A atividade física realizada durante a gestação vem sendo discutida pela comunidade científica devido seus efeitos benéficos tanto para saúde materna como para os desfechos gestacionais. Atualmente, estudos mostram que os padrões de atividade física em gestantes oscilam de sedentário a leve, sendo que os padrões moderados ou intensos quase não são observados nas pesquisas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o padrão de atividade física das gestantes usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto, SP. Trata-se de um estudo transversal no qual foram entrevistadas 799 gestantes saudáveis através de um questionário estruturado. As variáveis de interesse foram condições sociodemográficas, morbidades, estilo de vida, estado nutricional e atividade física. A avaliação da atividade física foi realizada através de um questionário específico para gestantes em que foram obtidos a frequência (semanal) e a duração (em minutos), posteriormente, a intensidade desta foi convertida em MET (equivalente metabólico). As atividades cotidianas foram divididas de acordo com o contexto em que foram realizadas em domínio: doméstico, ocupacional, de locomoção, de lazer e inatividade. As gestantes foram classificadas de acordo com o padrão da atividade física alcançado em: sedentário, leve, moderado ou intenso. Verificou-se o padrão sedentário em 57% das gestantes e o padrão leve em 43%. As características sociodemográficas das gestantes estudadas indicaram majoritariamente mulheres com poder aquisitivo e escolaridade média, alta porcentagem de mulheres casadas e metade das gestantes não trabalhavam fora de casa. O estudo mostrou que as gestantes tendem a economizar energia principalmente nas atividades correspondentes aos domínios de lazer e no de locomoção, enquanto que, as atividades do domínio doméstico, ocupacional e inatividade são mantidas durante a gravidez. Verificou-se que apesar do mesmo ter encontrado uma percentagem menor de gestantes com o padrão sedentário quando comparado a outros estudos, o padrão predominante é o padrão sedentário e seguido pelo padrão leve, e que o padrão moderado considerado ideal pela WHO, ainda não é realidade entre as gestantes brasileiras. / Physical activity during pregnancy has been discussed by the scientific community because of its beneficial effects on both maternal health and gestational outcomes. Currently, studies show that the patterns of physical activity in pregnant women fluctuate from sedentary to mild, and moderate or intense patterns are almost not observed in the research. The objective of this study is to describe the physical activity pattern of pregnant women users of the Unified Health System of the city of Ribeirão Preto, SP. It is a cross-sectional study in which 799 healthy pregnant women were interviewed through a structured questionnaire. The variables of interest were sociodemographic conditions, morbidities, lifestyle, nutritional status and physical activity. The physical activity evaluation was performed through a specific questionnaire for pregnant women in which the frequency (weekly) and the duration (in minutes) were obtained, later the intensity of this was converted into MET (metabolic equivalent). The daily activities were divided according to the context in which they were carried out in domains: domestic, occupational, locomotion, leisure and inactivity. The pregnant women were classified according to the pattern of physical activity achieved in: sedentary, mild, moderate or intense. The sedentary pattern was found in 57% of pregnant women and the mild pattern in 43%. The sociodemographic characteristics of the pregnant women studied indicated that women with purchasing power and average schooling had a high percentage of married women and half of the pregnant women did not work outside the home. The study showed that pregnant women tend to save energy mainly in the activities corresponding to the leisure and locomotion domains, while the activities of the domestic, occupational and inactivity domains are maintained during pregnancy. It was found that although it found a lower percentage of pregnant women with the sedentary pattern when compared to other studies, the predominant pattern is the sedentary pattern followed by the mild pattern and that the moderate pattern considered ideal by the WHO is not yet reality among Brazilian pregnant women.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-09-19T19:11:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Oliveira Dias.pdf: 39950781 bytes, checksum: f142c060796cb141f6fde41ca1c3dd5d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-19T19:11:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Oliveira Dias.pdf: 39950781 bytes, checksum: f142c060796cb141f6fde41ca1c3dd5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Pregnancy and motherhood has been increasingly under investigation by the scientific community, with the risk of developing psychopathology, thus becoming a major public health problem for the mother-child dyad. This study had two objectives: to analyze the effects of psychosocial factors in the mother-child relationship; and analyze the psychometric properties of the Population Screening Scale for Depression (CES-D) to measure symptoms of depression in pregnant women both held in the city of Sao Luís-MA. In the first article, we used the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) to assess the mother-child relationship in 1140 mother-child pairs. In the proposed model, socioeconomic status determined demographic, maternal psychosocial and social support, which determined the outcome of mother-child relationship, analyzed as latent variable. The models were adjusted for structural equation modeling using mplus 7.0. The final model had good fit (RMSEA = 0.047, CFI = 0.984; TLI = 0.981). The models of the first and second article were estimated by the method of least squares (WLSMV) adjusted for mean and variance. In the second article, the Exploratory Factor Analysis suggested models with up to four dimensions, with good adjustment only for models with 3 and 4 dimensions. In addition to these models were tested on Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the reference models and new model without items 4 and 8, which had low factor loadings (<0.40). if found to have symptoms of depression during pregnancy and postpartum presented more often, mother-child relationship impaired. These effects were direct and positive. The greatest effect was the symptoms of depression during pregnancy. They associated themselves also to impaired mother-child relationship, less social support, unfavorable socioeconomic status and marital status informal, indirect pathway. Symptoms of anxiety and maternal age showed no effect on the mother-child relationship. It was found that models with four dimensions were suitable to assess symptoms of depression in pregnant women in the city of São Luís. It is confirmed using the CES-D to measure symptoms of depression in pregnant women, considering its practical use, as a scale with good fit index. It was also observed that greater attention to the womwn health of during the prenatal and postpartum may be a strategy for identifying psychopathological symptoms, in order to prevent possible damage in the mother-child relationship. / A gestação e a maternidade têm sido, cada vez mais, alvo de investigação por parte da comunidade científica, pelo risco de desenvolvimento de psicopatologia, constituindo-se em um importante problema de saúde pública para a díade mãe-filho. O presente estudo teve dois objetivos: analisar efeitos de aspectos psicossociais na relação mãe-filho; e analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Rastreamento Populacional para Depressão (CES-D) para medir sintomas de depressão em gestantes; ambos realizados na cidade de São Luís-MA. No primeiro artigo, utilizou-se o Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) para avaliar a relação mãe-filho em 1140 pares mãe-filho. No modelo proposto, situação socioeconômica determinou fatores demográficos, psicossociais maternos e de apoio social, que determinaram o desfecho relação mãe-filho, analisada como variável latente. Os modelos foram ajustados por modelagem de equações estruturais, utilizando o MPLUS 7.0. O modelo final teve bom ajuste (RMSEA=0.047; CFI=0.984; TLI =0.981). Os modelos do primeiro e do segundo artigo foram estimados pelo método dos mínimos quadrados (WLSMV) ajustados pela média e variância. No segundo artigo, a Análise Fatorial Exploratória sugeriu modelos com até quatro dimensões, com bom ajuste apenas para os modelos com 3 e 4 dimensões. Além desses modelos, foram testados na Análise Fatorial Confirmatória os modelos de referência e um novo modelo, sem os itens 4 e 8, que apresentaram cargas fatoriais baixas (<0,40). Constataram-se que os sintomas de depressão na gestação e pós-parto apresentaram, mais frequentemente, relação mãe-filho prejudicada. Esses efeitos foram direto e positivo. O maior efeito foi dos sintomas de depressão na gestação. Associaram-se também à relação mãe-filho prejudicada, menor apoio social, situação socioeconômica desfavorável e situação conjugal informal, via indireta. Sintomas de ansiedade e idade materna não apresentaram efeito na relação mãe-filho. Verificou-se que os modelos com quatro dimensões se mostraram adequados para avaliar sintomas de depressão em gestantes na cidade de São Luís. Confirma-se a utilização da CES-D para medir sintomas de depressão em gestantes, considerando sua utilidade prática, por ser uma escala com bom índice de ajuste. Observou-se também que uma maior atenção à saúde de mulheres durante o pré-natal e nos pós-parto pode ser uma estratégia para a identificação de sintomas psicopatológicos, com o intuito de prevenir possíveis prejuízos na relação mãe-filho.

O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do tratamento com altrenogest no desencadeamento do parto, no peso ao nascer (PN) e na sobrevivência dos leitões até o terceiro dia de vida. Três grupos controle foram formados: (i) fêmeas que pariram espontaneamente até o dia 114 de gestação (CONT<114); (ii) fêmeas que pariram espontaneamente no dia 114 ou mais (CONT≥114); (iii) fêmeas que foram induzidas ao parto utilizando clorprostenol e pariram partir do dia 114 de gestação (CONTCLOPR). Outro grupo de fêmeas foi tratado com altrenogest (Regumate®) por três dias (dia 111, 112 e 113 de gestação) e, dentro deste grupo, um subgrupo pariu espontaneamente (ALT) e o outro subgrupo recebeu altrenogest e foi induzido com cloprostenol no dia 114 (ALTCLOPR). Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) na duração do parto, PN, coeficiente de variação (CV) de PN, natimortos, mumificados, porcentagem de leitões leves e sobrevivência até o terceiro dia de vida entre fêmeas com ou sem tratamento com cloprostenol, em ambos os grupos controle (CONT≥114 vs CONTCLOPR) e nas fêmeas tratadas com altrenogest (ALT vs ALTCLOPR). Comparações foram realizadas levando em consideração apenas três grupos: fêmeas com parto precoce (CONT<114 – que pariram antes dos 114 de gestação, N=56), fêmeas que pariram no dia 114 ou mais de gestação (CONT≥114 – com ou sem tratamento com cloprostenol, N=103) e fêmeas tratadas com altrenogest (ALT, com ou sem tratamento com cloprostenol, N=105). Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) entre os grupos quanto à duração do parto, CV do PN e porcentagem de fetos natimortos e mumificados. Fêmeas do grupo CONT<114 tiveram um maior número de nascidos totais e menor PN do que fêmeas dos outros dois grupos (p < 0,05). Fêmeas do grupo CONT<114 tiveram maior porcentagem de leitões leves e menor taxa de sobrevivência dos leitões (p < 0,05) do que fêmeas do grupo ALT. Como conclusão, o tratamento com altrenogest provou ser um método eficiente para evitar partos precoces em fêmeas da ordem de parto entre 3 a 5, resultando ainda em leitões mais pesados ao nascimento. O tratamento com altrenogest associado a indução ao parto mostrou-se possível de ser realizado, não acarretando em efeito negativo no desempenho da fêmea e dos leitões. / This study investigated the effect of altrenogest treatment on the farrowing development of sows, and birth weight (BW) and piglet survival until the third day of life. Three control groups were used: (i) sows that farrowed spontaneously before 114 day of gestation (CONT<114); (ii) sows that spontaneously farrowed at 114 day of gestation (CONT≥114); (iii) sows that farrowed at 114 day with cloprostenol treatment (CONTCLOPR). Other sows were treated with altrenogest (Regumate®) for 3 days (days 111, 112 and 113 of gestation). Inside this group one subgroup gave birth spontaneously (ALT) and other subgroup received the treatment and after cloprostenol on day 114 (ALTCLOPR). There were no differences (p > 0.05) in farrowing duration, BW, coefficient of variation (CV) of BW, stillborn piglets, mummified foetuses, percentage of light piglets and survival until Day 3 between sows with and without cloprostenol treatment, in both control (CONT≥114 vs CONTCLOPR) and altrenogest-treated sows (ALT vs ALTCLOPR). Further comparisons were performed taking into account three groups: sows with early delivery (CONT<114 – farrowing before 114 days of gestation; n = 56), sows with longer gestation (CONT≥114 – with and without cloprostenol treatment sows; n = 103) and ALT sows (with and without cloprostenol treatment; n = 105). There were no differences (p > 0.05) between groups in farrowing duration, CV of BW, and percentages of stillborn piglets and mummified foetuses. Sows of CONT<114 group had a larger litter size and a lower BW than sows of the other two groups (p < 0.05). Sows of CONT<114 group had a higher percentage of lighter piglets and a lower piglet survival rate (p < 0.05) than ALT sows. In conclusion, altrenogest treatment proved to be an efficient method to avoid early parturition in 3–5 parity sows resulting in heavier piglets at birth. Altrenogest treatment associated with farrowing induction was possible to be made and it did not cause negative effect in sow and piglets performance.

A ractopamina (Rac) tem sido utilizada durante a gestação de fêmeas suínas gestantes, com objetivo de melhorar o aporte nutricional ao feto, sendo considerada como repartidor de nutrientes, promovendo a lipólise e a retenção de nitrogênio, e a síntese proteica. O aumento no fluxo de nutrientes pode apresentar impactos positivos na condição corporal da fêmea gestante e o desenvolvimento do feto. O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos da inclusão de 10 e 20 mg/kg de ractopamina na ração de fêmeas suínas gestantes, entre os dias 25 a 50 da gestação, sobre o desempenho produtivo, reprodutivo, parâmetros fisiológicos, hemograma e bioquímica sanguínea das fêmeas e sobre a vitalidade, hemograma, bioquímica sanguínea, número de fibras musculares no músculo semitendinosus e estado metabólico dos leitões. Foram utilizadas 41 fêmeas de linhagem comercial híbrida, DB 90 (DB-Genética Suína, Patos de Minas, MG), divididas de acordo com a ordem de parto em 3 tratamentos: Controle: sem ractopamina; Rac10: 10 mg/kg de ractopamina; Rac20: 20 mg/kg de ractopamina. O tratamento foi administrado diariamente via top dressed durante os 25 a 50 dias de gestação. As avaliações e as coletas de amostras foram realizadas nos 25, 37, 50, 107 dias de gestação e nos 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias da lactação. Para a avaliação da vitalidade foi utilizado o teste de pontuação Apgar modificado por Motta-Rojas (2005). A suplementação de ractopamina durante a gestação não influenciou o desempenho reprodutivo das fêmeas, dos leitões até o desmame e no número de fibras musculares no músculo semitendinosus ao nascimento. Houve um aumento na frequência cardíaca e de leitões com vitalidade baixa nas fêmeas suplementadas com Rac. Houve alterações no hemograma, bioquímica sanguínea das fêmeas, mas não nos leitões. Os resultados obtidos a partir das análises do hemograma e bioquímica sanguínea indicam ação da ractopamina sobre o metabolismo lipídico e proteico das fêmeas sem reflexos importantes nos valores observados nos leitões. O presente trabalho concluiu que a suplementação de Rac durante os 25 a 50 dias da gestação não influencia negativamente no metabolismo das fêmeas e sua progênie até o desmame. Por outro lado, a suplementação de Rac aumenta a frequência cardíaca sem aumento de frequência respiratória e temperatura retal das fêmeas, no entanto, pode ser considerado ainda dentro dos parâmetros fisiológicos normais durante a gestação. O aumento no número de leitões de vitalidade baixa 10 pode estar relacionado a um aumento numérico do peso ao nascimento dos leitões. Contudo, a suplementação de Rac durante os 25 50 dias da gestação não influencia negativamente no desempenho produtivo das fêmeas e sua progênie até o desmame. / The ractopamine (Rac) has been used in pregnant sows, aiming to improve the nutritional contribution to the fetus, being considered as nutrient delivery, promoting lipolysis and retention of nitrogen and protein synthesis. Increased nutrient flow may have positive impacts on the body condition of sows and fetal development. The present study evaluated the effects of the inclusion of 10 and 20 mg / kg of ractopamine in the diet sows from 25 to 50 days of pregnancy. Assessing possible effects on productive, reproductive performance, physiological parameters, complete blood count and blood serum biochemistry of females and on vitality, complete blood count, blood serum biochemistry, number of muscle fibers in the semitendinosus muscle and metabolic status of their piglets. Forty one sows of hybrid commercial line, DB 90 (DB-Genetics Swine, Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais),were used and divided according to the order of parity in 3 treatments: Control: No ractopamine; Rac10: 10 mg / kg ractopamine; Rac20: 20 mg / kg ractopamine. The treatment was administered daily via top dressed during the 25 to 50 days of gestation. The evaluations and sample collections were performed at 25, 37, 50, 107 days of gestation and at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of lactation. Assessment of vitality was used the apgar score test modified by Motta-Rojas (2005). The supplementation of ractopamine during gestation did not influence the female reproductive performance, piglets performance until weaning and muscle fibers in the semitendinosus muscle at birth. There was an increase in heart rate and low vitality in females supplemented with Rac. There were alterations in the complete blood count, blood serum biochemistry of the females, but not in the piglets. The results obtained from the hemogram and blood biochemistry analysis indicate the action of ractopamine on the lipid and protein metabolism of the females without significant reflexes in the piglets values. The present study concluded that the supplementation of Rac during the 25 to 50 days of gestation does not negatively influence the metabolism of the females and their progeny until weaning. On the other hand, supplementation of Rac increases the heart rate without increasing respiratory rate and rectal temperature of the females, however, this can still be considered within the normal physiological parameters during gestation. The increase in the numbers of low-vitality piglets may be related to a numerical increase in the birth weight of the piglets. However, Rac 12 supplementation during the 25-50 days of gestation does not negatively influence the productive performance of the females and their progeny until weaning.

No description available.

The goal of this study was to investigate feedlot performance and meat quality of calves born to cows that underwent a nutrient restriction during the second trimester of gestation which may be occurring in the Intermountain West. Thirty-four angus influenced calves from the same sire were used for this study. The calves were born from cows that were separated into either a maintenance group, and kept on an irrigated pasture, or a restricted group, that was placed on an unirrigated pasture and allowed to lose one body condition score during the second trimester of pregnancy. This study begins with the calves on day 85 of the finishing portion of the feedlot phase. During the finishing feedlot phase, calves were individually housed, fed ad libitum, and feedlot performance measurements were taken every 28 days. Carcasses from the calves were evaluated for yield and quality. A loin from each carcass was collected, aged, frozen, and cut into individually packaged steaks that were used to assess meat quality. There was no difference in feedlot performance and carcass measurements for either maintenance and restricted calves. Meat quality measurements revealed no difference in color, instrumental tenderness values, or composition of steaks from either group. A trained sensory panel found that ten characteristics of flavor were similar for both treatments. There was however, a trend for steaks from nutrient restricted cattle to have more of a bloody/serumy flavor. The trained sensory panel also found that there was a difference in tenderness of steaks from nutrient restricted animals being perceived as more tender than animals from maintenance cows. The results of this study demonstrate that nutrient restriction during mid-gestation does not have negative effects on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, or meat quality measurements. These results also indicate that steaks from calves born to nutrient restricted cows may be perceived as more tender.

Au cours de la gestation précoce, la régulation de la physiologie endométriale est cruciale au bon déroulement de l’implantation. Chez les mammifères, une famille de facteurs de transcription est fortement impliquée dans la régulation de la physiologie endométriale, les facteurs STAT. Chez la vache, des analyses haut-débit ont révélé que l’expression endométriale de STAT1 est régulée au cours de la période préimplantatoire. Le but de cette thèse est donc d’apporter de nouvelles données sur l’expression et la régulation endométriales de STAT1 mais également sur ses fonctions biologiques au cours de la gestation précoce chez la vache.Grâce à différents modèles physiologiques et expérimentaux, l’impact de la progestérone, de l’IFNT (signal majeur de reconnaissance maternelle de la gestation chez les ruminants) et de la gestation sur l’expression et la régulation de STAT1 (y compris sa phosphorylation) a été analysé dans l’endomètre bovin et sur des cultures primaires de cellules endométriales. Ainsi, l’expression de STAT1 (transcrit et protéine) ainsi que sa phosphorylation sont augmentés en présence du conceptus et de l’IFNT, indépendamment du taux circulant de progestérone à l’implantation chez la vache. Pour avoir une meilleure connaissance des rôles de STAT1, l’identification de ses gènes cibles a été entreprise : d’abord avec une approche gènes candidats (avec la famille des gènes SOCS), puis par une approche exploratoire.Les facteurs SOCS sont connus pour être des régulateurs négatifs de la voie de signalisation des cytokines. L’utilisation des différents modèles physiologiques et expérimentaux évoqués plus haut a permis l’analyse de l’expression et de la régulation des huit membres de la famille des gènes SOCS au cours de la gestation précoce chez la vache. L’application d’un protocole d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine sur des cultures primaires de cellules stromales bovines montre le recrutement rapide de STAT1 par l’IFNT sur les promoteurs des gènes SOCS IFNT-dépendants. D’autre part, l’identification systématique des gènes cibles de STAT1 a été entreprise via l’élaboration d’un protocole d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine suivit de séquençage haut-débit, appliqué à des échantillons d’endomètre bovin. L’ensemble de ces travaux suggèrent l’implication de STAT1 dans la signalisation endométriale de l’IFNT, dans la régulation du système immunitaire maternel et également dans le contôle des phénomènes d’apposition et d’adhérence, fonctions cruciales à l’implantation chez la vache. / During the early stage of the pregnancy, the regulation of the endometrial physiology is crucial to the right establishment of the implantation. In mammals, a transcription factor family is highly involved in the regulation of endometrial physiology, the STAT family. In cattle, high-throughput analyses light up the regulation of endometrial STAT1 expression during the pre-implantation period. Thus, the aim of this work is to bring new insights about endometrial STAT1 expression and regulation but also on its biological functions during the early pregnancy in cattle. Using physiological and experimental models, the impact of progesterone, IFNT (major signal of the maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants) and pregnancy on the expression and the regulation of STAT1 transcript and protein (including its phosphorylation status) have been analyzed in the bovine endometrium and endometrial cells. Thus, STAT1 (transcript, protein and phosphorylation) is up-regulated by the presence of the conceptus and by IFNT but independent of progesterone level at implantation in cattle. To better understand endometrial STAT1 functions, the identification of STAT1 target genes has been initiated: first, on a candidate genes family, SOCS genes, and secondly, with an explorative approach.The proteins SOCS are known to be negative regulator of cytokine signalling pathway. Using physiological and experimental models previously quoted, the eight members of SOCS genes expression and regulation were analyzed during the early pregnancy in cattle. Chromatin immunoprecipitation protocol applied on stromal cells show the recruitment of STAT1 on SOCS promoters by a rapid treatment of IFNT. Moreover, the exhaustive identification of STAT1 target gene has been initiated, using a chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing on bovine endometrium samples. Collectively, this data suggests the involvement of STAT1 in IFNT signalling pathway but also in the regulation of maternal immune system and the apposition/adhesion process, all that being crucial for the implantation in cattle.

En élevage bovin, la détection précoce des femelles non gravides grâce au diagnostic de gestation permet une réinsémination rapide des animaux. Idéalement, ce diagnostic devrait être réalisé avant la fin du cycle sexuel, pendant la période péri-implantatoire, ce qui n’est pas possible actuellement. Pendant cette étape de la gestation précoce, le conceptus produit un facteur de reconnaissance maternelle de la gestation, l’interféron tau (IFNt), qui occupe un rôle important dans le dialogue entre le conceptus et l’organisme maternel. Plusieurs études ont montré que l’expression de gènes régulés par l’IFNt était augmentée dans l’endomètre et dans les leucocytes sanguins des ruminants, pendant la période péri-implantatoire.Les récentes avancées technologiques permettant l’analyse fonctionnelle du génome ont ouvert de nouvelles perspectives pour l’utilisation de ces marqueurs biologiques à des fins diagnostiques. L'objectif de ce travail a donc été l'identification de marqueurs diagnostiques fiables et précoces de la gestation, dans les cellules immunitaires circulantes des ruminants, ainsi que la caractérisation de la réponse locale (endomètre) et systémique (leucocytes sanguins) de l'organisme maternel à la gestation.Pour identifier de nouveaux candidats, nous avons réalisé un transcriptome des leucocytes d’animaux gravides et non gravides, que nous avons combiné à une analyse transcriptomique de l’endomètre caronculaire et des nœuds lymphatiques drainant spécifiquement l'utérus. Pour des raisons pratiques, ces prélèvements ont été réalisés chez l’ovin. A partir de ces résultats, nous avons sélectionné, parmi les gènes différentiellement exprimés (DEG), des candidats pour mettre au point un test de diagnostic précoce de gestation chez la brebis dans un premier temps, puis chez la vache dans un second temps. L’expression de ces gènes a été évaluée par RT-qPCR et des tests de diagnostic de gestation basés sur les niveaux d‘expression de ces gènes ont été conduits sur 2 lots expérimentaux de brebis et de vaches puis, sur un lot de brebis provenant d’élevages commerciaux. Cinq candidats ont été identifiés et évalués : CXCL10, STAT1, MX1, MX2, ISG15. Les tests, performants dans les lots expérimentaux, n’ont pas permis de discriminer efficacement la gestation dans le lot d’animaux d’élevage commerciaux. Chez ces animaux, une grande variabilité de l’expression des gènes candidats a été observée et suggère un défaut de spécificité de ces gènes dans le cadre du diagnostic de gestation en élevage.Pour comprendre ce défaut de spécificité, une analyse conjointe des transcriptomes des leucocytes sanguins, des nœuds lymphatiques et de l’endomètre caronculaire a montré un différentiel d’expression pour respectivement 118, 17 et 2823 gènes dans les 3 tissus explorés. Peu de DEG ont été trouvés dans les nœuds lymphatiques. Mais, si 78 % des DEG dans les leucocytes sanguins l’étaient aussi dans l’endomètre, les DEG communs à l’endomètre et aux leucocytes ne représentent que 3 % des DEG de l’endomètre. Les analyses de data mining ont mis en évidence dans les leucocytes et dans l’endomètre une réponse forte associée à la gestation, une réponse de type interféron liée à l’IFNt. Cependant, cette signature transcriptomique commune aux deux tissus n’est pas spécifique de la gestation et peut être associée à la présence d’agents infectieux.Ce travail a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence une certaine concordance entre la réaction locale et la réponse périphérique de l’organisme maternel à la gestation. Mais il a également montré que la signature transcriptomique de type interféron observée n’est pas spécifique de la gestation. Ce défaut de spécificité est à l’origine du manque de fiabilité du test de diagnostic de gestation basés sur les niveaux d’expression des gènes régulés par l’interféron que nous avons tenté de mettre au point. D’autres études sont nécessaires pour identifier des marqueurs alternatifs de la gestation, indépendants de l’IFNt / In cattle farming, reproductive performance is closely linked to farm profitability. The early identification of non-pregnant females, using pregnancy diagnosis tests, would allow rapid re-insemination of the animals, thus shortening the interbreeding interval. Ideally, pregnancy detection would be performed prior to the return to oestrous, namely at the time of implantation, which is not possible using current state-of-the-art pregnancy diagnosis techniques. At this early stage of pregnancy, the conceptus produces a ruminant-specific antiluteolytic signal, the interferon tau, which is responsible for the maternal pregnancy recognition. This interferon is critical in the communication between conceptus and maternal organism. The expression of numerous genes has been reported to be regulated by the interferons, in the endometrium and in blood leucocytes of ruminants, at the time of implantation.Recent technical advances for functional analysis of the genome have provided new opportunities for the use of these biological markers in pregnancy diagnosis. The main purpose of this work was to identify non-invasive, reliable and early pregnancy diagnostic markers in immune circulating cells, along with the characterisation of the local and systemic responses of the maternal organism to pregnancy.In order to identify new candidate genes, we performed a transcriptome analysis of pregnant and non-pregnant peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which we combined to a transcriptome analysis of the caroncular endometrium and the lymph nodes that specifically drain the uterus. For practical and cost-effectiveness reasons, these samples were collected in sheep. Based on the results of the transcriptome analysis, we selected, among the differentially expressed genes (DEG), a set of candidate genes in order to develop an early pregnancy diagnosis test initially in ewes and in cows in a second step. Expression of these genes was assessed using real time qPCR. Based on the expression levels of these candidate genes, pregnancy diagnosis tests were performed on different sets of animals: an experimental set of ewes, an experimental set of cows and finally, on a set of ewes from commercial herds. Five candidate genes were identified and evaluated: CXCL10, STAT1, MX1, MX2 and ISG15. Diagnosis tests displayed reliable results in the experimental sets of animals but failed to discriminate pregnancy in the set of farm animals. In this group, we observed high variations in interferon stimulated genes (ISG) expression levels highlighting the low specificity of ISG based pregnancy diagnosis tests performed in farm on heterogeneous batch of animals.To understand this lack of specificity, a simultaneous transcriptome analysis of blood leucocytes, lymph nodes and caroncular endometrium revealed respectively 118, 17 and 2823 DEG. Very few DEG were noticed in the lymph nodes. But if 78% of the DEG in blood leucocytes were found in the endometrium as well, only 3% of the DEG in the endometrium were shared with blood cells. Data mining analysis of the lists of DEG showed a strong pregnancy associated response in both blood leucocytes and the endometrium, an interferon response type, related to the implication of the interferon tau. However, this transcriptomic signature, identified in both biological tissues, is not pregnancy specific as it is frequently associated with pathogen agents.Finally, this work has enabled to highlight the slight correlation between the local (endometrium) and the peripheral (blood leucocytes) response during early pregnancy. But this work has also pointed out that the transcriptomic signature related to pregnancy, an interferon response type, is not pregnancy-specific. This lack of specificity is due to the unreliability of ISG based pregnancy diagnosis tests. Further investigations are needed to identify alternative pregnancy markers, independent of the interferon tau

La glande mammaire d'une vache laitière haute productrice, produit quotidiennement une quantité de lait équivalente à 10% du poids de l'animal. L'alimentation, la génétique et le processus de différenciation terminale du tissu mammaire peuvent impacter significativement la productivité de l'animal et la composition du lait. L'activité intense de biosynthèse et de sécrétion de la glande mammaire fait intervenir un large répertoire de gènes dont l'expression peut aujourd'hui être analysée de façon globale et simultanée grâce à des outils tels que les puces à ADN. C'est ce type d'approche que nous avons mis en œuvre, dans ce travail de thèse, afin d'établir les réseaux de gènes qui participent au processus de différenciation terminale du tissu mammaire et qui permettent d'expliquer les variations de composition du lait observées avec la mutation K232A au locus DGAT1 bovin. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé chez la chèvre un dispositif en boucle qui a permis d'analyser, au moyen d'un répertoire de 22 000 sondes oligonucléotidiques bovines (22K), l'évolution du profil d'expression génique du tissu mammaire au cours de la gestation. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que ce profil subit au cours du développement de l'organe et de sa différenciation terminale des changements profonds qui définissent 3 étapes majeures : i) le déclenchement de la différenciation fonctionnelle qui intervient avant le premier tiers de la gestation ; ii) un remodelage du tissu au cours duquel les structures qui produiront le lait (acini) se mettent en place et prolifèrent pour envahir progressivement l'organe - cette phase est marquée par l'expression de gènes de la réponse immunitaire ; iii) l'acquisition du phénotype sécrétoire, matérialisée par le déclenchement de la synthèse lipidique à la parturition. Afin de déterminer les mécanismes cellulaire sous-jacents aux variations de composition du lait observées avec la mutation K232A au locus DGAT1, nous avons entrepris la comparaison du transcriptome de tissu mammaire bovin à partir d'un dispositif expérimental génétiquement bien défini et contrôlé. A chaque animal de génotype GC/GC (A232), correspondait soit sa pleine sœur (n=4), soit sa demi-sœur (n=2) de génotype AA/AA (K232), au même numéro de lactation et au même nombre de jours de lactation. Nos résultats ont confirmé une baisse significative du TB (41.6 vs. 51.6 g/kg) et des AG à chaîne moyenne et insaturés (C14:1 et C16:1) et une augmentation des AG à chaîne moyenne et saturée (C14:0) et longue et insaturée (C18:1 cis11, C18:1 cis12, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3) avec le variant GC/GC (A232) en comparaison au variant AA/AA (K232). Les globules gras étaient également plus petits avec ce variant. L'analyse du transcriptome à partir d'ARN extraits des biopsies de tissu mammaire a montré que les gènes spécifiant les acteurs des voies de synthèse du lactose, des lipides et des protéines étaient sur-exprimés chez les individus de génotype GC/GC (A232). La liste des gènes de la biosynthèse des lipides sur-exprimés avec ce génotype expliquent, pour partie, les différences de composition fine en acides gras observées en suggérant des voies alternatives du métabolisme du diacylglycérol.

La zéaralénone (ZEN) est une mycotoxine produite par des Fusarium qui contaminent les cultures céréalières. Oestrogéno-mimétique et perturbateur endocrinien, ses effets toxiques concernent l'appareil reproducteur. En amont de l'évaluation du risque lié à une exposition à de faibles doses de ZEN, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'effet de la ZEN sur le niveau d'expression de transporteurs ABC majeurs. Ces pompes d'efflux sont présentes dans les barrières de l'organisme (notamment les barrières testiculaires et placentaires) où elles jouent un rôle dans la protection des tissus contre la toxicité de leurs substrats xénobiotiques. Dans ce travail nous avons d'abord caractérisé le métabolisme et la distribution tissulaire de la ZEN chez le rat, puis avons évalué son effet respectivement à court et long terme sur l'expression des transporteurs ABC après une exposition gestationnelle et néonatale. Nos résultats mettent en évidence des différences de comportement toxicocinétique de la ZEN en fonction du genre et du statut hormonal, et une réelle exposition fœtale et néonatale via la mère. La ZEN module l'expression des transporteurs ABC majeurs in vivo (dans les organes maternels, le foie foetal, le testicule du jeune adulte exposé J1-J5). Les résultats obtenus sur modèles in vitro (lignées sertolienne et placentaire) suggèrent que ces modulations sont liées en partie à l'interaction de la ZEN avec les récepteurs aux oestrogènes. Les conséquences d'une modulation de l'expression des transporteurs ABC induite par la ZEN pourraient être dramatiques pour le développement et la santé des individus à l'âge adulte et doivent être évaluées