As advancement and usage of data communication has increased exponentially on a global scale, with a devastating exposure to attacks and varying security threats to home offices as well as to large enterprises, there is always a need for enhanced network protection. The IT department of the company OneDefence, located in western Sweden, was chosen for the thesis and based on the stated information from the organisation, aims were set on how to improve their network defence capabilities. The aim of this thesis is to list ten countries posing the most serious IT threats, and to limit the attack surface of OneDefence’s IT network as much as possible while still providing the necessary services to users abroad. After researching the countries, a prototype was set up to mimic OneDefence’s topology of interest and test attacks were conducted as detailed in the Methodology chapter. The results of the investigations showed the countries posing most serious cyber threats included China, Russia and North Korea among others which were statistically calculated based on the total number of recognised cyberwarfare attacks. The results obtained from the different DoS attacks in the prototype showed that an IPS should be at the heart of an organisation's network defence for combating these intrusions, as well as potentially other types. With the help of a prototype built based on the organisation's topology, several attacks were somewhat successfully mitigated with the equipment used on hand, with only a low percentage of packets allowed to pass through the security unit. Lastly, to explore further enhancements of defence capabilities of OneDefence, a comparison between different products and devices were performed. This resulted in products from the Fortinet brand such as FortiGate NGFW and UTM capabilities as they are offering several advantages compared to competitors. / Då stora framsteg och användning av datakommunikation har ökat exponentiellt på en global skala, med en förödande exponering av attacker och säkerhetshot mot hemanvändare såväl som stora företag, finns detalltid ett behov av förbättrad nätverksskydd. IT-avdelningen hos företaget OneDefence, valdes för att utföra examensprojektet och baserade sig på organisationens angivna information för att förbättra deras nätverksförsvar. Syftet med denna rapport är att sammanställa en lista på tio länder som utgör de allvarligaste IT-hoten i världen, samt begränsa attackytan för organisationens nätverk så mycket som möjligt medan man behåller alla nödvändiga tjänster till användare utomlands. Efter att ha undersökt länderna, anordnades en prototyp för att efterlikna delar av OneDefences topologi av intresse och testattacker utfördes enligt metodologikapitlet. Resultaten av utredningarna visade att från de länder som utfört de allra allvarliga cyberhoten inkluderade bland annat Kina, Ryssland och Nordkorea, som har beräknats statistiskt baserat på antalet igenkända cyberwarfare attacker. Resultaten från de olika DoS-attackerna visade att en IPS bör vara kärnan i en organisations nätverksförsvar för att kunna bekämpa dessa intrång, samt potentiellt andra typer. Med hjälp av den prototyp som byggdes baserad på organisationens topologi, blockerades flera attacker rätt framgångsrikt, med en låg procentandel av paketen som gick genom säkerhetsenheten. Slutligen utforskades ytterligare förbättringar av försvarsförmågan hos organisationen genom att jämföra olika produkter och enheter. Detta resulterade i produkter från Fortinet-varumärket såsom FortiGate NGFW med UTM förmåga, då de erbjuder flera fördelar jämfört med konkurrenter.

Esta dissertação foca práticas contracartográficas realizadas por ativistas e artistas com o uso de mídias locativas. Observar estas práticas, que apontam no sentido inverso das cartografias hegemônicas e dominantes, permite uma visualização crítica de tensionamentos do atual contexto hipermediado. Conjuntamente, este tipo de estudo, permite apontar aspectos de visibilidade e invisibilidade que operam nesses meios informacionais e como são desafiados e tensionados com lentes críticas. Para tanto, alguns tópicos históricos da representação locativa são desenvolvidos, assim como são discutidos alguns elementos do contexto atual de profusão do uso de mapas georreferenciados em aplicativos móveis. A dissertação busca explicitar, a partir dos casos escolhidos, que as tecnologias locativas devem ser vistas e operadas criticamente, num contexto em que vêm sendo naturalizadas e incorporadas massivamente no cotidiano. / This dissertation focuses on countercartographic practices performed by activists and artists with the use of locative media. Observing these practices, which point in the opposite direction of the dominant cartographies, allows a critical visualization of tensions of the current hypermediated context. Together, this type of study allows us to point out aspects of visibility and invisibility that operate in these informational media and how they are challenged and stressed with critical lenses. To do so, some historical topics of locative representation are developed, as are some elements of the current context of profusion of the use of georeferenced maps in mobile applications. The dissertation seeks to explain, from the chosen cases, that locative technologies must be seen and operated critically, in a context in which they have been naturalized and massively incorporated in daily life.

El desarrollo de negocios modernos va de la mano con el avance de la tecnología actual. En un mundo globalizado como el nuestro es necesario adaptar las necesidades actuales a las nuevas formas de consumo y dedicar tiempo a observar las necesidades que se van formando en el camino. Es de éste modo como nace Parkea.pe, una aplicación móvil que servirá de ayuda a la problemática actual de escasez de Estacionamientos en la capital, Lima. El presente trabajo explica los motivos por los cuales se consideró hacer frente al problema detectado en la ciudad. De igual manera, la investigación previa del sector y situación actual nacional, permiten dar luz a una gama de posibles oportunidades y amenazas que se presentarían a lo largo del desarrollo. Este proyecto va de la mano con un nuevo modelo de negocio que se propone llevar a cabo junto con diversas herramientas de marketing y talento humano. / The development of modern business goes hand in hand with the advancement of current technology. In a globalized world like ours, it is necessary to adapt current needs to new forms of consumption and spend time observing the needs that are forming along the way. It is in this way that Parkea.pe was born, a mobile application that will help the current problem of scarcity of parking in the capital, Lima. The present work explains the reasons why it was considered to face the problem detected in the city. In the same way, the previous research of the sector and current national situation, allow to give light to a range of possible opportunities and threats that would appear throughout the development. This project goes hand in hand with a new business model that is proposed to be carried out along with various marketing tools and human talent. / Trabajo de investigación

Esta dissertação foca práticas contracartográficas realizadas por ativistas e artistas com o uso de mídias locativas. Observar estas práticas, que apontam no sentido inverso das cartografias hegemônicas e dominantes, permite uma visualização crítica de tensionamentos do atual contexto hipermediado. Conjuntamente, este tipo de estudo, permite apontar aspectos de visibilidade e invisibilidade que operam nesses meios informacionais e como são desafiados e tensionados com lentes críticas. Para tanto, alguns tópicos históricos da representação locativa são desenvolvidos, assim como são discutidos alguns elementos do contexto atual de profusão do uso de mapas georreferenciados em aplicativos móveis. A dissertação busca explicitar, a partir dos casos escolhidos, que as tecnologias locativas devem ser vistas e operadas criticamente, num contexto em que vêm sendo naturalizadas e incorporadas massivamente no cotidiano. / This dissertation focuses on countercartographic practices performed by activists and artists with the use of locative media. Observing these practices, which point in the opposite direction of the dominant cartographies, allows a critical visualization of tensions of the current hypermediated context. Together, this type of study allows us to point out aspects of visibility and invisibility that operate in these informational media and how they are challenged and stressed with critical lenses. To do so, some historical topics of locative representation are developed, as are some elements of the current context of profusion of the use of georeferenced maps in mobile applications. The dissertation seeks to explain, from the chosen cases, that locative technologies must be seen and operated critically, in a context in which they have been naturalized and massively incorporated in daily life.

Three main elements for an indoor positioning and navigation system design are the signal structure, the signal processing algorithm and the digital and RF prototype hardware. This thesis focuses on the design and development of RF prototype hardware. The signal structure being used in the precise positioning system discussed in this thesis is a Multicarrier-Ultra Wideband (MC-UWB) type signal structure. Unavailability of RF modules suitable for MC-UWB based systems, led to design and development of custom RF transmitter and receiver modules which can be used for extensive field testing. The lack of RF design guidelines for multicarrier positioning systems that operate over fractional bandwidth ranging from 10% to 25% makes the RF design challenging as the RF components are stressed using multicarrier signal in a way not anticipated by the designers. This thesis, first presents simulation based performance evaluation of impulse radio based and multicarrier based indoor positioning systems. This led to an important revelation that multicarrier based positioning system is preferred over impulse radio based positioning systems. Following this, ADS simulations for a direct upconversion transmitter and a direct downconversion receiver, using multicarrier signal structure is presented. The thesis will then discuss the design and performance of the 24% fractional bandwidth RF prototype transmitter and receiver custom modules. This optimized 24% fractional bandwidth RF design, under controlled testing environment demonstrates positioning accuracy improvement by 2-4 times over the initial 11% fractional bandwidth non-optimized RF design. The thesis will then present the results of various indoor wireless tests using the optimized RF prototype modules which led to better understanding of the issues in a field deployable indoor positioning system.

Using Time of Arrival (TOA) as ranging metric is the most popular technique for accurate indoor positioning. Accuracy of measuring the distance using TOA is sensitive to the bandwidth of the system and the multipath condition between the wireless terminal and the access point. In a telecommunication-specific application, the channel is divided into Line of Sight (LOS) and Obstructed Line of Sight (OLOS) based on the existence of physical obstruction between the transmitter and receiver. In indoor geolocation application, with extensive multipath conditions, the emphasis is placed on the behavior of the first path and the channel conditions are classified as Dominant Direct Path (DDP), Nondominant Direct Path (NDDP) and Undetected Direct Path (UDP). In general, as the bandwidth increases the distance measurement error decreases. However, for the so called UDP conditions the system exhibits substantially high distance measurement errors that can not be eliminated with the increase in the bandwidth of the system. Based on existing measurements performed in CWINS, WPI a measurement database that contains adequate number of measurement samples of all the different classification is created. Comparative analysis of TOA estimation in different multipath conditions is carried out using the measurement database. The performance of super-resolution and traditional TOA estimation algorithms are then compared in LOS, OLOS DDP, NDDP and UDP conditions. Finally, the analysis of the effect of system bandwidth on the behavior of the TOA of the first path is presented.

Esta tese representa um esforço sistemático de investigar a audiência televisiva no âmbito do Sistema Brasileiro de TV Digital (SBTVD). Analisando as teorias atuais da audiência e suas técnicas de medição, percebe-se uma série de problemas em aplicar as mesmas na medição da audiência na TV digital. Além de permitir mais canais na mesma frequência espectral, a tecnologia digital possibilita o acesso ao conteúdo audiovisual por diversas formas e redes, gerando um aumento de opções para o telespectador. Esses aspectos não são contemplados pelas medições tradicionais. Com base nessa análise, propõe-se incluir nas medições de audiência o contexto em que ela ocorre. Ou seja, além dos números de pessoas assistindo à programação, propõe-se analisar as motivações que levam a audiência a ver determinado programa ou trocar de canal. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um novo modelo teórico para subsidiar a medição da audiência. Usando a teoria da atividade como arcabouço teórico, foram desenvolvidos perfis de usuário, que permitem segmentar as análises de audiência. Também foi incorporada a geolocalização, que relaciona a audiência com o local da recepção. Para os testes foi desenvolvido um sistema de medição de audiência, que colhe informações em tempo real e por software sobre o canal virtual que está sendo visualizado. As informações podem ser recuperadas por acesso web. Estando o Brasil em fase inicial da implantação da TV digital, estudos sobre a audiência nessa mídia podem colaborar na definição de novos modelos de negócio, direcionando os investimentos publicitários. / This thesis represents a systematic effort to investigate the television audience in the Brazilian Digital TV System (SBTVD). Analyzing the current theories of the audience and their measurement techniques, we can see a lot of problems in applying them in the digital TV environment. Besides allowing more channels at the same frequency spectrum, digital technology enables access to audiovisual content in various forms and networks, generating increasing options for the viewer. These aspects are not covered by traditional measurements systems. Based on this analysis, this thesis proposes to include in the measurement techniques the context in which the audience occurs. That is, beyond the numbers of people watching TV schedule, it analyzes the motivations that lead the audience to see particular program or do a channel exchanging. To that end, we developed a new theoretical model to support the audience measurement. Using activity theory as theoretical framework, user profiles were developed. It allows analysis of the target audience. We also incorporated geolocation, which relates the audience with the reception site. For the tests we developed a system of audience measurement, which collects real- time information by software about the virtual channel being viewed. Information can be retrieved by web access. With Brazil in the early phase of deployment of digital TV, studies on this media audience can help to define new business models, directing the advertising investment.

Esta tese representa um esforço sistemático de investigar a audiência televisiva no âmbito do Sistema Brasileiro de TV Digital (SBTVD). Analisando as teorias atuais da audiência e suas técnicas de medição, percebe-se uma série de problemas em aplicar as mesmas na medição da audiência na TV digital. Além de permitir mais canais na mesma frequência espectral, a tecnologia digital possibilita o acesso ao conteúdo audiovisual por diversas formas e redes, gerando um aumento de opções para o telespectador. Esses aspectos não são contemplados pelas medições tradicionais. Com base nessa análise, propõe-se incluir nas medições de audiência o contexto em que ela ocorre. Ou seja, além dos números de pessoas assistindo à programação, propõe-se analisar as motivações que levam a audiência a ver determinado programa ou trocar de canal. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um novo modelo teórico para subsidiar a medição da audiência. Usando a teoria da atividade como arcabouço teórico, foram desenvolvidos perfis de usuário, que permitem segmentar as análises de audiência. Também foi incorporada a geolocalização, que relaciona a audiência com o local da recepção. Para os testes foi desenvolvido um sistema de medição de audiência, que colhe informações em tempo real e por software sobre o canal virtual que está sendo visualizado. As informações podem ser recuperadas por acesso web. Estando o Brasil em fase inicial da implantação da TV digital, estudos sobre a audiência nessa mídia podem colaborar na definição de novos modelos de negócio, direcionando os investimentos publicitários. / This thesis represents a systematic effort to investigate the television audience in the Brazilian Digital TV System (SBTVD). Analyzing the current theories of the audience and their measurement techniques, we can see a lot of problems in applying them in the digital TV environment. Besides allowing more channels at the same frequency spectrum, digital technology enables access to audiovisual content in various forms and networks, generating increasing options for the viewer. These aspects are not covered by traditional measurements systems. Based on this analysis, this thesis proposes to include in the measurement techniques the context in which the audience occurs. That is, beyond the numbers of people watching TV schedule, it analyzes the motivations that lead the audience to see particular program or do a channel exchanging. To that end, we developed a new theoretical model to support the audience measurement. Using activity theory as theoretical framework, user profiles were developed. It allows analysis of the target audience. We also incorporated geolocation, which relates the audience with the reception site. For the tests we developed a system of audience measurement, which collects real- time information by software about the virtual channel being viewed. Information can be retrieved by web access. With Brazil in the early phase of deployment of digital TV, studies on this media audience can help to define new business models, directing the advertising investment.

In order to understand the migration patterns of migrating birds, it is necessary to understand whenand where to they migrate. Many of these birds are very small and thus cannot carry heavy sensors;hence it is necessary to be able to perform positioning using a very small sensor. One way to do this isto use a light-intensity sensor. Since the sunrise and sunset times are known given time and position onthe earth, it is possible to determine the global position using light intensity. Light intensity increasesas the sun rises. Data sets from several calibration sensors, mainly from different locations in Sweden, have been examinedin different ways in order to get an understanding of the measurements and what affects them. Inorder to perform positioning, it is necessary to know the solar elevation angle, which can be computedif the time and position are known, as is the case for the calibration sensors. This has been utilized toidentify a mapping from measured light intensity to solar elevation angle, which is used to computepseudo-measurements for target tracking, described below. In this thesis, positioning is performed using methods from the field of target tracking. This is doneboth causally (filtering) and non-causally (smoothing). There are certain problems that arise; firstly,the measured light intensity can be attenuated due to weather conditions such as cloudiness, which ismodelled as a time-varying offset. Secondly, the sensor can be shadowed causing outliers in the data.Furthermore, birds are not always in a migratory state, they oftentimes stay in one place. The lattertwo phenomena are modelled using an Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) where they are representedas discrete states, corresponding to different models.

This thesis investigates automatic geolocation (i.e. identification of the location, expressed as latitude/longitude coordinates) of documents. Geolocation can be an effective means of summarizing large document collections and is an important component of geographic information retrieval. We describe several simple supervised methods for document geolocation using only the document’s raw text as evidence. All of our methods predict locations in the context of geodesic grids of varying degrees of resolution. We evaluate the methods on geotagged Wikipedia articles and Twitter feeds. For Wikipedia, our best method obtains a median prediction error of just 11.8 kilometers. Twitter geolocation is more challenging: we obtain a median error of 479 km, an improvement on previous results for the dataset. / text