No description available.

The ghrelin receptor (GhrR) is a widely investigated target in several diseases. However, the current knowledge of its role and distribution in the brain is limited. Recently, the small and non-peptidic compound (S)-6-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenoxy)-3-((1-isopropylpiperidin-3-yl)methyl)-2-methylpyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one ((S)-9) has been described as a GhrR ligand with high binding affinity. Here, we describe the synthesis of fluorinated derivatives, the in vitro evaluation of their potency as partial agonists and selectivity at GhrRs, and their physicochemical properties. These results identified compounds (S)-9, (R)-9, and (S)-16 as suitable parent molecules for 18F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers to enable future investigation of GhrR in the brain.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / While depression is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, little is known about the effect of depression treatment on diabetes risk markers. Using data from the recently completed eIMPACT trial (NCT02458690, supported by R01 HL122245), I examined if depression intervention improves diabetes risk markers and if improvements in somatic depressive symptoms mediate potential intervention effects. 216 participants (primary care patients ≥50 years with depression and elevated cardiovascular disease risk from a safety net healthcare system) were randomized to 12 months of the eIMPACT intervention (modernized collaborative care intervention involving internet cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT], telephonic CBT, and/or select antidepressants; n=107) or usual primary care for depression (primary care providers supported by embedded behavioral health clinicians and affiliated psychiatrists; n = 109). Given my focus on diabetes risk, I excluded participants who did not attend the post-treatment visit (n = 17) or who had a diabetes history at pre-treatment (n = 73), leaving a final sample of 126 (n=66 intervention, n=60 usual care; Mage = 58 years, 79% women, 50% Black, 47% with income <$10k/year). I computed depressive symptom severity variables from the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-20 (SCL-20) items: hyperphagia (“overeating” item), poor appetite (“poor appetite”), hypersomnia (“sleeping too much”), disturbed sleep (“sleep that is restless or disturbed”) and SCL-15 (mean of items not pertaining to appetite or sleep). I calculated insulin resistance from fasting plasma glucose and insulin using the Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)-2 calculator, body mass index (BMI) from measured height and weight, and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), leptin, and ghrelin using ELISA kits. Parallel mediation analyses revealed that 12 months of modernized collaborative care for depression improved both directions of sleep symptoms but did not improve poor appetite or hyperphagia – the somatic symptom most consistently linked with increases in HOMA-IR, BMI, hsCRP, and leptin. Of the five cardiometabolic biomarkers examined, the eIMPACT intervention decreased only hsCRP and ghrelin. There were no intervention effects on HOMA-IR, BMI, or leptin. In addition, no somatic depressive symptoms mediated intervention effects on the cardiometabolic biomarkers, nor did race moderate any mediation effects. Further research is warranted to determine best practices for targeting hyperphagia and reducing cardiometabolic disease risk among people with depression.

No description available.

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is related to body weight regulation. Based on the hypothesis that Most Obesities kNown Are Low In Sympathetic Activity (MONA LISA), it has been suggested that most obese subjects and animals have low sympathetic nervous system activity. Leptin, leptin receptor, and ghrelin genes influence the ANS regulation of body weight and food intake. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in leptin, the leptin receptor, or ghrelin regulation between lines of chickens selected for high (HWS) or low body weight (LWS). Intraperitoneal injections of reserpine were administrated to chickens from the HWS and LWS lines. Body weight and food intake were then compared to evaluate ANS regulation. While reserpine caused a transitory decrease in food intake and body weight in both lines, the magnitude of the change was greater in the HWS than in the LWS chickens. However, chickens from the LWS line exhibited greater catecholamine and indoleamine level changes in response to reserpine than those from the HWS line. Therefore, HWS chickens were more sensitive to the body weight-reducing effects of reserpine than LWS lines, while LWS chickens appeared to have greater sympathetic nervous system activity. Food and water intakes were differentially affected in HWS and LWS chickens in response to intracerebroventricular administration of human recombinant leptin. Leptin caused a linear decrease in food intake in the LWS line, but no effect on food intake in the HWS lines. The HWS chickens tended to have reduced water intake following leptin administration. These results suggest that the leptin receptor, or the down-stream neuropeptide regulation pathway mediating the effect of leptin; may be different between chickens from the HWS and LWS lines. Leptin, insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1, and IGF-2 concentrations in the plasma of HWS and LWS lines of chickens were evaluated. Leptin, IGF-1 and IGF-2 levels were significantly higher in the LWS than HWS chickens. The HWS female leptin concentrations were significantly lower than in HWS males or LWS females. Male chickens had greater IGF-1 concentrations in the plasma than female chickens. However, the concentration of IGF-2 did not differ between sexes. The difference in leptin concentrations in these lines and sexes may explain the differences in age of sexual maturity. Different IGF-1 and IGF-2 concentrations may be involved in the obese and anorexic conditions, fast and slow growth, and high and low food consumption found in these two lines of chickens. Differences in the gene sequence of the leptin receptor were observed in HWS and LWS lines of chickens. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the intron between exon 8 and 9 introduced a restriction site for the enzyme Sel I in the HWS, but not the LWS line. Two SNP were detected in the leptin receptor cDNA region at nucleotides 189 and 234. At nucleotide 189, the LWS line has both a homozygous (T-T) and heterozygous (C-T), whereas the HWS line has only homozygous (T-T) form. The SNP found in nucleotide 234 introduces a restriction site Mse I in the HWS, but not the LWS line. These specific changes may be directly involved or closely linked to differences between the two lines in either the coding or regulatory domains of the leptin receptor. Differences in the leptin receptor gene expression between HWS and LWS lines of chickens in various organs and ages were observed. Leptin receptor expression in the whole brain was significantly different between sexes at 28 days-of-age in the HWS and LWS lines. The LWS line had higher leptin receptor gene expression in the liver at 2 days-of-age than at 56 and 363 days-of-age, but no differences were observed in the HWS line. In addition, at 2 days-of age, liver leptin receptor gene expression was higher in LWS than HWS chickens, but the reverse was observed at 363 days-of age. In adipose tissue, leptin receptor expression was higher in the LWS than HWS line. Leptin receptor expression in adipose tissue was greater at 363, than 28 and 56 days-of-ages. Our results showed that changes in the regulation of leptin and the leptin receptor were associated with sex, age, and growth. Differences in the ghrelin gene in the HWS and LWS lines under different feeding conditions were investigated. Both HWS and LWS chickens have six extra base pairs in the 5'-untranslated region. The LWS male ghrelin gene expression was significantly lower than in the LWS female and HWS male. The 84 day-old males had lower gene expression than 84 day-old females and 363 day-old males. When comparing different feeding methods, females allowed ad libitum feed consumption had a lower cycle threshold cycle number (CT) ratio than males allowed ad libitum feeding or fasted females. However, the inflection point cycle number of ad libitum fed females was lower than that of the ad libitum fed males, but greater than the fasted females. Ghrelin gene expression was different between the two lines of chickens, and the expression of ghrelin in chickens was influenced by body weight selection, sex, age, and feeding condition. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Die Belastung des Energiestoffwechsels der Hochleistungskuh ist in der peripartalen Phase am größten. Die Regulation der Futteraufnahme und des Energiestoffwechsels durch den Nucleus arcuatus (ARC) des Hypothalamus spielt eine entscheidende Rolle während dieser Phase. Zahlreiche Metabolite und Hormone, wie z.B. das Peptidhormon Ghrelin, beeinflussen die Expression des orexigenen (futteraufnahmesteigernden) Neuropeptids Agouti-related Protein (AgRP) im ARC des Hypothalamus. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen Körperfettmobilisierung und orexigenen Signalen im peripartalen Zeitraum der Hochleistungskuh näher zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden 20 multipare Hochleistungskühe der Rasse Deutsch-Holstein (2.-4. Laktation) 7 Wochen ante partum (ap) bis 6 Wochen post partum (pp) untersucht. Die Tiere wurden in Anbindehaltung aufgestallt und entsprechend der jeweiligen Produktionsperiode bedarfsgerecht energetisch versorgt. Die ad libitum Futteraufnahme und Milchleistung wurden täglich gemessen und die Milchzusammensetzung wöchentlich analysiert. Das Körpergewicht und die Rückenfettdicke (RFD) wurden ebenfalls wöchentlich bestimmt. Einmal wöchentlich wurden Blutproben genommen, um die Konzentration von nicht-veresterten Fettsäuren (NEFA), Triglyceriden (TG) und Aminosäuren zu bestimmen. Eine Leberbiopsie wurde am 34. Tag ap und am 3., 18. und 30. Tag pp entnommen. In der 5. Woche ap und in der 2. Woche pp wurden die Tiere in eine Respirationskammer eingestallt und darin jeweils am 1. Tag ad libitum versorgt, während ihnen am 2. Tag das Futter für 10 h entzogen wurde. Die Futteraufnahme bzw. die kompensatorische Futteraufnahme nach Futterentzug wurden ebenfalls gemessen. Mit Hilfe der indirekten Kalorimetrie wurden der Sauerstoffverbrauch, die Bildung von Kohlenstoffdioxid und Methan gemessen, und der Respiratorische Quotient (RQ), die Fettoxidation (FOX) und die Kohlenhydratoxidation (KOX) berechnet. An beiden Tagen des Aufenthaltes in der Respirationskammer wurden stündlich Blutproben entnommen und die Konzentration von Acyl- und Gesamtghrelin, NEFA und TG bestimmt. Am 40. Tag pp wurden die Tiere geschlachtet und der ARC entnommen. In Studie 1 wurden 16 Tiere, basierend auf ihren Leberfettgehalt (LFC) am 18. Tag pp in eine Gruppe mit hohem LFC (H, n=8) und eine mit niedrigem LFC (L, n=8) eingeteilt. Für die Studie 2 wurden 18 Kühe entsprechend ihrer NEFA-Blutplasmakonzentration am Schlachttag in eine Gruppe mit hoher NEFA- (H, n=9) und eine mit niedriger NEFA-Plasmakonzentration (L, n=9) eingeteilt. In Studie 1 konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Acyl- und Gesamtghrelin- Plasmakonzentrationen nicht mit der pp Futteraufnahmesteigerung von Hochleistungskühen korrelierten. H-Kühe, die im Vergleich zu L-Kühen einen höheren Leber- und Milchfettgehalt, eine größere RFD und einen geringeren RQ aufwiesen, zeigten während des 10-stündigen Futterentzuges den größeren Anstieg der Acylghrelinkonzentration sowie ein größeres Acyl- und Gesamtghrelin-Verhältnis. Signifikante Korrelationen zwischen dem präprandialen Acyl:Gesamtghrelin- Verhältnis und zahlreichen Parametern des Fettstoffwechsels, wie bspw. LFC, Milchfettgehalt, RQ und RFD, lassen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Ghrelin, dem Fettstoffwechsel und der Fettverteilung erkennen. In Studie 2 konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die in der Frühlaktation auftretende unterschiedliche Aktivierung hypothalamischer AgRP-Neurone von H- und L-Kühen nicht mit deren Futteraufnahme assoziiert ist. Die höhere NEFA-Plasmakonzentration, die höhere RFD, die höhere FOX und der höhere Sauerstoffverbrauch der H-Kühe waren jeweils signifikant mit der geringeren Aktivierung hypothalamischer AgRP-Neurone korreliert. Diese Korrelationen belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem prozentualen Anteil aktivierter AgRP-Neurone und dem Sauerstoffverbrauch sowie der Substratverstoffwechselung während der Frühlaktation. Zusammenfassend lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die untersuchten Signale des orexigenen Systems im peripartalen Zeitraum der Hochleistungskuh nicht mit der Futteraufnahme, jedoch mit dem Fett- und Energiestoffwechsel assoziiert waren. Ferner lassen die Resultate den Schluss zu, dass die Futteraufnahme bereits vor der Kalbung durch den Körperfettgehalt determiniert ist, und dass die Fettmobilisierung per se kaum einen Einfluss auf die Futteraufnahmesteigerung in der Frühlaktation besitzt.

Die Belastung des Energiestoffwechsels der Hochleistungskuh ist in der peripartalen Phase am größten. Die Regulation der Futteraufnahme und des Energiestoffwechsels durch den Nucleus arcuatus (ARC) des Hypothalamus spielt eine entscheidende Rolle während dieser Phase. Zahlreiche Metabolite und Hormone, wie z.B. das Peptidhormon Ghrelin, beeinflussen die Expression des orexigenen (futteraufnahmesteigernden) Neuropeptids Agouti-related Protein (AgRP) im ARC des Hypothalamus. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen Körperfettmobilisierung und orexigenen Signalen im peripartalen Zeitraum der Hochleistungskuh näher zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden 20 multipare Hochleistungskühe der Rasse Deutsch-Holstein (2.-4. Laktation) 7 Wochen ante partum (ap) bis 6 Wochen post partum (pp) untersucht. Die Tiere wurden in Anbindehaltung aufgestallt und entsprechend der jeweiligen Produktionsperiode bedarfsgerecht energetisch versorgt. Die ad libitum Futteraufnahme und Milchleistung wurden täglich gemessen und die Milchzusammensetzung wöchentlich analysiert. Das Körpergewicht und die Rückenfettdicke (RFD) wurden ebenfalls wöchentlich bestimmt. Einmal wöchentlich wurden Blutproben genommen, um die Konzentration von nicht-veresterten Fettsäuren (NEFA), Triglyceriden (TG) und Aminosäuren zu bestimmen. Eine Leberbiopsie wurde am 34. Tag ap und am 3., 18. und 30. Tag pp entnommen. In der 5. Woche ap und in der 2. Woche pp wurden die Tiere in eine Respirationskammer eingestallt und darin jeweils am 1. Tag ad libitum versorgt, während ihnen am 2. Tag das Futter für 10 h entzogen wurde. Die Futteraufnahme bzw. die kompensatorische Futteraufnahme nach Futterentzug wurden ebenfalls gemessen. Mit Hilfe der indirekten Kalorimetrie wurden der Sauerstoffverbrauch, die Bildung von Kohlenstoffdioxid und Methan gemessen, und der Respiratorische Quotient (RQ), die Fettoxidation (FOX) und die Kohlenhydratoxidation (KOX) berechnet. An beiden Tagen des Aufenthaltes in der Respirationskammer wurden stündlich Blutproben entnommen und die Konzentration von Acyl- und Gesamtghrelin, NEFA und TG bestimmt. Am 40. Tag pp wurden die Tiere geschlachtet und der ARC entnommen. In Studie 1 wurden 16 Tiere, basierend auf ihren Leberfettgehalt (LFC) am 18. Tag pp in eine Gruppe mit hohem LFC (H, n=8) und eine mit niedrigem LFC (L, n=8) eingeteilt. Für die Studie 2 wurden 18 Kühe entsprechend ihrer NEFA-Blutplasmakonzentration am Schlachttag in eine Gruppe mit hoher NEFA- (H, n=9) und eine mit niedriger NEFA-Plasmakonzentration (L, n=9) eingeteilt. In Studie 1 konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Acyl- und Gesamtghrelin- Plasmakonzentrationen nicht mit der pp Futteraufnahmesteigerung von Hochleistungskühen korrelierten. H-Kühe, die im Vergleich zu L-Kühen einen höheren Leber- und Milchfettgehalt, eine größere RFD und einen geringeren RQ aufwiesen, zeigten während des 10-stündigen Futterentzuges den größeren Anstieg der Acylghrelinkonzentration sowie ein größeres Acyl- und Gesamtghrelin-Verhältnis. Signifikante Korrelationen zwischen dem präprandialen Acyl:Gesamtghrelin- Verhältnis und zahlreichen Parametern des Fettstoffwechsels, wie bspw. LFC, Milchfettgehalt, RQ und RFD, lassen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Ghrelin, dem Fettstoffwechsel und der Fettverteilung erkennen. In Studie 2 konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die in der Frühlaktation auftretende unterschiedliche Aktivierung hypothalamischer AgRP-Neurone von H- und L-Kühen nicht mit deren Futteraufnahme assoziiert ist. Die höhere NEFA-Plasmakonzentration, die höhere RFD, die höhere FOX und der höhere Sauerstoffverbrauch der H-Kühe waren jeweils signifikant mit der geringeren Aktivierung hypothalamischer AgRP-Neurone korreliert. Diese Korrelationen belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem prozentualen Anteil aktivierter AgRP-Neurone und dem Sauerstoffverbrauch sowie der Substratverstoffwechselung während der Frühlaktation. Zusammenfassend lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die untersuchten Signale des orexigenen Systems im peripartalen Zeitraum der Hochleistungskuh nicht mit der Futteraufnahme, jedoch mit dem Fett- und Energiestoffwechsel assoziiert waren. Ferner lassen die Resultate den Schluss zu, dass die Futteraufnahme bereits vor der Kalbung durch den Körperfettgehalt determiniert ist, und dass die Fettmobilisierung per se kaum einen Einfluss auf die Futteraufnahmesteigerung in der Frühlaktation besitzt.

<p>This thesis examines the effect of surgical weight loss on gut and adipose tissue peptides involved in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis in morbidly obese humans. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is the gold standard operation used for effective long-term weight loss and improved health. The exact mechanisms for this outcome are under investigation.</p><p>We measured ghrelin, a recently discovered hunger hormone, insulin, adiponectin and leptin along with anthropometry measures in 66 morbidly obese patients prior to and 6 and 12 months after RYGBP. Impressive weight loss occurred postoperatively as did alterations in the peptides. Consistent correlations were found between weight, leptin, ghrelin and insulin. The main findings were low ghrelin concentrations in obesity and an increase after RYGBP.</p><p>We explored inflammatory proteins C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 before and during massive weight loss 6 and 12 months after RYGBP in morbidly obese subjects. The studied proteins declined after surgery and a correlation between CRP and homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance, independent of BMI, strongly linked insulin resistance and inflammation. CRP declined most in insulin-sensitive subjects.</p><p>We examined the excluded stomach mucosa and vagus nerve by measuring gastrin, pepsinogen I (PGI), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and ghrelin levels during week 1 and year after RYGBP. Ghrelin levels rose with weight loss but declined 24-hours after surgery, like PP, indicating transient vagal nerve damage. Low levels of gastrin and PGI suggest a resting mucosa.</p><p>We evaluated gut peptides: peptide YY (PYY), glucaogon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), pro-neurotensin (pro-NT) and PP, in lean (young and middle-aged), obese and postoperative RYGBP subjects pre- and postprandially. RYGBP subjects had exaggerated levels of PYY and GLP-1 postprandially and higher basal proNT levels, implying a ‘satiety peptide tone’ that may contribute to the maintenance of weight loss.</p><p>In summary, RYGBP results in marked weight loss and alterations in gut and adipose tissue peptides involved in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. These postoperative peptide changes may contribute to impressive weight loss observed after RYGBP.</p>

A manutenção da saúde, depende, dentre outros aspectos, do controle da massa corporal, uma vez que a obesidade está associada ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas. Sendo assim, o exercício pode ser considerado uma ferramenta eficaz nesse controle. Contudo, está evidenciado que o exercício realizado em alta intensidade pode ocasionar maior redução da gordura corporal. Dentre as hipóteses sugeridas para explicar tal fenômeno, a supressão do apetite pós-exercício foi levantada, no entanto, o efeito da intensidade sobre o apetite ainda é incipiente. Além disso, mulheres podem ter maior resposta compensatória que homens. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi comparar o efeito da intensidade no controle agudo do apetite, energia ingerida absoluta e relativa (energia ingerida menos o gasto calórico do exercício), percepção de fome e das concentrações sanguíneas de grelina acilada, peptídeo YY3-36, insulina, cortisol, glicose, ácidos graxos, colesterol e triacilglicerol em homens e mulheres. Para isso, 11 homens e 9 mulheres eutróficos, foram submetidos a 6 sessões, sendo a primeira destinada à determinação da potência aeróbia máxima (PAM) em cicloergômetro, e a segunda para realização do exercício intermitente de alta intensidade realizado na máxima intensidade (all out), composto por 60 x 8s:12s (EIAI-A), para determinação do trabalho total, o qual foi utilizado para equalização das demais sessões: a) EIAI-A; b) exercício intermitente de alta intensidade (EIAI) - 60s:60s a 100% da PAM; c) exercício contínuo de intensidade moderada (ECMI) a 60% da PAM; d) sessão controle (sem exercício). Cada visita teve duração de 4h, sendo que os participantes chegaram em jejum e receberam um café da manhã padrão. O exercício foi realizado 1,5h pós-café da manhã, e uma alimentação ad libitum foi servida 4h pós-café da manhã. Coletas de sangue e da percepção de fome (escala analógica visual) foram realizadas em jejum e em 2, 2,5, 3,25 e 4h de experimento e calculada a área sob a curva (ASC) para cada uma dessas variáveis. A comparação das variáveis sanguíneas e da percepção de fome foi feita através de análise de variância a três fatores (condição, sexo e momento), e das variáveis envolvendo a ASC e a energia ingerida foi conduzida através de análise a dois fatores (condição e sexo), seguida do pós-teste de Bonferroni se observada diferença significativa (P<0,05). Não houve diferença para a energia ingerida absoluta, porém, a energia ingerida relativa foi maior no controle quando comparada ao EIAI-A, EIAI, e ao ECMI, sem diferenças entre os tipos de exercício e sexos. A ASC da percepção de fome foi menor somente nos exercícios realizados em alta intensidade comparado com o controle, independentemente do sexo. O PYY3-36 foi inferior nas mulheres em relação aos homens ao passo que o cortisol foi inferior nos homens comparado com as mulheres. Houve interação entre situação e momento de coleta para o cortisol e insulina sendo os valores mais elevados no EIAI-A que no controle às 2,5 horas de experimento para o cortisol e às 3,25h para insulina. Portanto, embora não tenha havido diferença na energia ingerida relativa entre os tipos de exercícios, àqueles realizados em maior intensidade foram capazes de promover efeitos mais pronunciados na supressão do apetite, independentemente do sexo / Maintaining one\'s health depends, among other things, on controlling body weight, since obesity is associated with the development of chronic diseases. Accordingly, exercise is an effective tool in this control. It has been demonstrated that exercise performed at a high intensity can cause greater reduction in body fat. Among the hypotheses put forward of this phenomenon is the suppression of appetite. However, the understanding of the effect of the intensity on appetite is still incipient. In addition, women may have a greater compensatory response than men. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the effect of intensity on absolute and relative (energy intake less caloric expenditure of the exercise) energy intake, hunger and blood concentrations of acylated ghrelin, PYY3-36, insulin, cortisol, glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol and triacylglycerol in men and women. Accordingly, 11 men and 9 women, all eutrophic, underwent six sessions. The first was designed to determine their maximum aerobic power (MAP) on a cycle ergometer, and the second involved performing high-intensity intermittent exercise at maximum intensity (all out) for 60 x 8s: 12s (HIIE-A) in order to determine the total work, which was used for the equalization of the other sessions: a) HIIE-A; b) high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) - 60s: 60s at 100% of MAP; c) steady-state exercise (SSE) at 60% of the MAP; d) a control session. Each session lasted a total of 4 hours. The participants arrived in fasting and received a standard breakfast upon arrival. The exercise session was performed 1.5 h after breakfast, and an ad libitum meal was served 4 hours post-breakfast. Blood sample collection and perception of hunger were collected when fasting and at 2, 2.5, 3.25 and 4 hours into the experiment and the area under the curve (AUC) for each of these variables was calculated. A comparison of the blood sample variables and rating of hunger was performed by analyzing the variance of three factors (condition, sex, and time) and the analysis of the variables involving the AUC and energy intake was conducted through examination of two factors (sex and condition) followed by a Bonferroni post-test if significant differences (P<0.05) were observed. There was no difference for the absolute energy intake, however, relative energy intake was higher in the control compared to HIIE-A, HIIE, and SSE, with no differences between the types of exercise and sex. The AUC of hunger was lower in exercises performed at high intensity when compared to the control, regardless of sex. There was interaction between condition and time for cortisol and insulin, with higher levels in the HIIE-A than in the control at 2.5 hours for cortisol and 3.25 hours for insulin. Therefore, although there were no differences in energy intake relative to the types of exercises, those performed at a higher intensity promoted more pronounced effects on appetite suppression, regardless of sex