Erfarenheten av och forskning om sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen i skolan pekar på att undervisningen inte är till belåtenhet hos eleverna. För att utröna detta ytterligare valdes en studie med syftet att undersöka flickors och pojkars uppfattningar om innehåll och undervisningsmetoder inom sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen i skolåren 7-9. Hur undervisningen skall vara utformad för att kännas meningsfull för eleverna är av intresse i studien. Studien genomfördes utifrån en kvalitativ ansats med enkäter och gruppintervjuer som metod att skapa ett empiriskt material. Undersökningen genomfördes på två skolor. I enkätundersökningen deltog 47 elever och i gruppintervjuerna deltog fyra flickor och fyra pojkar. Resultatet visar att flickor ochpojkar anser att sex- och samlevnadsundervisning är viktigt och att de fått en relevant undervisning under grundskolans senare år. Gemensamt för flickor och pojkar är att de vill ha en varierad undervisning av såväl innehåll som undervisningsmetoder. Viktigt är att den som undervisar i området skall vara väl insatt och ha stora kunskaper inomområdet. Den som undervisar får heller inte, anser eleverna, bli generad och tycka att det är pinsamt när eleverna ställer frågor. Eleverna i undersökningen saknar dock utrymme för diskussion i undervisningen. Studien visar även att eleverna uppfattar att en stor del av undervisningen läggs på frågor rörande sexualitet, könsorganens anatomi,könssjukdomar och preventivmedel. Däremot läggs endast en begränsad del utav tiden på samtal rörande samlevnad, vilket är ett område som eleverna efterfrågar i undervisningen. För att åstadkomma en meningsfull undervisning i sex- och samlevnad ur ett elevperspektiv förutsätts att eleverna får tillgång till information om vad undervisningsområdet skall innehålla. Genom förhandsinformationen kan eleverna ges inflytande i undervisningen. Av stor betydelse för eleverna är att läraren utgår ifrån elevernas frågor och vad eleverna känner är relevant för dem just nu. / Experience and research of sexual education in school shows that the teaching is not valued as satisfaction by young people. To investigate this statement a study of girls’and boys’ perceptions of content and teaching methods in sexual education in secondary school was conducted. How the teaching should be designed to be meaningful is of interest in the study. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach where the key is to get the different views. To gather the data both questionnaires and group interviews were used. The questionnaires study involved 47 students and group interviews four girls and four boys. The result shows that students believe that sexual education is important and that they had received a good education in secondary school. Common for girls and boys is that they want a varied teaching of both content and teaching methods. It's important that anyone who teaches in the area must have good knowledge. The students also think that the teacher must not be embarrassed and think it's embarrassing when students ask questions. Students in the investigation wants more time for discussions. The study also shows that a large part of teaching is on issues related to sexuality, genital anatomy, STD and contraception. On the other hand is only a bit of time about relationships, which is an area that students are asking for. In order to achieve a meaningful education, from a student perspective, requires that students gain knowledge of what the area contains in order to be able to have influence in teaching. By preliminary information students can be given influence in teaching. It's of great importance that the teacher understands students' questions and what students feel is relevant for them right now.

This essay aims to examine texts written by students in upper secondary school year 10 to see which conjunctions and linking words students at that level use, the normalized frequency as well as how they are used. For the investigation, a corpus, the Swedish Learner English Corpus (SLEC), was searched using AntConc, a corpus analysis toolkit for concordancing and text analysis. The investigated and compared groups are vocational and academic students, girls and boys, all studying the English 5 course, and no one speaking English as their native language. The hypotheses were that academic students, due to higher motivation, would use a higher normalized frequency of internal conjunctive relations which create text cohesion compared to the vocational students, and also that girls would use a higher normalized frequency of the same type of conjunctive relations than boys due to better results in general. The results were as predicted that the students enrolled in the academic programs do use a higher frequency of conjunctive relations of the internal kind than students in the vocational programs, apart from the temporal category, and that the girls use a higher frequency of conjunctive relations of the internal kind, than the boys within all functions except the temporal.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-03-30T21:12:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Idileini C Lopes.pdf: 2491888 bytes, checksum: d76386d27283d4f9c02fc640b2b50fae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-30T21:12:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Idileini C Lopes.pdf: 2491888 bytes, checksum: d76386d27283d4f9c02fc640b2b50fae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-11 / The present study was determined in order to weave the plot of the host institutions for underprivileged children that performed not only a care work, but also an educational one, supported by didactic-pedagogical processes developed in the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We had as main focus of our analysis the Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo, located in São Paulo city, where students received an instruction according to current standards of the public instructions and based on the principles of the Roman Catholic religion, in addition to the instruction required for the practical life, in the case of girls, and professionalization, in the case of boys. The problem that instigated us was unveil if the didactic-pedagogical practices and processes experienced at the Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo corresponded to culture and to the then-current education or if they had specificities meeting self-interests of the institution. We started from several hypotheses, among them finding out if the educational process adopted by the Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo was a reflection of a society panorama towards excluded children at that time, or even if it countersigned the current educational values, enabling the underprivileged children to be inserted in the society. For the analysis, we delimited the year 1895, date of Orphanage foundation, and we finalized in the year 1953, when the orphanage was renamed Instituto Cristóvão Colombo, outsourcing the vocational education. To find answers to our questions, we conducted a literature search, in order to rescue some historical gaps on the foundation of the Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo and on the pastoral and assistance project prepared by Don João Batista Scalabrini. The search for data, information and photographs, which helped us to elucidate the theme, led us to carry out an exploratory research in the Archive of the Instituto Cristóvão Colombo, in the Archive of the Cúria Metropolitana de São Paulo, among others. The Thematic Oral History has also employed as a methodological resource, carrying out interviews with former students of the Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo, another methodological resource was the historical and dialectical approach. The importance of the study of Educational Institutions is justified not only by preserving the memory, but also by understanding the education history as a whole. We concluded that the primary education followed the parameters of the São Paulo public school, adopting both the didactic-pedagogic method, and the materials such as books and booklets for both male and female sections. As regards the vocational education, we realized that for the boys it were willing more elaborated workshops such as blacksmithing, carpentry, locksmiths and typography. For girls there wasn´t this investment. We noted only the presence of some sewing machines to turn the space into a place of skilled labor, short of a vocational school structure. We hope that this work will contribute to the preservation of the History of the Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo and the History of Educational Institutions. / El presente estudio fue definido objetivando a tejer la trama de las instituciones de acogida a los niños desvalidos que realizaban un trabajo no apenas asistencial, pero también educativo apoyado en procesos didáctico-pedagógicos desarrollados en el país al final del siglo XIX e inicio del XX. Tuvimos como foco principal de nuestro análisis el Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo, localizado en la ciudad de São Paulo, donde los alumnos recibían una instrucción de acuerdo con las normas vigentes de la instrucción pública y basada en los principios de la religión Católica Apostólica Romana, además de la instrucción necesaria a la vida práctica, en el caso de las niñas, y de la profesionalización, en el caso de los niños. El problema que nos incitó fue desvendar si las prácticas y procesos didáctico-pedagógicos vividos en el Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo correspondían a la cultura y a la educación vigente en la época o poseían especificidades atendiendo a intereses propios de la institución. Partimos de diferentes hipótesis, entre ellas descubrir si el proceso educacional adoptado por el Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo era reflejo de un panorama de la sociedad con relación a los niños excluidos en la época o si el mismo legalizaba los valores educacionales vigentes, posibilitando a los niños desvalidos una inserción en la sociedad. Para el análisis, delimitamos el año de 1895, fundación del Orfanato, y finalizamos en el año de 1953, data en la que pasó a ser denominado Instituto Cristóvão Colombo, pasando a subcontratar la enseñanza profesional. Para que encontremos respuestas para nuestros cuestionamientos, realizamos una pesquisa bibliográfica objetivando rescatar algunos hiatos históricos sobre la fundación del Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo y sobre el proyecto pastoral y asistencial elaborado por Don João Batista Scalabrini. La busca por datos, informaciones y fotografías que nos ayudasen a dilucidar lo tema nos llevaron a realizar una investigación exploratoria en el Archivo del Instituto Cristóvão Colombo, en el Archivo de la Curia Metropolitana de São Paulo, entre otros. La Historia Oral Temática fue creada como recurso metodológico, habiendo sido realizadas entrevistas con ex alumnos del Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo, otro recurso metodológico fue el abordaje histórico-dialéctico. La importancia del estudio de las Instituciones Educacionales se justifica no apenas por el preservación de la memoria, pero también para comprender la historia de la educación como un todo. Se concluyó que la educación primaria siguió los parámetros de la escuela pública paulista, adoptando tanto el método didáctico-pedagógico, cuanto los materiales como libros y cartillas para ambas las secciones femenina y masculina. Com relación a la educación profesional, percibimos qué para los niños eran dispuestas oficinas más elaboradas como herrería, carpintería, ferretería, tipografía. Para las niñas no hubo esa inversión. Notamos apenas la presencia de algunas máquinas de coser para transformar el espacio en un local de trabajo especializado, mucho menos que el necesario para una estructura de escuela profesional. Esperamos que el presente trabajo venga a aportar con la preservación de la Historia del Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo y de la Historia de las Instituciones Educacionales. / O presente estudo foi definido visando a tecer a trama das instituições de acolhimento às crianças desvalidas que realizavam um trabalho não apenas assistencial, mas também educativo apoiado em processos didático-pedagógicos desenvolvidos no país no final do século XIX e início do XX. Tivemos como foco principal de nossa análise o Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo, localizado na cidade de São Paulo, onde os alunos recebiam uma instrução de acordo com as normas vigentes da instrução pública e embasada nos princípios da religião Católica Apostólica Romana, além da instrução necessária à vida prática, no caso das meninas, e da profissionalização, no caso dos meninos. O problema que nos instigou foi desvendar se as práticas e processos didático-pedagógicos vivenciados no Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo correspondiam à cultura e à educação vigente na época ou possuíam especificidades atendendo a interesses próprios da instituição. Partimos de diversas hipóteses, dentre elas descobrir se o processo educacional adotado pelo Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo era reflexo de um panorama da sociedade em relação às crianças excluídas na época ou se o mesmo referendava os valores educacionais vigentes, possibilitando às crianças desvalidas uma inserção na sociedade. Para a análise, delimitamos o ano de 1895, fundação do Orfanato, e finalizamos no ano de 1953, data em que passou a ser denominado Instituto Cristóvão Colombo, passando a terceirizar o ensino profissionalizante. Para encontrarmos respostas para nossos questionamentos, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica visando resgatar alguns hiatos históricos sobre a fundação do Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo e sobre o projeto pastoral e assistencial elaborado por Dom João Batista Scalabrini. A busca por dados, informações e fotografias que nos ajudassem a elucidar o tema nos levaram a realizar uma pesquisa exploratória no Arquivo do Instituto Cristóvão Colombo, no Arquivo da Cúria Metropolitana de São Paulo, entre outros. A História Oral Temática foi empregada como recurso metodológico, tendo sido realizadas entrevistas com ex-alunos do Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo, outro recurso metodológico foi a abordagem histórico-dialética. A importância do estudo das Instituições Educacionais justifica-se não apenas pela preservação da memória, mas também para compreender a história da educação como um todo. Concluiu-se que a educação primária seguiu os parâmetros da escola pública paulista, adotando tanto o método didático-pedagógico, quanto os materiais como livros e cartilhas para ambas as seções feminina e masculina. No tocante à educação profissionalizante, percebemos que para os meninos eram dispostas oficinas mais elaboradas como ferraria, carpintaria, serralheria, tipografia. Para as meninas não houve esse investimento. Notamos apenas a presença de algumas máquinas de costura para transformar o espaço em um local de trabalho especializado, aquém de uma estrutura de escola profissionalizante. Esperamos que o presente trabalho venha a contribuir com a preservação da História do Orfanato Cristóvão Colombo e da História das Instituições Educacionais.

This thesis examined body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors among adolescent girls and boys from a biopsychosocial framework. The contribution of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors were examined in relation to body dissatisfaction, weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors among early adolescent girls and boys. In particular, pubertal maturation, body mass index (BMI), perception of body shape and size and psychological factors, such as depression, anxiety, ineffectiveness, self-esteem and perfectionism, were examined as possible factors that may precipitate or maintain body dissatisfaction and engagement in body change strategies. The sociocultural factors evaluated were the quality of family and peer relationships, as well as the influence of family and peers in predicting the adoption of specific body change strategies. The specific mechanisms by which these influences were transmitted were also examined. These included perceived discussion, encouragement and modelling of various body change strategies, as well as perceived teasing about body shape and size. A number of separate cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were conducted to examine the above relationships and identify the factors that contribute to weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors in adolescents. Study 1 examined the psychometric properties and principal components structure of the Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT-R; Thelen, Farmer, Wonderlich, & Smith, 1991) to assess its applicability to adolescent samples. Study 2 investigated the nature of body dissatisfaction and weight loss behaviors among 603 adolescents (306 girls and 297 boys) using a standardised questionnaire. This preliminary study was conducted to ascertain whether variables previously found to be relevant to adolescent girls, could also be related to the development of body dissatisfaction and weight loss behaviors among adolescent boys. Studies 3 and 4 described the development and validation of a body modification scale that measured weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors. Studies 5 and 6 were designed to modify an Excessive Exercise Scale developed by Long, Smith, Midgley, and Cassidy (1993) into a shorter form, and validate this scale with an adolescent sample. Study 7 investigated the factors that contribute to weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle among adolescent girls and boys both cross-sectionally and longitudinally (over one year). Structural equation modelling was used to examine associations among self-reported body dissatisfaction, body change strategies and a range of biological, psychological and sociocultural variables both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Overall, the results suggested that both girls and boys experience body dissatisfaction and engage in a number of different body change strategies in order to achieve an ideal size. A number of gender similarities and differences were identified in the expression of body dissatisfaction and the adoption of body change strategies for both girls and boys. Girls were more likely than boys to report body dissatisfaction and engage in weight loss behaviors, while boys were more likely than girls to engage in weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors. Generally, the same factors were found to contribute to weight loss, and more specifically, bulimic symptomatology, ad weight gain in both adolescent girls and boys. While a combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors contributed to bulimic symptomatology, only biological and psychological factors were found to contribute to weight gain in adolescents. The most notable gender differences were found in the model of increased muscle tone. Sociocultural and biological factors contributed to increased muscle tone behaviors in girls, while sociocultural and psychological factors were implicated in these behaviors in adolescent boys. With the exception of the model of increased muscle tone for boys, body dissatisfaction was a consistent factor in the adoption of body change behaviors. Consistent with previous investigations, the present thesis provides empirical support for the need to examine the etiology and maintenance of such concerns and behaviors from a multifaceted perspective.

Based on society's established norms, girls and boys are expected to behave differently. Certain behaviours are also differently accepted due to gender. This makes it possible to question if the principle of the best interests of the child in cases regarding The Compulsory Care of Young Persons Act (1990:52) (LVU), applies in the gender-neutral way that it's intended to do. To answer this, we have collected data through “collection of materials''. More specifically, we have used cases from a sample of administrative courts and courts of appeals which all deal with 3§ LVU. The data has been analysed through the method “qualitative content analysis” in which different patterns could be read out. The main conclusion of our study is that girls tend to be judged more harshly than boys. The courts assessments in girl cases/judgments includes factors that in boys cases/judgments goes unnoticed, like factors related to mental illness and self-harm. Another conclusion is that the principle creates space for many different interpretations which includes gender norms upon application of the 3§ LVU. When the principle is gender neutral, like it's intended to do, a discrimination because of sex can be hidden.