfaces de modelos matemáticos hidrológicos. O SSD foi aplicado numa pequena bacia localizado na cidade de São Paulo, na bacia do rio Cabuçu de Baixo. Os resultados mostram a importância deste tipo de ferramenta no planejamento e elaboração de projetos. / Many Brazilian cities present a lot of negative environment impacts caused by the urbanization process. The water resources management of the urban small catchments is crucial to deal with these problems. This dissertation presents a very important tool to support urban water resources management: a Decision Support System (DSS) for planning and management of urban basins. The DSS can manipulate different kind of data and can integrate GIS products with different kind of hidrology design mathematical models. The DSS was applied to a small catchments located in São Paulo city, the Cabuçu de Baixo River. The results show the importance of this kind of tool in planning and design projects.

Esta investigação constituiu-se no desenvolvimento de metodologia para uso e aplicação do SIG no Campus II da USP de São Carlos. Em etapa preliminar, por meio de sistema GPS, foi analisado o trabalho de georreferenciamento realizado por empresa, para a universidade. Os dados levantados neste processo foram usados para geração de um arquivo, para o referido campus, o qual servirá de base para os mais diversos fins. Pelo fato de o Campus II ainda estar em fase de implantação, o projeto piloto - exemplo ou amostra da aplicação da metodologia - precisou ser executado no Campus I. A execução do plano teve início com a união dos dados alfanuméricos e geográficos para produção do SIG e geração de novos dados e informações. / This investigation developed a methodology to be used on application of the SIG at the Campus II-USP in São Carlos (SP). During a preliminary stage a work of geographic reference, realized by a company for the University, was analyzed though a GSP system. The data obtained in the process was used to generate a many purpose file for the campus with can be used as a base other works. The pilot model - example or sample of application of the methodology - had to be developed on the Campus I because of the stage of implantation of the Campus II. The development of the project stored with the union of the alpha-numeric and geographic data to produce the SIG and new data and information are generated.

Comércio e indústria, atualmente, respondem por parcela significativa do produto interno bruto (PIB) do Brasil e juntos demandam significativa quantidade de transporte de carga, principalmente do tipo fracionada, fato que, nos últimos anos provocou o crescimento do transporte desse tipo de carga. O elevado crescimento industrial, em 2004 e 2005, nos principais estados da região norte do país, Amazonas e Pará, indicam o aumento potencial da demanda por transporte de carga fracionada entre o norte e o sudeste, que concentra o maior mercado consumidor. As grandes distâncias, entre o norte e o sudeste, fazem o custo de transporte ter grande impacto significativo no preço final das mercadorias. Esse fato levou à procura por opções de transporte de menor custo, para tornar os produtos fabricados na região norte mais competitivos no mercado interno. Atualmente, existe predominância do transporte rodoviário no corredor norte-sudeste, o que desperdiça, por hipótese, o potencial de outros modos de transporte, como cabotagem, transporte fluvial e, futuramente, transporte ferroviário (Ferrovia Norte-Sul e Ferronorte). Isso motivou o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, que tem como objetivo avaliar opções de transporte intermodal, econômica e operacionalmente mais atraentes que as praticadas hoje no transporte de carga geral fracionada (produtos e insumos industrializados) em conexões com a região amazônica. A metodologia empregada no trabalho utilizou: (1) técnica de construção de cenários; (2) modelos de custo de transporte para os modos rodoviário, ferroviário, marítimo e fluvial; e (3) sistema de informação geográfica. Os resultados obtidos nesta tese indicam que opções de rotas rodo-marítimas e rodo-fluviais apresentam significativas reduções no custo total de transporte com relação às rotas preferenciais, hoje, praticadas para as ligações entre Belém-São Paulo e Manaus-São Paulo. Os resultados mostram, também, não haver perspectivas para o transporte rodo-ferroviário e rodo-fluvial-ferroviário nessas ligações, uma vez que, neste caso, o custo obtido é maior que os das rotas hoje praticadas. / Nowadays, business and industry are responsible for a significant portion of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in Brazil, and together they require a considerable amount of freight transport, mainly break-bulk cargo which has stimulated the transport growth of this kind of cargo. The enormous industrial growth in the most important states of the northern region of the country in the years 2004 and 2005 indicate the potential increase of break-bulk cargo transport between the north and the southeast, area that concentrates the strongest consumer market in the country. Due to the long distance between the country\'s north and southeastern regions, the cost of transport increases the final cost of the goods. This fact led to the search for lower cost transport options in order to make the products of that region more competitive in the domestic market. Currently there has been predominance of road transport in the north/southeast corridor wasting, hypothetically, the potential of other means of transport such as cabotage, river, and, in the future, railroad transport (Norte-Sul and Ferronorte railways). All of this brought about the development of this research which aims at evaluating the intermodal transport options that are economically and operationally more attractive than the break-bulk cargo transport (industrial input and products) used today in the connections with the amazon region. The methodology involves: (1) scenario building; (2) transport cost models for the road, railroad, and marine means; and (3) geographic information system. The results demonstrate that the route options road-marine and road-river show substantial reduction in the transport total cost when compared to the most popular routes used between Belém-São Paulo and Manaus-São Paulo. The results also reveal that there is no perspective of the use of road-rail and road-river-rail transport in such connections since the cost is higher than in the routes used nowadays.

Este trabalho trata da organização de um algoritmo, sem preocupação com a linguagem de programação que possa ser utilizada, para desenvolver um método para o traçado da linha divisória de uma bacia hidrográfica, para aplicações em SIG. O método escolhido foi o de análise dos oitos pixels à volta de um pixel já pertencente ao divisor, constituindo uma variação do processo conhecido como D8 (determinístico dos oito vizinhos), que só é possível ser aplicado em sistemas do tipo raster. A partir dessa análise desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a definição do próximo pixel que pertencerá ao divisor de águas da bacia. A avaliação do algoritmo foi feita utilizando-se um mapa fictício, criado para incluir as mais prováveis dificuldades encontradas na definição do divisor de uma bacia através de programa computacional. O traçado obtido, acompanhando as etapas lógicas do algoritmo, mostrou-se adequado quando comparado com a linha divisória da bacia traçada manualmente. Um mapa digitalizado a partir de rede local real é utilizado como exemplo de aplicação do algoritmo desenvolvido. / This work is about the organizing of an algorithm, without any regard with the programming language that may be used, in order to develop a method for delineation of watershed boundaries, for GIS applications. The method chosen was the analysis of eight pixels that surround another pixel belonging to the watershed, being a variation of the process known as D8 (deterministic of the eight neighbors), which can only be applied in raster systems. Considering this analysis, a methodology was developed for establishing the next pixel that will belong to the watershed. The algorithm evaluation was done with a fictitious map, created to include the most probable difficulties in establishing the divisor of a watershed through a computer program. The obtained line, following the logical steps of the algorithm, was suitable when compared with the dividing line of the watershed done manually. A digital map of a real place is used as an example of application of the developed algorithm.

This thesis deals with open-source software QGIS.It is a free and multiplatform geographical information system (GIS) which is distributed under the general public license (GNU). In the framework of this thesis, a teaching course was created, various types of analyses that the system allows. A set of model exercises is intended to represent a integrated course in the Quantum GIS, which will enable the user to become acquainted with this SW and will be useful in teaching, but also in the practice of public administration, especially in regional development. For this reason, the author realized a survey in the municipalities of the South Bohemian Region concerning the introduction of GIS, awareness of QGIS software, possible interest in the course and topics which the municipalities would like to dedicate to. The requirements of the municipalities have been implemented into individual exercises. The course is available in e-learning in the Moodle system on the link: https://moodle.ef.jcu.cz/course/view.php?id=2683, but also in the form of a comprehensive document which is annexed to this work.

The Environmental Resource Mapping System (E-RMS) is a geographic information system (GIS) that is used by the National Parks and Wildlife Service to assist in management of national parks. The package is available commercially from the Service and is used by other government departments for environmental management. E-RMS has also been present in Australian Universities and used for academic work for a number of years. This thesis demonstrates that existing procedures for product quality and performance have not been followed in the production of the package and that the package and therefore much of the work undertaken with the package is fundamentally flawed. The E-RMS software contains and produces a number of serious mistakes. Several problems are identified and discussed in this thesis. As a result of the shortcomings, the author recommends that an enquiry be conducted to investigate *1/ The technical feasibility of each project for which the E-RMS package has been used; *2/ The full extent and consequences of the failings inherent with the package; and *3/ The suitability of the E-RMS GIS package for the purposes for which it is sold. Australian Standard 3898 requires that the purpose, functions and limitations of consumer software shall be described. To comply with this standard, users of the E-RMS package would have to be informed of several factors related to it. These are discussed in the research. Failure to consider the usefulness and extractable nature of information in any GIS database will inevitably lead to problems that may endanger the phenomena that the GIS is designed to protect. / Master of Applied Science (Environmental Science)

The city of Kumasi in Ghana struggles with a number of environmental issues, including excessive road traffic, air and water pollution, flooding, and inadequate solid waste management. If there is a group that is directly affected by these issues, it certainly is the city’s population. At the same time, the people of Kumasi—who are the constituents of the local administration, called KMA—have few to none means of obtaining objective information about the state of the urban environment, and therefore no way of holding the city administration accountable concerning environmentally relevant decisions. This case study aims to explore the possibility of alleviating this transparency issue by creating an ‘environmental information system’ (EIS) for the city. The term EIS in this context denotes an information system which can be used to publish environmental information on the web, to be utilised by students, professionals, NGOs, and the general public. The case study seeks to provide answers to two research questions: What are the software requirements for an EIS for Kumasi? And: How can free software be used to satisfy these requirements? The case study takes an approach based on Soft Systems Methodology and agile software development techniques to explore the software requirements. As part of the study, a prototype of the EIS was developed in order to explore the requirements even more, and in order to determine the applicability of currently available free software. The results of the requirements analysis include the following observations: geographical information is essential in presenting the city’s environmental issues, therefore the EIS is based on geographic information system (GIS) software and techniques; the information should be presented to the public in an easy-to-use and easy-to-understand way in order to reach the largest possible percentage of the target group; the environmental information that is available at local institutions (such as the largest local university KNUST, the city administration, and the Environmental Protection Agency) is scarce and semantically and syntactically heterogeneous—therefore, the EIS must be able to consolidate such information in order to present it in an easy-to-understand way; many of the involved actors have no or little knowledge in GIS techniques, therefore the EIS must be usable without such knowledge. In the implementation process, heavy use was made of free software components: GeoServer for publishing geographical data using WMS and WFS; PostgreSQL with the PostGIS extension for data storage; JPA/Hibernate for storing metadata in PostgreSQL; Spring MVC, jQuery UI and many other libraries for creating a user-friendly web application; OpenLayers for displaying and editing geographical data in the web application; GeoTools for handling geographical data on the server-side. During implementation, actual environmental information was entered into the EIS in order to provide a realistic semantic environment for the agile development process. The study concludes that—while the implemented prototype does not include all of the features which were identified as required, and while a ‘full’ soft systems analysis (as opposed to the ‘soft systems perspective’ which was applied) would have led to a more complete picture of the software’s organisational environment—the implementation of an environmental information system for Kumasi, based solely on free software, is viable in the current technical and organisational environment. KNUST is foreseen to be an adequate organisation to manage the development and operation of the system, since the necessary technical knowledge is available. The successful operation of the EIS relies on environmental information being provided by data producers such as the KMA, the EPA, the Ghana Statistical Service, and various departments at KNUST.